国外生态旅游研究进展及启示

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.09.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为替代性旅游和可持续旅游的实现形式,生态旅游从提出就受到学者们的重视。本文以Web of Science核心合辑收录的国外生态旅游期刊文章为基础,对筛选出的546篇文献进行综述分析,梳理和归纳相应的研究热点和研究方法,并从生态旅游内涵、利益相关者、客源市场、目的地、影响和评估6方面阐明国外生态旅游的研究进展和主要内容。结果表明：国外生态旅游研究以应用为导向,具有研究区域资源特征明显、研究对象不断扩展、研究内容逐渐深入的特点,并呈现跨学科、多视角的研究态势。结合国外的研究经验,本文提出未来中国应就完善生态旅游理论体系、妥善处理利益相关者的关系、总结生态旅游者行为规律、拓展目的地的研究尺度和管理模式、重视生态旅游的影响研究和优化效果评估方法6方面加强研究,以促使研究体系完善和优化。

Abstract:

As a form of sustainable tourism, ecotourism has attracted a significant amount of attention from scholars. Based on the academic publications collected from the Web of Science Core Collection database, this study reviewed 546 selected documents, and analyzed corresponding key research areas and methodologies. This study also examined the multiple aspects of ecotourism in terms of connotations, stakeholders, tourist source markets, tourist destinations, impacts, and assessment. The results show that the characteristics of international research on ecotourism are application oriented, with distinctive resource features of research area and broad thematic coverage, interdisciplinary, and diverse perspectives. Six directions for future research in China have been proposed to improve and optimize ecotourism research taking into consideration international experiences, which include improving the theoretical framework of research, handling the relationship among different stakeholders properly, summarizing patterns of ecotourists' behaviors, extending research scales and management modes of destinations, emphasizing research on the effects of ecotourism, and optimizing evaluation methods.

Key words: ecotourism, stakeholders, tourists, tourism resource, tourism impact, CiteSpace

张书颖, 刘家明, 朱鹤, 李涛. 国外生态旅游研究进展及启示[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(9): 1201-1215.

Shuying ZHANG, Jiaming LIU, He ZHU, Tao LI. Review of progress in international research on ecotourism and implications[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 37(9): 1201-1215.

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生态旅游评估指标示例"

提出者	要点	指标构成
Bunruamkaew等(2012)	运用层次分析法就物理环境和社会经济两方面确定了9项指标,并利用GIS 对泰国素叻他尼生态旅游的土地使用情况进行了评价	物理环境：①可见性;②土地利用/覆盖;③野生动植物的保留/保护;④物种多样性;⑤海拔(elevation);⑥坡度(slope) 社会经济：⑦与文化遗址临近;⑧与道路邻近;⑨聚落规模
García-Melón等(2012)	通过分析网络过程(analytic network process)和德尔斐法得到13个判定生态旅游可持续性的指标,并对委内瑞拉Los Roques国家公园涉及到的8个不同利益相关者(即专家、政府官员、景区员工、NGO、旅行社、民宿老板、国内游客和国外游客)分别进行了调研	自然环境：①水体质量;②景观完整性;③物种栖息地社会方面：④教育水平;⑤可利用的公共服务设施;⑥旅游业以外的经济收入;⑦人均收入环境影响：⑧固体废弃物产生;⑨污水产生;⑩生物多样性丧失行政方面：私人投资;社会机构的支持;管理条例
Bhuiyan等(2016)	结合旅游、社区和资源所形成的6种关系,从社会、环境和经济三方面设定了47个指标,用以评估生态旅游的可持续性,结果表明旅游和社区对资源产生了破坏,但旅游与社区却呈现出良好关系	社会方面：①打扰居民日常生活;②当地居民获得受教育机会;③居民的环境担忧;④旅游区与居民的互动;⑤对社区的经济利益;⑥社区支持资源保护;⑦资源管理规划;⑧居民参与解说服务;⑨游客获得受教育机会;⑩解说设施;易理解的解说设施;令人满意的解说设施;令人满意的讲解服务;旅游者环境意识;自然和人文体验;环境教育体验;令人满意的游憩质量;参与环保活动;参与机会;多元文化体验;文化交流;居民与游客互动;社会福利;拥挤感;交通拥堵;破坏公共安全;损失传统文化;满足旅游发展环境方面：保护自然资源;提供可持续收成;生存环境和质量;干扰自然资源;资源开采;周边发展;破环环境;威胁生态系统;突出的观赏价值;吸引游客注意;承载力超负荷;破坏环境质量;破坏当地环境经济方面：促进环保;旅游收入分配;地区重建;可接受的旅游收入;就业机会;当地居民就业

