基于城市夜间灯光数据的中美两国城市位序规模分布对比

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.03.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

工业革命以来,人类开启了大规模的城市化进程。城市随着交通和通讯技术的发展不断突破原有的规模限制,城市规模不断变大。以人口为指标的城市规模分布服从齐普夫法则。不同城市化发展阶段,其城市位序规模分布存在差异。城市夜间灯光数据一般可用来衡量城市的经济活动、建成区面积、人口密度、发展水平等。本文以同源的城市夜间灯光数据代表城市规模,在国家尺度和省州尺度研究中美两国城市规模位序分布,并比较其异同。研究表明,在国家尺度,2013-2016年间,中美两国城市规模均变得集聚,而中国城市规模分布比美国更为分散,齐普夫指数相差约0.1。在省州尺度,不同省州的城市规模分布存在差异,中国和美国分别有44%和84%的省份或州的齐普夫指数大于1,中国城市规模分布分散型省份占一半以上,而美国的集中型的州则占有84%,总体而言,中国城市的规模分布更为分散。中美两国高位序城市实际值远低于拟合值,理论上仍然具备很大的发展潜力。中国高位序城市需要进一步提高城市经济活动的聚集程度,使得城市规模体系更趋完善与成熟。

关键词: 位序规模分布, 齐普夫法则, 夜间灯光, 中美

Abstract:

Since the industrial revolution, mankind has started a mighty urbanization process. With the rapid development of traffic and communication technologies, cities continue to break through the original scale restrictions, getting increasingly larger. However, the number of cities in different scales is not equal. The larger the size of the cities, the smaller their number is, and the distribution of city population size follows the Zipf's law. In different development stages, the cities' rank-size differs. City nightlight data generally can be used to measure cities' economic activities, built area, population density, level of development, and so on. In this study, the nightlight data were used to represent the size of urban areas, and the size distribution of urban areas in China and the United States was examined on the national scale and the provincial/state scale. The result shows that at the national scale, cities in China and the United States have become more agglomerated from 2013 to 2016, while the distribution of the size of urban areas in China over the same period is more fragmented than that of the United States. There are differences in the rank-size distribution in different provinces. About 44% of China's provinces and 84% of American states have a zipf's index of more than 1. More than half of China's provinces show dispersed distribution of city size, while 84% of American states are agglomerated. In general, the size distribution of China's urban areas is more dispersed. The actual zipf’s index values of the high-order cities in China and the United States are much lower than the fitting values, and theoretically these cities have great potential for development. China's high-order cities need to be further developed to raise the agglomeration degree of urban economic activity, making China's urban system more mature.

Key words: rank-size distribution, Zipf 's law, night-time light, China and the United States

许伟攀, 李郇, 陈浩辉. 基于城市夜间灯光数据的中美两国城市位序规模分布对比[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(3): 385-396.

Weipan XU, Xun LI, Haohui CHEN. A comparative research on the rank-size distribution of cities in China and the United States based on urban nighttime light data[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 37(3): 385-396.

