地理科学进展 ›› 2020, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (5): 866-879.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.05.014
收稿日期:
2019-07-08
修回日期:
2019-09-29
出版日期:
2020-05-28
发布日期:
2020-07-28
通讯作者:
龙花楼
作者简介:
冯应斌(1982— ),男,贵州思南人,博士后,教授,硕士生导师,研究方向为城乡发展与土地利用。E-mail:fengyingbin@sina.com
基金资助:
FENG Yingbin1,2,3, LONG Hualou2,3,4,*()
Received:
2019-07-08
Revised:
2019-09-29
Online:
2020-05-28
Published:
2020-07-28
Contact:
LONG Hualou
Supported by:
摘要:
中国山区面积大、经济社会发展水平低,促进山区可持续发展,是事关中国现代化进程的关键所在。山区乡村聚落作为山区人地关系地域系统的核心空间单元,是中国乡村地理学的研究重点和热点。论文基于文献回溯和归纳总结的方法,在对中国山区发展概况、乡村聚落空间分布影响因素、演变特征与驱动机制进行系统分析的基础上,明晰了山区乡村聚落空间重构概念内涵、重构思路和方法,总结了中国山区乡村聚落空间重构典型模式与调控策略;认为乡村聚落空间重构存在着主体多重、目标多元、模式多样等典型特征,是一个动态的、复杂的空间优化重组过程。新时代中国山区乡村聚落空间重构应加强以下5个方面的研究:① 山区乡村振兴背景下乡村聚落空间重构作用机理与模式;② 土地利用转型对山区乡村聚落空间重构作用机制;③ 农村宅基地制度改革对山区乡村聚落空间重构影响;④ 新兴业态发展与山区乡村聚落空间重构交互作用关系;⑤ 大数据时代山区乡村聚落空间重构研究方法革新。通过对山区乡村聚落空间重构时代背景、经济社会驱动因素与作用机理、研究方法等方面的实证分析,进一步丰富和完善山区乡村聚落空间重构理论,以期促进中国山区可持续发展和助推现代化实现进程。
冯应斌, 龙花楼. 中国山区乡村聚落空间重构研究进展与展望[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(5): 866-879.
FENG Yingbin, LONG Hualou. Progress and prospect of research on spatial reconstruction of rural settlements in mountainous areas of China[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(5): 866-879.
表1
中国典型区域乡村聚落空间分布主要影响因素"
区域 | 典型山区 | 案例位置 | 海拔 | 坡度 | 道路 | 与耕地的关系 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
东部 | 东南低山区 | 宁波市四明山区[ | 约80%的乡村聚落分布在120 m以下,海拔相对较高的地区乡村聚落比重较低且呈零星分布 | 90%以上的乡村聚落分布在坡度小于20°的区域内 | 约40%的乡村聚落位于道路的500 m缓冲区内,道路对乡村聚落的分布影响较大但并不突出 | 75%以上的耕地处于乡村聚落的100 m缓冲区内,乡村聚落的分布受耕地影响显著 |
中部 | 大别山区 | 安徽省金寨县[ | 海拔在800 m以上的中山区仅有0.7%的房屋分布,在低海拔地区呈现聚集性分布格局 | 超过80%的房屋分布在20°以下,房屋密度随坡度上升而逐渐下降 | 约75%的房屋分布在距离道路200 m以内,与道路具有明显的依赖性 | 在低海拔、缓坡、向阳等农业生产条件较好的地区呈现较高的集聚特征 |
西部 | 武陵山区 | 重庆市彭水县保家镇[ | 约90%的乡村聚落分布在海拔800 m以下,且随着海拔的增加,斑块面积比例明显下降 | 具有强烈的底坡度区位取向 | 约65%的乡村聚落与公路距离在1500 m以内,且聚落密度随公路距离的增大而减小 | 乡村聚落与耕地分布具有较强的空间趋同性,聚(落)耕(地)比为1:14 |
黄土高原 沟壑区 | 陕西省延安市宝塔区[ | 主要分布在955~1164 m之间,且随海拔度变化呈正态分布 | 坡度为5°~23°之间,且随坡度频率分布具有正态分布特征 | 超过80%的乡村聚落临近道路距离在500m以内 | 约60%的乡村聚落耕作半径为700~800 m之间 |
表2
中国典型山区不同尺度乡村聚落空间重构模式"
典型山区 | 案例位置 | 研究尺度 | 重构思路 | 重构模式 |
---|---|---|---|---|
黄土高原区 | 陕西省襄垣县[ | 县域 | 在综合海拔、坡度、道路、河流4个影响因素的基础上,计算各行政村自然地理综合得分,并划分为优等区域、中等区域和差等区域 | 优先发展型、保留发展型、异地搬迁型 |
武陵山区 | 湖北省长阳县[ | 县域 | 构建自然—社会—生产因素在内的指标体系,运用GIS空间分析模块获取各指标值,分区构建加强Voronoi图对乡村聚落进行空间优化配置 | 重点城镇型、优先发展型、有条件扩展型、限制扩展型、拆迁合并型 |
黔中高原区 | 贵州省普定县[ | 县内小流域 | 综合区位条件的好坏是岩溶山区乡村聚落空间优化的主要依据,结合聚落规模等级演变、人口与聚落耦合演变模式进行整合和空间重构 | 重点村镇型、优先发展型、有条件扩展型、限制扩展型、迁弃型 |
岭南山区 | 湖南省临武县西山乡[ | 乡域 | 土地资源因素与交通条件是影响山区乡村聚落空间分布与格局优化的重要因素,结合村庄合并与易地扶贫搬迁等工作要求,提出空间格局优化方案 | 聚集型、保留型、迁移型 |
黄土高原区 | 甘肃省通渭县四合村[ | 村域 | 以农户意愿调查为切入点,剖析农户对乡村聚落的整合意愿及驱动机制,并在适宜性评价基础上探究重构模式 | 生态转化型、异地搬迁型、旧村整治型、改造提升型 |
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