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关键词	强度	突现时间
nature tourism(自然旅游)	4.2212	1996
development(发展)	5.7272	1997-1999
Costa Rica(哥斯达黎加)	6.4432	1999-2005
local involvement(当地参与)	4.2366	1999
wildlife tourism(野生动物旅游）	4.3748	2000
environment(环境)	5.4762	2002
forest reserve(森林保护)	4.1444	2006
whale shark(鲸鲨)	5.9356	2007
ecological footprint(生态足迹)	3.2717	2007
marine protected area(海洋保护区)	3.9799	2010
Kenya(肯尼亚)	4.3882	2012-2013
motivation(动机)	3.9799	2014
value(价值)	3.9799	2014
climate change(气候变化)	3.4205	2014-2015
indicator(指标)	3.6373	2015-2017
natural resource management(自然资源管理)	3.7039	2016-2017

分类	研究方法	典型方法示例	主要应用方向	技术手段	代表文献
定性研究	描述分析	编码,分类,现象解释	理论研究,文献综述,经验借鉴,政策研究	—	Weaver等(2007);Lee等(2017);等(2008)
定性研究	访谈法	非结构化访谈,半结构化访谈,焦点小组访谈	旅游感知,生态旅游影响	—	Amati(2013);Akyol (2017);Anup等(2015)
定量研究	模型分析	仿真模型,结构方程模型,引力模型	生态旅游评估模型,游憩管理办法,游客需求分析	R软件,AMOS,EVIEWS	Bennett等(2011);Masud等(2017);Fourie等(2011)
	统计分析	层次分析法,条件价值法,聚类分析,回归分析	社区居民旅游感知,生态旅游者满意度,生态旅游潜力评价	SPSS,SDATA,ArcGIS,RS,GPS,Matlab	XSarky等(2017);Duchesne等(2000)

关键词	出现频次	中心性	关键词	出现频次	中心性
ecotourism(生态旅游)	236	0.20	biodiversity(生物多样性)	33	0.71
tourism(旅游)	158	0.18	attitude(态度)	27	0.26
conservation(保护)	92	0.58	sustainable tourism(可持续旅游)	25	0.14
management(管理)	56	0.25	national park(国家公园)	24	0.35
community(社区)	38	0.16	impact(影响)	19	0.01
protected area(保护区)	37	0.42	biodiversity conservation(生物多样性保护)	18	0.17
sustainability(可持续性)	36	0.08	behavior(行为习惯)	16	0.09
sustainable development(可持续发展)	34	0.03	perception(感知)	15	0.13

热点领域	主要内容	关键词示例
内涵	概念界定	可持续性(sustainability)、自然旅游(nature-based tourism)
利益相关者	冲突与合作	参与(participation)、感知(perception)、政府(government)、社区(community)
客源市场	旅游者	动机(motivation)、对环境负责的行为(environmentally responsible behavior)
	市场细分及营销	偏好(preference)、支付意愿(willing to pay)
目的地	旅游资源	价值(value)、自然保护(nature conservation)、森林(forest)
	旅游管理	保护区(protected area)、承载力(carrying capacity)
影响	活动影响	影响(impact)、生物多样性(biodiversity)、生态经济(ecological economics)
评估	评价方法	指标(indicator)、生态足迹(ecological footprint)