北京地区汛期降雨时空演变特征及城市化影响研究

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.12.008

地理科学进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (12): 1917-1932.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.12.008

北京地区汛期降雨时空演变特征及城市化影响研究

丁凯熙^1,², 张利平¹, 宋晓猛^1,^2,^*(), 佘敦先¹, 夏军¹

1. 武汉大学水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室，武汉430072
2. 中国矿业大学资源与地球科学学院，江苏徐州221116

收稿日期:2018-12-20 修回日期:2019-06-20 出版日期:2019-12-28 发布日期:2019-12-28
通讯作者: 宋晓猛
作者简介:丁凯熙(1995— ),男,山西人,硕士生,主要从事极端水文事件研究。E-mail: Dkx9511@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFA0603704);水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室开放研究基金(2015SWG02)

Temporal and spatial features of precipitation and impact of urbanization on precipitation characteristics in flood season in Beijing

DING Kaixi^1,², ZHANG Liping¹, SONG Xiaomeng^1,^2,^*(), SHE Dunxian¹, XIA Jun¹

1. State Key Laboratory ofWater Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science,Wuhan University,Wuhan 430072, China
2. School of Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China

Received:2018-12-20 Revised:2019-06-20 Online:2019-12-28 Published:2019-12-28
Contact: SONG Xiaomeng
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program(2017YFA0603704);Visiting Scholars' Fund of State Key Laboratory of Water Resources & Hydropower Engineering Science(2015SWG02)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来伴随着城市化的快速发展,世界各大城市汛期极端降雨事件频发,洪涝造成的社会经济损失日益严重,在此背景下,分析中国首都北京各城市化阶段汛期降雨变化显得非常有必要。论文基于30个雨量站1963—2012年汛期降雨资料,运用线性回归、滑动平均以及ArcGIS空间分析等方法对北京汛期降雨时空特征进行分析,通过对比城区和近郊区汛期降雨之间的差异来研究城市化对汛期降雨特征的影响,同时利用北京不同城市化阶段土地利用数据分析了城市下垫面变化对降雨的影响,得出以下主要结论：① 北京各区域汛期降雨时间上整体呈现下降趋势,空间上整体表现为由东向西呈逐渐减小的趋势。② 北京山区最容易发生小雨和中雨;城区则更容易发生中雨以上等级降雨事件,特别是暴雨和大暴雨;近郊区发生小雨和中雨概率与城区接近,但大雨以上等级降雨事件发生可能性小于城区;远郊发生各等级降雨事件的可能性均较大。③ 相对于北部近郊而言,在不同城市化发展阶段,城区降雨比南部近郊更大,但城市化增雨效应在城区与北部近郊之间也有所体现。④ 随着城市化的发展,北京城区和郊区城镇建设用地面积持续增长,原有下垫面条件被改变;由于城区城市化进程比近郊区更快,下垫面条件的改变使得城区汛期降雨量大于近郊区,且更易发生大雨以上等级降雨事件。

关键词: 城市化, 汛期, 降雨特征, 北京

Abstract:

In the process of urbanization, the original landform is inevitably changed, which directly affects the dynamic characteristics of the underlying surface of cities. On the other hand, with the increase of population, high density of buildings, and the emission of all kinds of waste and heat to the atmosphere, the thermodynamic characteristics of the underlying surface and the air above the city, as well as the condensation nucleus of the atmospheric cloud induced rain are all changed, which directly affect rainfall. Beijing as the capital city of China has experienced rapid development of urbanization in the recent decades. Extreme rainfall events and heavy floods in flood seasons have become more frequent and the socioeconomic losses caused by floods have become increasingly serious. In this case, it is very necessary to study the relationship between urbanization and rainfall. Based on the precipitation data of 30 stations during 1963-2012, the temporal and spatial features of precipitation in Beijing flood season were analyzed by linear regression, sliding average, and ArcGIS spatial analysis. In addition, the data were used to research the impact of urbanization on precipitation characteristics in flood season by comparing the differences between urban and suburban areas. Land-use data of different urbanization stages in Beijing were used to analyze the effect of the change of urban underlying surface on rainfall. The results indicate that: 1) Precipitation in the flood season showed a downward trend and the overall spatial pattern is gradual decrease from east to west. 2) Light rain and moderate rain were most likely to occur in Beijing mountainous areas, while urban areas were more prone to moderate rain and heavy rain events, especially rainstorm and heavy rain. The frequency of light rain and moderate rain in the suburbs was close to that in the urban area, but the frequency of rainfall events above the heavy rain level was less than that in the urban area. The frequency of all grade rainfall events in the far suburbs was higher. 3) Compared with the northern suburb, the rainfall in the urban area was greater than that in the southern suburb at different stages of urbanization, but the effect of urbanization was also reflected in the rainfall difference between the urban area and the northern suburb. 4) With the development of urbanization, the area of urban construction land in Beijing and suburban areas continues to increase. However, because the urbanization of urban areas is faster than that of peri-suburbs, the situation of the underlying surface of urban areas also changes more, which makes the rainfall in flood season in urban areas higher than that in the suburbs and rainfall events above the grade of heavy rain are more likely to occur.