图/表 14

表1

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

图11

表2

图12

参考文献 31

[1]	陈彦光, 刘继生. 1999. 城市规模分布的分形和分维[J]. 人文地理, 14(2): 48-53.
	[Chen Y G, Liu J S.1999. Fractals and fractal dimensions of city-size distributions[J]. Human Geography, 14(2): 48-53.]
[2]	程开明, 庄燕杰. 2012. 城市体系位序—规模特征的空间计量分析: 以中部地区地级以上城市为例[J]. 地理科学, 32(8): 905-912.
	[Cheng K M, Zhuang Y J.2012. Spatial econometric analysis of the rank-size rule for urban system: A case of prefectural-level cities in china's middle area[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 32(8): 905-912.]
[3]	丁睿, 顾朝林, 庞海峰, 等. 2006. 2020年中国城市等级规模结构预测[J]. 经济地理, 26(S1), 215-218.
	[Ding R, Gu C L, Pang H F, et al.2006. Forecast for rank-size of China's urban system in 2020[J]. Economic Geography, 26(Sl): 215-218.]
[4]	董磊, 王浩, 赵红蕊. 2017. 城市范围界定与标度律[J]. 地理学报, 72(2): 213-223. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201702003
	[Dong L, Wang H, Zhao H R.2017. The definition of city boundary and scaling law[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 72(2): 213-223.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201702003
[5]	赖世刚, 韩昊英, 方明. 2014. 中国城市人口分布的幂次现象[J]. 城镇化与集约用地, 2(1): 1-7. doi: 10.12677/ulu.2014.21001
	[Lai S G, Han H Y, Fang M.2014. Power law distribution of urban population in China[J]. Urbanization and Land Use, 2(1): 1-7.] doi: 10.12677/ulu.2014.21001
[6]	李峰, 米晓楠, 刘军, 等. 2016. 基于NPP-VIIRS夜间灯光数据的北京市GDP空间化方法[J]. 国土资源遥感, 28(3): 19-24. doi: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2016.03.04
	[Li F, Mi X N, Liu J, et al.2016. Spatialization of GDP in Beijing using NPP-VIIR data[J]. Remote Sensing for Land & Resources, 28(3): 19-24.] doi: 10.6046/gtzyyg.2016.03.04
[7]	李郇, 陈刚强, 许学强. 2009. 中国城市异速增长分析[J]. 地理学报, 64(4): 399-407.
	[Li X, Chen G Q, Xu X Q.2009. Urban allometric growth in China: Theory and facts[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 64(4): 399-407.]
[8]	吕薇, 刁承泰. 2013. 中国城市规模分布演变特征研究[J]. 西南大学学报: 自然科学版, 35(6): 136-141.
	[Lü W, Diao C T.2013. Characteristics of evolution in city-size distribution in China[J]. Journal of Southwest University: Natural Science Edition, 35(6): 136-141.]
[9]	戚伟, 刘盛和. 2015. 中国城市流动人口位序规模分布研究[J]. 地理研究, 34(10): 1981-1993. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201510015
	[Qi W, Liu S H.2015. Research on the rank-size distribution rule of China's urban floating population[J]. Geographical Research, 34(10): 1981-1993.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201510015
[10]	谈明洪, 吕昌河. 2003. 以建成区面积表征的中国城市规模分布[J]. 地理学报, 58(2): 285-293. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2003.02.016
	[Tan M H, Lü C H.2003. Distribution of China city size expressed by urban built-up area[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 58(2): 285-293.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2003.02.016
[11]	王法辉. 1989. 我国城市规模分布的统计模式研究[J]. 城市问题,(1): 14-20, 4.
	[Wang F H.1989. Woguo chengshi guimo fenbu de tongji moshi yanjiu[J]. Urban Problems,(1): 14-20, 4.]
[12]	吴健生, 刘浩, 彭建, 等. 2014. 中国城市体系等级结构及其空间格局: 基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据的实证[J]. 地理学报, 69(6): 759-770. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201406004
	[Wu J S, Liu H, Peng J, et al.2014. Hierarchical structure and spatial pattern of China's urban system: Evidence from DMSP/OLS nightlight data[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 69(6): 759-770.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201406004
[13]	徐康宁, 陈丰龙, 刘修岩. 2015. 中国经济增长的真实性: 基于全球夜间灯光数据的检验[J]. 经济研究,(9): 17-29, 57.
	[Xu K N, Chen F L, Liu X Y.2015. The truth of China economic growth: Evidence from global light-time light data[J]. Economic Research Journal,(9): 17-29, 57.]
[14]	杨眉, 王世新, 周艺, 等. 2011. DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据应用研究综述[J]. 遥感技术与应用, 26(1): 45-51.
