女性主义地理学观及其思想史意义

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.03.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

论文从本体论、认识论和方法论3个层面讨论了女性主义地理学观的建构,并说明了女性主义地理学对更新地理学观的意义,以及对当代主流人文地理学思潮的潜在影响。在本体论层面上,女性主义地理学一直直面西方传统社会文化思想中的等级制性别化二元论,建构了主张女性和男性在建构社会及社会空间中具有交互性关系的本体论。在认识论和方法论层面上,女性主义地理学证明了女性及其空间在西方社会中处于弱势的认识论和方法论根源,动摇了实证主义地理学认识论和方法论中永恒性、普遍性、客观性的预设,阐释了地理学认知过程中情感等主观因素的可靠性,并建构了“去中心化”的认识论和方法论框架。无论在本体论还是在认识论和方法论层面上,当前的女性主义地理学主流思潮都有一定的中和性色彩,这一倾向使女性主义地理学在地理学观演进,以及以人文地理学思想为代表的地理学思想演进中,都具有重要的位置。西方女性主义地理学的兴盛,与其直面西方的社会文化思想根源问题不无关联。在中国女性主义地理学开始发展的当下,注重分析中国女性及其空间问题产生的社会文化思想根源,将有助于中国女性主义地理学的发展,并提升其潜在的价值。

关键词: 二元论, 自然隐喻, 去中心化, 女性主义地理学, 地理学观, 思想史

Abstract:

Since the 1970s, the issue of gender has overlapped with the flowering of humanistic/Marxist/structuralist geographies and subsequent post-colonial/post-human/post-humanistic geographies. Furthermore, it has been increasingly foregrounded in geography. This article traces the connections between gender, discipline, and intellective history from a critical perspective. It discusses how critical and multiple voices in geography have not only developed critical discourses that made women visible as "objects" within and beyond geography, but also shared a commitment to situating knowledge, highlighted the myth of objective and value-free research, and emphasized the partial, context-specific, and interpretive nature of knowledge production in geography. Because of these, feminist geographies should not be seen solely as a separate sub-discipline, but as a critical perspective useful to all sub-disciplines in geography. "Women" was placed in the transitional zone of simultaneously gendered and hierarchical dualisms from nature/matter sensibility to spirit/culture reason in mainstream social thoughts. Thus, critical reflections on ontology, epistemology, and methodology from a gender perspective make feminist geographies visible to many post-modern approaches in (human) geography, and post-human/ethnical/indigenous/post-humanistic/post-colonial geographies were some of the sub-disciplines that chose to engage with feminist geographies. Finally, western feminist geographies help illuminate that, if feminist geographies in China can enhance their role within and beyond geography, they must be used in Chinese historical and current social and cultural contexts. These contexts must be examined from a gender perspective, preferably at present.

Key words: dualisms, nature metaphors, decentration, feminist geographies, views on geography, intellectual history

孙俊, 汤茂林, 潘玉君, 武友德. 女性主义地理学观及其思想史意义[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(3): 332-345.

Jun SUN, Maolin TANG, Yujun PAN, Youde WU. Feminist views on geography and its role in disciplinary intellectual history[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019, 38(3): 332-345.

图/表 2

图1

表1

20世纪以来(人文)地理学主要流派及其演进路径"

流派	兴起阶段	主要理论及研究取向	学术思潮演化路径
区域地理学	1900年代	可能论（或然论）,重在区域描述	受空间科学流派批评,与新区域主义兴起(1970年代末)有关
空间科学	1960年代	区位分析、计量研究、实证主义,重在空间分析	受实证主义影响,基于对区域地理学的批评建构,受各种人文化倾向的后现代地理学流派批评
马克思主义地理学	1970年代	激进地理学、历史唯物主义、辩证法,重在社会-空间不平衡性批评	受马克思主义影响,基于对空间科学的批评建构,对女性主义地理学、后殖民主义地理学有重要影响
人文主义地理学	1980年代	现象学、本质论、实用主义,重在地方感建构	受现象学影响,基于对空间科学的批评建构,对女性主义地理学、后人文主义地理学、伦理地理学有重要影响
结构主义地理学	1980年代	社会-空间不平衡性、激进地理学、诸种实在论,旨在对社会结构进行解析	受马克思主义、结构主义影响,对后结构主义地理学、后殖民主义地理学有重要影响
女性主义地理学	1980年代	性别不平衡性、性别空间理论、质性分析(早期),旨在阐释性别地理,重建性别空间关系	受马克思主义地理学、人文主义地理学影响,基于对空间科学的批评建构,对后人文主义地理学、后人类地理学、后殖民主义地理学、伦理地理学等有重要影响
后结构主义地理学	1990年代	多元性、霸权、话语与权力,旨在对社会结构进行解构和重构	受马克思主义地理学、结构主义地理学影响,对后殖民主义地理学有重要影响
后殖民主义地理学	1990年代	黑人地理、想象地理,旨在解构西方主导的世界霸权体系及其思想根源	受马克思主义地理学、结构主义地理学影响,对本土地理学有重要影响
后人文主义地理学	1990年代	实践地理/非表述理论、精神分析地理,旨在建构人与自然对称关系	受人文主义地理学、女性主义地理学影响,对后人类/混合地理学、伦理地理学、本土地理学有重要影响
后人类/混合地理学	2000年代	后现代本体论、行动者网络理论,旨在建构人与自然混合性关系	受后人文主义地理学、女性主义地理学影响,对伦理地理学有重要影响
伦理地理学	2000年代	环境伦理、动物伦理、新动物地理学,旨在建构人与地之间的伦理关系	受女性主义地理学、后人文主义地理学、后人类/混合地理学影响,对本土地理学有一定影响
本土地理学	2000年代	本土本体论、民族志、参与式研究,旨在建构本土知识的学术和实践话语	受人文主义地理学、女性主义地理学、后殖民主义地理学影响,对伦理地理学、后人类/混合地理学有一定影响

表1

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