城市网络韧性的概念与分析框架探析

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.03.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市网络作为一种新的城市地域系统组织形式和研究范式被广泛关注。目前绝大多数城市网络研究都基于正面视角,对城市网络的负面效应、安全与可持续发展问题却鲜有提及。论文通过梳理城市网络与区域韧性的相关研究进展,探索性地提出一种基于演化韧性的城市网络韧性概念来探讨城市网络的“负面问题”。城市网络韧性可理解为城市网络系统借助于城市间社会、经济、工程与组织等各领域的协作和互补关系,能够预防、抵御、响应和适应外部急性冲击和慢性压力的影响并从中恢复或转换的能力。基于此概念,结合演化韧性与适应性循环理论,将城市网络视为一个动态演化的复杂适应系统,基于基础设施、组织、经济与社会等4个维度,兼顾适应性与适应能力,尝试性地提出基于韧性特征和韧性过程视角的城市网络韧性综合分析框架,并对城市网络韧性的分析方法、优化方法予以展望,对涉及的若干核心问题展开讨论。研究可为以安全发展为目标的区域规划、区域政策制定和区域组织建立提供科学依据,也可为各城市节点找准自身角色、有效参与区域治理提供有价值的参考。

关键词: 城市网络, 区域韧性, 城市网络韧性, 安全发展

Abstract:

As a new organizational form and research paradigm of urban spatial system, city network has been widely concerned in recent years. However, most of the studies on city networks were based on a positive perspective, while the negative effects, security, and sustainable development of city networks were rarely addressed. By reviewing the literature of city network and regional resilience, this article tentatively proposed a concept and an analytical framework of city network resilience based on evolutionary resilience theory to explore the "negative problems" of city networks. In brief, city network resilience could be comprehended as the ability of city network systems to prevent, resist, respond to, and adapt to the impact of external acute shocks and chronic pressures and recover from them or switch into another development path by means of the cooperation and complementarity of social, economic, organizational, and engineering fields among cities. Based on this concept, combining evolutionary resilience and adaptive cycle theory, a city network was regarded as a complex adaptive system with dynamic changes. Based on the social network, economic network, organizational network, and infrastructure network, considering both adaptation and adaptability, a framework of urban network resilience analysis from the perspective of resilience characteristics and resilience processes was proposed. Furthermore, the analysis and optimization methods of urban network resilience were prospected, and some core issues involved were discussed. The research aimed to provide a scientific basis for regional planning, regional policy formulation, and regional organization establishment with the goal of achieving safe development, and provide valuable references for each city node to identify its role in a region and participate in regional governance.

Key words: city network, regional resilience, city network resilience, safe development

魏冶, 修春亮. 城市网络韧性的概念与分析框架探析[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(3): 488-502.

WEI Ye, XIU Chunliang. Study on the concept and analytical framework of city network resilience[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(3): 488-502.