Key words: urbanization, flood season, precipitation characteristic, Beijing

丁凯熙, 张利平, 宋晓猛, 佘敦先, 夏军. 北京地区汛期降雨时空演变特征及城市化影响研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(12): 1917-1932.

DING Kaixi, ZHANG Liping, SONG Xiaomeng, SHE Dunxian, XIA Jun. Temporal and spatial features of precipitation and impact of urbanization on precipitation characteristics in flood season in Beijing[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019, 38(12): 1917-1932.

图/表 13

图1

表1

表2

本文所使用景观格局指数一览表"

分类	景观格局指数	计算公式	单位
大小指标	城镇建设用地面积(CA)	$CA = ∑ i = 1 n a i$	km²
大小指标	总边缘长度(TE)	$TE = ∑ i = 1 n p i$	km
复杂度指标	边缘密度(ED)	$ED = TE / A$	m/hm²
复杂度指标	景观形状指数(LSI)	$LSI = 0.25 × ∑ i = 1 n b i / q$
异质性指标	香农多样性指数(SHDI)	$SHDI = - ∑ i = 1 n P i ln P i$
异质性指标	香农均匀度指数(SHEI)	$SHEI = - ∑ i = 1 n P i ln P i ln m$

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

表3

图8

表4

图9

参考文献 29

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站点名称	缺测时段		站点名称	缺测时段
温泉	1963—1972年		房山	1968、1970、1992—2000年
松陵闸	1968年		沙河	1979年
右安门	1968年		密云	1963—1964、1992—1996年
乐家花园	1963—1976、2001年		下会	1970—1975年
半壁店	1963—1978		黄松峪	1963—1982年
南各庄	1963—1964、1968—1978年		喇叭沟门	1963—1967、1994年
凤河营	1963—1970年		沿河城	2010、2012年
卢沟桥、通县等16个站		数据资料完整

时段	城区/mm	近郊/mm	南部近郊/mm	北部近郊/mm	增雨系数
时段	城区/mm	近郊/mm	南部近郊/mm	北部近郊/mm	ZP1	ZP2	ZP3
1963—1978年	510.5	497.0	483.9	510.2	1.03	1.06	1.00
1979—1989年	448.1	434.2	407.2	461.2	1.03	1.10	0.97
1990—2000年	472.6	441.7	410.5	472.9	1.07	1.15	1.00
2001—2012年	419.4	403.7	394.1	413.2	1.04	1.06	1.01
1963—2012年	466.7	448.6	429.3	467.9	1.04	1.09	1.00

区域	年份	CA/km²	TE/km	ED/(m/hm²)	LSI	SHDI	SHEI
城区	1980	631	1028	6.51	10.65	0.953	0.532
	1990	680	1017	6.44	10.23	0.978	0.546
	2000	981	739	4.68	6.70	0.930	0.519
	2010	1126	746	4.73	6.53	0.820	0.458
南部近郊	1980	333	1045	4.24	14.81	0.841	0.522
	1990	348	1083	4.40	14.92	0.859	0.534
	2000	472	1282	5.21	15.48	0.941	0.585
	2010	661	1471	5.97	15.12	0.988	0.614
北部近郊	1980	286	860	5.22	13.24	0.979	0.608
	1990	298	880	5.34	13.20	0.981	0.609
	2000	406	1036	6.29	13.34	1.107	0.688
	2010	572	1157	7.02	12.75	1.144	0.711

北京地区汛期降雨时空演变特征及城市化影响研究

Temporal and spatial features of precipitation and impact of urbanization on precipitation characteristics in flood season in Beijing

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