金门的边界身份认同初探

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.12.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在两岸地缘战略格局中,金门被长期固化为两岸边界,不同势力、不同的政治考虑在不同时期介入金门,使得金门人的身份认同经常处于变动之中。本文基于实地考察和文献研究,探讨了作为两岸边界的金门自下而上的边界认同及其对边界的再定义过程。研究指出,金门的边界认同变化是围绕两岸地缘关系及边界演变历史过程中,籍由金门本地居民对两岸关系变化的不断适应、乃至主动调试而逐渐形成。在时间维度上,金门经历了明末郑成功占据金厦反清复明时期、日寇占领时期、中国国民党退守台湾时期、两岸“三通”时期等多次地缘格局的变化过程。在空间维度上,金门由于其特殊的区位、复杂的行政隶属演变,存在岛屿、县、省和集体四个相互嵌套的认同尺度。在动荡的地缘格局变动过程中,金门本地居民的地方意识逐渐形成,从被动的边界适应到主动的边界效应利用,在一系列争取“金门解严”、“金门发展”的社会运动中再制度化和重构了金门的身份认同,并实现了从战斗岛向和平岛、经贸岛的转变。本文提供了一个自下而上的地缘战略分析视角,希望有助于深化对两岸边界与两岸统一进程的理解,并有助于推动当下中国的跨境区域研究。

关键词: 金门, 边界, 认同, 尺度

Abstract:

Quemoy has long been regarded as a border area in the cross-strait geopolitical strategy. Different forces with different political considerations have intervened in the affairs of Quemoy at different times, which resulted in the constantly changing identity of Quemoy. Based on field interviews and a thorough review of literature, and using the research methods of scale analysis and border studies, the authors examined the grassroots "border identity" in Quemoy. The redefinition process of the meaning of border was also discussed. This research concludes that, the "border identity" was gradually formed as a result of Quemoy residents' passive or active adjustment to changes in geopolitical relationship and borderlines between Taiwan and the mainland of China. In the temporal dimension, Quemoy has experienced several times of geopolitical changes during different historical periods, including the period of "Fan Qing Fu Ming" (rebelling against the Qing Dynasty and rebuilding the Ming Dynasty), Japanese-ruled period, the Nationalist Party-ruled period, and when the cross-strait "Three Links" were restored. In the spatial dimension, due to its special geographical position, and the fact that it used to be under the governance of different governments at different times, Quemoy has four different but interlacing scales of identity: it is a county, a province, and meanwhile an island and the community for the local residents. As a result, a local identity was gradually formed among the residents. They launched a series of social movements so as to get rid of the martial law imposed on Quemoy. From being passively adjusted to new situations, to actively utilizing the "border effect," the local people have re-institutionalized and reconstructed Quemoy's identity, changing it from a battle front into a peaceful trade island. This research provides a grassroots analytical perspective of geo-strategy and may help deepen the understanding for the cross-strait border area and China's reunification process. Apart from this, it will also contribute to the current studies on China’s border areas.

Key words: Quemoy, border, identity, scale

张和强, 刘云刚. 金门的边界身份认同初探[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(12): 1521-1530.

Heqiang ZHANG, Yungang LIU. Border identity of Quemoy[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 36(12): 1521-1530.

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时间	县域范围
1915年之前	金门未建县
1915-1937年	金门群岛、嶝岛群岛(16个岛屿)
1937-1945年	金门县政府控制嶝岛群岛(4个岛屿)。日本控制金门群岛(12个岛屿)
1945-1949年	金门群岛、嶝岛群岛(16个岛屿)
1949-1954年	大陆控制金门县人民政府嶝岛群岛(4个岛屿) 台湾当局(金门县政府)控制金门群岛(12个岛屿)
1954年至今	大陆控制同安地区嶝岛群岛(4个岛屿) 台湾当局(金门县政府)控制金门群岛、乌丘二岛(14个岛屿)

岛屿群	岛屿成员	方言	面积/km²	面积占比/%	人口	人口占比/%
金门群岛	金门本岛、烈屿岛、大担岛、二担岛、东碇岛、北碇岛、狮屿、猛虎屿、草屿、后屿、复兴屿	闽南语	151.7	90.7	136812	87.3
嶝岛群岛	大嶝岛、小嶝岛、角屿、哈白岛	闽南语	14.6	8.6	19204	12.3
乌丘二岛	大丘岛、小丘岛	莆仙话	1.2	0.7	684	0.4

认同尺度	集体类别	定义和意义
岛屿	例如：嶝岛群岛、乌丘二岛	次区域岛民集体
县	金门	1915-1937年,中华民国金门县; 1938-1945年,抗日战争时期,县政府在大嶝岛的金门县; 1945-1949年,中华民国金门县; 1949-1971年,大陆只管辖嶝岛群岛的金门县; 1949-1954年,台湾当局控制金门群岛的金门县。 1954年至今,台湾当局控制金门群岛和乌丘二岛的总称。
省	“福建省政府”	1949-1956年,从福州迁驻金门的台湾当局“福建省政府”; 1956-1996年,从金门迁驻台北办公的“福建省政府” 1996年至今,重新迁回金门办公的 “福建省政府”;
集体	“中华民国”	“中华民国”,而非台湾。

	1991年			1996年		增减比较
	数量		比例/%		数量	比例/%
总计	764286	100.00		894629	100.00	17.05
台湾地区	760464	99.51		891661	99.67	17.24
澎湖	3660	0.48		3657	0.41	-0.08
金马地区	3731	0.49		2968	0.33	-20.45
金门	2769	0.36		2245	0.25	-18.92
马祖	962	0.13		723	0.08	-24.84