图/表 2

参考文献 91

[1]	杨永春, 冷炳荣, 谭一洺 , 等. 世界城市网络研究理论与方法及其对城市体系研究的启示[J]. 地理研究, 2011,30(6):1009-1020.
	[ Yang Yongchun, Leng Bingrong, Tan Yiming , et al. Review on world city studies and their implications in urban systems. Geographical Research, 2011,30(6):1009-1020. ]
[2]	O'Kelly M E . Network hub structure and resilience[J]. Networks & Spatial Economics, 2015,15(2):235-251.
[3]	Klimova N, Akimova A . Supply chain security: tools, trends, and techniques: Toyota and Honda cases [R]. Gothenburg, Sweden: Jönköping University, 2011.
[4]	Ali S H, Keil R . Global cities and the spread of infectious disease: The case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Toronto, Canada[J]. Urban Studies, 2006,43(3):2083-2090.
[5]	周宝砚 . 美国政府公共危机管理的得与失: 以“卡特里娜”飓风和“丽塔”飓风灾害事件处理为例[J]. 中国应急救援, 2009(5):39-42.
	[ Zhou Baoyan . Gains and losses of public crisis management in the United States Government: A case study of Hurricane Katrina and Rita. China Emergency Rescue, 2009(5):39-42. ]
[6]	Helbing D . Globally networked risks and how to respond[J]. Nature, 2013,497:51-59.
[7]	Beck M B, Walker R V . Nexus security: Governance, innovation and the resilient city[J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2013,7(5):640-657.
[8]	Camagni R . City networks: An analysis of the Lombardy Region in terms of communication flows[M] // Cuadrado J, Nijkamp P, Salva P. Moving Frontiers: Economic restructuring, regional development and emerging networks. Aldershot, UK: Avebury, 1994: 127-150.
[9]	Camagni R, Capello R. The city network paradigm: Theory and empirical evidence [C]// Capello R, Nijkamp P. Urban dynamics and growth: Advances in Urban Economics. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2004,266:495-529.
[10]	吴康, 方创琳, 赵渺希 . 中国城市网络的空间组织及其复杂性结构特征[J]. 地理研究, 2015,34(4):711-728.
	[ Wu Kang, Fang Chuanglin, Zhao Miaoxi . The spatial organization and structure complexity of Chinese intercity networks. Geographical Research, 2015,34(4):711-728. ]
[11]	Sassen S. The global city: New York, London, Tokyo [M]. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press, 1991.
[12]	Castells M . The informational city: Information technology, economic restructuring and the urban-regional progress[M]. Oxford, USA: Blackwell, 1989.
[13]	Taylor P J, Hoyler M, Verbruggen R . External urban relational process: Introducing central flow theory to complement central place theory[J]. Urban Studies, 2010,47(13):2803-2818.
[14]	Neal Z . Differentiating centrality and power in the world city network[J]. Urban Studies, 2011,48(13):2733-2748.
[15]	Pflieger G, Rozenblat C . Urban networks and network theory: The city as the connector of multiple networks[J]. Urban Studies, 2010,47(13):2723-2735.
[16]	Batty M. The new science of cities [M]. Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press, 2013.
[17]	Taylor P J, Catalano G, Walker D R F . Measurement of the world city network[J]. Urban Studies, 2002,39(13):2367-2376.
[18]	Hall P, Pain K . The polycentric metropolis: Learning from mega-city regions in Europe[M]. London, UK: Earthscan, 2006.
[19]	Neal Z . Evolution of the business air travel network in the US from 1993 to 2011: A descriptive analysis using AIRNET[J]. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 2013,9:5-11.
[20]	Derudder B, Witlox F . An appraisal of the use of airline data in assessing the world city network: A research note on data[J]. Urban Studies, 2005,42(13):2371-2388.
[21]	王姣娥, 景悦 . 中国城市网络等级结构特征及组织模式: 基于铁路和航空流的比较[J]. 地理学报, 2017,72(8):1508-1519.
	[ Wang Jiaoe, Jing Yue . Comparison of spatial structure and organization mode of inter-city networks from the perspective of railway and air passenger flow. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017,72(8):1508-1519. ]
[22]	陈伟, 刘卫东, 柯文前 , 等. 基于公路客流的中国城市网络结构与空间组织模式[J]. 地理学报, 2017,72(2):224-241.
	[ Chen Wei, Liu Wei Dong, Ke Wenqian , et al. The spatial structures and organization patterns of China's city networks based on the highway passenger flows. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017,72(2):224-241. ]
[23]	马海涛, 方创琳 . 基于企业微观视角的城市区域生产网络空间组织研究: 以粤东城镇群服装生产为例[J]. 地理科学, 2011,31(10):1172-1180.
	[ Ma Haitao, Fang Chuanglin . Spatial organization of production networks in city-region based on enterprises relationship: A case of apparel production in urban agglomeration of eastern Guangdong Province. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011,31(10):1172-1180. ]