	[Yang M, Wang S X, Zhou Y, et al.2011. Review on applications of DMSP/OLS night-time emissions data[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 26(1): 45-51.]
[15]	张车伟, 蔡翼飞. 2012. 中国城镇化格局变动与人口合理分布[J]. 中国人口科学, (6): 44-57.
	[Zhang C W, Cai Y F.2012. General trends of urbanization and rational distribution of urban population in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Population Science, (6): 44-57.]
[16]	周晓艳, 韩丽媛, 叶信岳, 等. 2015. 基于位序规模法则的我国城市用地规模分布变化研究(2000年-2012年)[J]. 华中师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 49(1): 132-138.
	[Zhou X Y, Han L Y, Ye X Y, et al.2015. Change of city size distribution in China from 2000-2012[J]. Journal of Central China Normal University: Natural Sciences, 49(1): 132-138.]
[17]	周一星, 史育龙. 1990. 关于我国市镇人口的几个问题[J]. 人口与经济, (6): 9-13.
	[Zhou Y X, Shi Y L.1990. Guanyu woguo shizhen renkou de jige wenti[J]. Population & Econmic, (6): 9-13.]
[18]	周一星, 史育龙. 1995. 建立中国城市的实体地域概念[J]. 地理学报, 50(4): 289-301.
	[Zhou Y X, Shi Y L.1995. Toward establishing the concept of physical urban area in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 50(4): 289-301.]
[19]	周一星,许学强,宁越敏. 1997. 城市地理学[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社: 165-167.
	[Zhou Y X, Xu X Q, Ning Y M.1997. Urban geography[M]. Beijing, China: Higher Education Press, 165-167.]
[20]	Batty M.2008. The size, scale, and shape of cities[J]. Science, 319: 769-771. doi: 10.1126/science.1151419 pmid: 18258906
[21]	Batty M.2015. The new science of cities[M]. London, UK: The MIT Press.
[22]	Bettencourt L M A, Lobo J, Helbing D, et al.2007. Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(17): 7301-7306. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0610172104 pmid: 17438298
[23]	Gabaix X.1999a. Zipf's law for cities: An explanation[J]. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3): 739-767. doi: 10.1162/003355399556133
[24]	Gabaix X.1999b. Zipf's law and the growth of cities[J]. American Economic Review, 89(2): 129-132. doi: 10.1257/aer.89.2.129
[25]	Huang Q X, Yang X, Gao B, et al.2014. Application of DMSP/OLS nighttime light images: A meta-analysis and a systematic literature review[J]. Remote Sensing, 6(8): 6844-6866. doi: 10.3390/rs6086844
[26]	Jiang B, Jia T.2011. Zipf's law for all the natural cities in the United States: A geospatial perspective[J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 25(8): 1269-1281. doi: 10.1080/13658816.2010.510801
[27]	Levin N, Zhang Q L.2017. A global analysis of factors controlling VIIRS nighttime light levels from densely populated areas[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 190: 366-382. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.01.006
[28]	Shi K F, Yu B L, Huang Y X, et al.2014. Evaluating the ability of NPP-VIIRS nighttime light data to estimate the gross domestic product and the electric power consumption of China at multiple scales: A comparison with DMSP-OLS data[J]. Remote Sensing, 6(2): 1705-1724. doi: 10.3390/rs6021705
[29]	Small C, Elvidge C D, Balk D, et al.2011. Spatial scaling of stable night lights[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115(2): 269-280. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2010.08.021
[30]	Zhou Y K, Ma T, Zhou C H, et al.2015. Nighttime light derived assessment of regional inequality of socioeconomic development in China[J]. Remote Sensing, 7(2): 1242-1262. doi: 10.3390/rs70201242
[31]	Zipf G K.1949. Human behavior and the principle of least effort[M].Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley Press.

国家	指数	2013年	2014年	2015年	2016年
中国	q值	0.93^***	0.94^***	0.94^***	0.97^***
	R²	0.931	0.93	0.933	0.925
美国	q值	1.09^***	1.1^***	1.11^***	1.13^***
	R²	0.959	0.959	0.962	0.959

国家	q值	0.8以下	0.8~0.9	0.9~1.0	1.0~1.1	1.1~1.2	1.2~1.3	1.3以上
中国	数量	1	7	6	4	4	1	2
中国	比例/%	4.0	28.0	24.0	16.0	16.0	4.0	8.0
美国	数量	3	0	5	6	8	10	17
美国	比例/%	6.1	0.0	10.2	12.2	16.3	20.4	34.7