[24]	Wall R S, Knaap G A V D . Sectoral differentiation and network structure within contemporary worldwide corporate networks[J]. Economic Geography, 2011,87(3):267-308.
[25]	赵渺希, 刘铮 . 基于生产性服务业的中国城市网络研究[J]. 城市规划, 2012,36(9):23-28, 38.
	[ Zhao Miaoxi, Liu Zheng . Research on China's city network based on production service industry. City Planning Review, 2012,36(9):23-28, 38. ]
[26]	李仙德 . 基于上市公司网络的长三角城市网络空间结构研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2014,33(12):1587-1600.
	[ Li Xiande . Spatial structure of the Yangtze River Delta urban network based on the pattern of listed companies network. Progress in Geography, 2014,33(12):1587-1600. ]
[27]	Taylor P J . New political geographies: Global civil society and global governance through world city networks[J]. Political Geography, 2005,24(6):703-730.
[28]	甄峰, 王波, 陈映雪 . 基于网络社会空间的中国城市网络特征: 以新浪微博为例[J]. 地理学报, 2012,67(8):1031-1043.
	[ Zhen Feng, Wang Bo, Chen Yingxue . China's city network characteristics based on social network space: An empirical analysis of Sina micro-blog. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012,67(8):1031-1043. ]
[29]	魏冶, 修春亮, 刘志敏 , 等. 春运人口流动透视的转型期中国城市网络结构[J]. 地理科学, 2016,36(11):1654-1660.
	[ Wei Ye, Xiu Chunliang, Liu Zhimin , et al. Spatial pattern of city network in transitional China based on the population flows in "chunyun" period. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016,36(11):1654-1660. ]
[30]	Holling C S . Resilience and stability of ecological systems[J]. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 1973,4(4):1-23.
[31]	彭翀, 袁敏航, 顾朝林 , 等. 区域弹性的理论与实践研究进展[J]. 城市规划学刊, 2015(1):84-92.
	[ Peng Chong, Yuan Minhang, Gu Chaolin , et al. Research progress on the theory and practice of regional resilience. Urban Planning Forum, 2015(1):84-92. ]
[32]	Eraydin A, Taşan-Kok T . Resilience thinking in urban planning[M]. New York, USA: Springer, 2012.
[33]	黄晓军, 黄馨 . 弹性城市及其规划框架初探[J]. 城市规划, 2015,39(2):50-56.
	[ Huang Xiaojun, Huang Xin . Resilient city and its planning framework. City Planning Review, 2015,39(2):50-56. ]
[34]	Boschma R . Towards an evolutionary perspective on regional resilience[J]. Regional Studies, 2015,49(5):733-751.
[35]	西亚姆巴巴拉·伯纳德·曼耶纳, 张益章, 刘海龙 . 韧性概念的重新审视[J]. 国际城市规划, 2015,30(2):13-21.
	[ Siambabala B M, Zhang Yizhang, Liu Hailong . The concept of resilience revisited. Urban Planning International, 2015,30(2):13-21. ]
[36]	Pendall R, Foster K A, Cowell M . Resilience and regions: Building understanding of the metaphor[J]. Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy & Society, 2010,3(1):71-84.
[37]	Fingleton B, Garretsen H, Martin R . Recessionary shocks and regional employment: Evidence on the resilience of U.K. regions[J]. Journal of Regional Science, 2012,52(1):109-133.
[38]	Martin R . Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2012,12(12):1-32.
[39]	Martin R, Sunley P . On the notion of regional economic resilience: Conceptualization and explanation[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2014,15(1):1-42.
[40]	陈梦远 . 国际区域经济韧性研究进展: 基于演化论的理论分析框架介绍[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017,36(11):1435-1444.
	[ Chen Mengyuan . An international literature review of regional economic resilience: Theories and practices based on the evolutionary perspective. Progress in Geography, 2017,36(11):1435-1444. ]
[41]	Simmie J, Martin R . The economic resilience of regions: Towards an evolutionary approach[J]. Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy & Society, 2010,3(1):27-43.
[42]	Carreiro M M, Zipperer W C . Co-adapting societal and ecological interactions following large disturbances in urban park woodlands[J]. Austral Ecology, 2011,36(8):904-915.
[43]	McInroy N, Longlands S . Productive local economies: Creating resilient place[M]. Manchester, UK: Centre for Local Economic Strategies, 2010.
[44]	Bennett E M, Cumming G S, Peterson G D . A systems model approach to determining resilience surrogates for case studies[J]. Ecosystems, 2005,8(8):945-957.
[45]	孙久文, 孙翔宇 . 区域经济韧性研究进展和在中国应用的探索[J] . 经济地理, 2017,37(10):1-9.
	[ Sun Jiuwen, Sun xiangyu . Research progress of regional economic resilience and exploration of its application in China. Economic Geography, 2017,37(10):1-9. ]
[46]	Meijers E, Hoekstra J, Aguado R . The basque city network: An empirical analysis and policy recommendations [R]. Paper Presented at EUNIP International Conference. San Sebastian, Spain, 2008: 10-12.
[47]	Resilience Alliance . Assessing resilience in social-ecological systems: A workbook for scientists[M]. Resilience Alliance, 2007: 1-53.
[48]	Christopher M L. Logistics and supply chain management [M]. London, UK: Pitman Publishing, 1992.
[49]	周艳菊, 邱莞华, 王宗润 . 供应链风险管理研究进展的综述与分析[J]. 系统工程, 2006,24(3):1-7.
	[ Zhou Yanju, Qiu Wanhua, Wang Zongrun . A review on supply chain risk management. Systems Engineering, 2006,24(3):1-7. ]
[50]	李卫江, 温家洪, 李仙德 . 产业网络灾害经济损失评估研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018,37(3):330-341.
	[ Li Weijiang, Wen Jiahong, Li Xiande . Progress of research on economic loss assessment of disasters in industrial networks. Progress in Geography, 2018,37(3):330-341. ]
[51]	Rose A, Lim D . Business interruption losses from natural hazards: Conceptual and methodological issues in the case of the NCorthridge earthquake[J]. Environmental Hazards, 2002,4(1):1-14.
[52]	Wagner S M, Bode C . An empirical investigation into supply chain vulnerability[J]. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, 2006,12(6):301-312.
[53]	Wu J D, Li N, Hallegatte S , et al. Regional indirect economic impact evaluation of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2012,65(1):161-172.
[54]	Okuyama Y, Santos J R . Disaster impact and input-output analysis[J]. Economic Systems Research, 2014,26(1):1-12.
[55]	Meyer V, Becker N, Markantonis V , et al. Review article: Assessing the costs of natural hazards-state of the art and knowledge gaps[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2013,13(5):1351-1373.
[56]	Haraguchi M, Lall U . Flood risks and impacts: A case study of Thailand's floods in 2011 and research questions for supply chain decision making[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2014,14(3):256-272.
[57]	闫妍 . 弹性供应网络系统的防御策略和应急方法研究[D]. 沈阳: 东北大学, 2009.
	[ Yan Yan . Research on prevention strategies and response methods for the resilient supply chain network. Shenyang, China: Northeastern University, 2009. ]
[58]	Kim Y, Chen Y S, Linderman K . Supply network disruption and resilience: A network structural perspective[J]. Journal of Operations Management, 2015,33(1):43-59.
[59]	Garvey M D, Carnovale S, Yeniyurt S . An analytical framework for supply network risk propagation: A Bayesian network approach[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2015,243(2):618-627.
[60]	李卫江, 蒋湧, 温家洪 , 等. 地震灾害情景下产业空间网络风险评估: 以日本丰田汽车为例[J]. 地理学报, 2016,71(8):1384-1399.
	[ Li Weijiang, Jiang Yong, Wen Jiahong , et al. Risk assessment of industrial geographical network in the scenario of seismic disaster: A case study of Toyota in Japan. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016,71(8):1384-1399. ]
[61]	Crespo J, Suire R, Vicente J . Lock-in or lock-out: How structural properties of knowledge networks affect regional resilience[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2012,14(1):199-219.
[62]	Lozano S, Arenas A . A model to test how diversity affects resilience in regional innovation networks [J/OL]. Journal of Artificial Societies & Social Simulation, 2007, 10(4): 8. .
[63]	Broekel T, Boschma R . Knowledge networks in the Dutch aviation industry: The proximity paradox[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 2012,12(2):409-433.
[64]	Reggiani A . Network resilience for transport security: some methodological considerations[J]. Transport Policy, 2013,28(2):63-68.
[65]	Ip W H, Wang D . Resilience and friability of transportation networks: Evaluation, analysis and optimization[J]. IEEE, 2011,5(2):189-198.
[66]	Schintler L A, Gorman S, Kulkarni R , et al. Moving from protection to resiliency: A path to securing critical infrastructure[M] // Murray A T, Grubesic T H. Critical infrastructure. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2007: 291-307.
[67]	Cohen R, Erez K, Benavraham D , et al. Resilience of the Internet to random breakdowns[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2000,85(21):4626-4628.
[68]	Dalziell E P, McManus S T . Resilience, vulnerability, and adaptive capacity: Implications for system performance [R]. International Forum for Engineering Decision Making (IFED). Stoos, Switzerland, 2004: 6-8.
[69]	The Rockefeller Foundation, ARUP. City resilience fra-mework [EB/OL]. . 2015.
[70]	Cavallaro M, Asprone D, Latora V , et al. Assessment of urban ecosystem resilience through hybrid social-physical complex networks[J]. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 2014,29(8):608-625.
[71]	Islam R, Walkerden G . How bonding and bridging networks contribute to disaster resilience and recovery on the Bangladeshi coast[J]. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2014,10:281-291.
[72]	Canton J . Social networks, resilience and public policy: The role that support networks play for lone mothers in times of recession and austerity [D]. Bath, UK: University of Bath, 2015.
[73]	Aldrich D P. Building resilience: Social capital in post-disaster recovery [M]. Chicago, USA: University of Chicago Press, 2012.
[74]	许成磊, 赵雅曼, 赵娅 . 面向社会网络的团队间创业协同关系结构与效应研究[J]. 科技进步与对策, 2018,35(17):20-28.
	[ Xu Chenglei, Zhao Yaman, Zhao Ya . Research on structure and effect of collaborative relationships between social network oriented entrepreneurial teams. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2018,35(17):20-28. ]
[75]	巩潇泫 . 欧盟气候治理中的跨国城市网络[J]. 国际研究参考, 2015(1):10-15.
	[ Gong Xiaoxuan . Transnational city network in the EU climate governance. International Data Information, 2015(1):10-15. ]
[76]	Kern K, Bulkeley H . Cities, Europeanization and multi-level governance: Governing climate change through transnational municipal networks[J]. Journal of Common Market Studies, 2009,47(2):309-332.
[77]	李昕蕾, 宋天阳 . 跨国城市网络的实验主义治理研究: 以欧洲跨国城市网络中的气候治理为例[J]. 欧洲研究, 2014,32(6):129-148, 159.
	[ Li Xinlei, Song Tianyang . Experimentalist governance on transnational municipal networks: A case study on the climate governance on European transnational municipal networks. Chinese Journal of European Studies, 2014,32(6):129-148, 159. ]
[78]	于宏源, 王文涛 . 制度碎片和领导力缺失: 全球环境治理双赤字研究 [J]. 国际政治研究, 2013, 34(3): 38- 51, 7-8.
	[ Yu Hongyuan, Wang Wentao . Institutional fragmentation and inadequate leadership: The twin deficits of global environmental governance and its implications. International Politics Quarterly, 2013, 34(3): 38- 51, 7-8.]
[79]	Kendra J M, Wachtendorf T . Elements of resilience after the World Trade Center disaster: Reconstituting New York City's Emergency Operations Centre[J]. Disasters, 2003,27(1):37-53.
[80]	孟庆国, 罗杭 . 基于多智能体的城市群政府合作建模与仿真: 嵌入并反馈于一个异构性社会网络[J]. 管理科学学报, 2017,20(3):183-207.
	[ Meng Qingguo, Luo Hang . Modeling and simulation of multi-cities' MAS: Embedded in and feedbacking on government collaboration based on heterogeneous social networks. Journal of Management Sciences in China, 2017,20(3):183-207. ]
[81]	Mäkinen H . On the emergence and structure of a new regional network[J]. Human Systems Management, 2001,20(3):249-256.
[82]	Meijers E . Polycentric urban regions and the quest for synergy: Is a network of cities more than the sum of the parts?[J]. Urban Studies, 2005,42(4):765-781.
[83]	马学广, 李贵才 . 西方城市网络研究进展和应用实践[J]. 国际城市规划, 2012,27(4):65-70.
	[ Ma Xueguang, Li Guicai . Progress and application practice in western city network studies. Urban Planning International, 2012,27(4):65-70. ]
[84]	彭翀, 林樱子, 顾朝林 . 长江中游城市网络结构韧性评估及其优化策略[J]. 地理研究, 2018,37(6):1193-1207.
	[ Peng Chong, Lin Yingzi, Gu Chaolin . Evaluation and optimization strategy of city network structural resilience in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. Geographical Research, 2018,37(6):1193-1207. ]
[85]	Bruneau M, Chang S, Eguchi R , et al. A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance seismic resilience of communities[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2003,19(4):733-752.
[86]	Burton C G . A validation of metrics for community resilience to natural hazards and disasters using the recovery from hurricane Katrina as a case study[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2015,105(1):67-86.
[87]	Maguire B, Hagan P . Disasters and communities: Understanding social resilience[J]. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 2007,22(2):16-20.
[88]	钟琪, 戚巍 . 基于态势管理的区域弹性评估模型[J]. 经济管理, 2010,32(8):32-37.
	[ Zhong Qi, Qi Wei . Regional resilience evaluation model research based on the situation management. Business Management Journal, 2010,32(8):32-37. ]
[89]	Rose A, Wei D . Estimating the economic consequences of a port shutdown: The special role of resilience[J]. Economic Systems Research, 2013,25(2):212-232.
[90]	Holling C S . Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological, and social systems[J]. Ecosystems, 2001,4(5):390-405.
[91]	Gunderson L H, Holling C S. Panarchy: Understanding transformations in human and natural systems [M]. Washington D C, USA: Island Press, 2002.