地理科学进展 ›› 2018, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (9): 1201-1215.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.09.004
张书颖1,2,3(), 刘家明1,2,*(
), 朱鹤1,2, 李涛1,2,3
收稿日期:
2018-03-07
修回日期:
2018-07-31
出版日期:
2018-09-28
发布日期:
2018-09-28
通讯作者:
刘家明
作者简介:
作者简介:张书颖(1991-),女,河北保定人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为旅游地理,E-mail:
基金资助:
Shuying ZHANG1,2,3(), Jiaming LIU1,2,*(
), He ZHU1,2, Tao LI1,2,3
Received:
2018-03-07
Revised:
2018-07-31
Online:
2018-09-28
Published:
2018-09-28
Contact:
Jiaming LIU
摘要:
作为替代性旅游和可持续旅游的实现形式,生态旅游从提出就受到学者们的重视。本文以Web of Science核心合辑收录的国外生态旅游期刊文章为基础,对筛选出的546篇文献进行综述分析,梳理和归纳相应的研究热点和研究方法,并从生态旅游内涵、利益相关者、客源市场、目的地、影响和评估6方面阐明国外生态旅游的研究进展和主要内容。结果表明:国外生态旅游研究以应用为导向,具有研究区域资源特征明显、研究对象不断扩展、研究内容逐渐深入的特点,并呈现跨学科、多视角的研究态势。结合国外的研究经验,本文提出未来中国应就完善生态旅游理论体系、妥善处理利益相关者的关系、总结生态旅游者行为规律、拓展目的地的研究尺度和管理模式、重视生态旅游的影响研究和优化效果评估方法6方面加强研究,以促使研究体系完善和优化。
张书颖, 刘家明, 朱鹤, 李涛. 国外生态旅游研究进展及启示[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(9): 1201-1215.
Shuying ZHANG, Jiaming LIU, He ZHU, Tao LI. Review of progress in international research on ecotourism and implications[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 37(9): 1201-1215.
表1
突现词列表"
关键词 | 强度 | 突现时间 | 1996-2017 |
---|---|---|---|
nature tourism(自然旅游) | 4.2212 | 1996 | ![]() |
development(发展) | 5.7272 | 1997-1999 | ![]() |
Costa Rica(哥斯达黎加) | 6.4432 | 1999-2005 | ![]() |
local involvement(当地参与) | 4.2366 | 1999 | ![]() |
wildlife tourism(野生动物旅游) | 4.3748 | 2000 | ![]() |
environment(环境) | 5.4762 | 2002 | ![]() |
forest reserve(森林保护) | 4.1444 | 2006 | ![]() |
whale shark(鲸鲨) | 5.9356 | 2007 | ![]() |
ecological footprint(生态足迹) | 3.2717 | 2007 | ![]() |
marine protected area(海洋保护区) | 3.9799 | 2010 | ![]() |
Kenya(肯尼亚) | 4.3882 | 2012-2013 | ![]() |
motivation(动机) | 3.9799 | 2014 | ![]() |
value(价值) | 3.9799 | 2014 | ![]() |
climate change(气候变化) | 3.4205 | 2014-2015 | ![]() |
indicator(指标) | 3.6373 | 2015-2017 | ![]() |
natural resource management(自然资源管理) | 3.7039 | 2016-2017 | ![]() |
表2
生态旅游研究方法及主要应用方向"
分类 | 研究方法 | 典型方法示例 | 主要应用方向 | 技术手段 | 代表文献 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
定性 研究 | 描述分析 | 编码,分类,现象解释 | 理论研究,文献综述,经验借鉴,政策研究 | — | Weaver等(2007);Lee等(2017);等(2008) |
访谈法 | 非结构化访谈,半结构化访谈,焦点小组访谈 | 旅游感知,生态旅游影响 | — | Amati(2013);Akyol (2017);Anup等(2015) | |
定量 研究 | 模型分析 | 仿真模型,结构方程模型,引力模型 | 生态旅游评估模型,游憩管理办法,游客需求分析 | R软件,AMOS,EVIEWS | Bennett等(2011);Masud等(2017);Fourie等(2011) |
统计分析 | 层次分析法,条件价值法,聚类分析,回归分析 | 社区居民旅游感知,生态旅游者满意度,生态旅游潜力评价 | SPSS,SDATA,ArcGIS,RS,GPS,Matlab | XSarky等(2017);Duchesne等(2000) |
表3
生态旅游研究高频关键词"
关键词 | 出现频次 | 中心性 | 关键词 | 出现频次 | 中心性 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ecotourism(生态旅游) | 236 | 0.20 | biodiversity(生物多样性) | 33 | 0.71 |
tourism(旅游) | 158 | 0.18 | attitude(态度) | 27 | 0.26 |
conservation(保护) | 92 | 0.58 | sustainable tourism(可持续旅游) | 25 | 0.14 |
management(管理) | 56 | 0.25 | national park(国家公园) | 24 | 0.35 |
community(社区) | 38 | 0.16 | impact(影响) | 19 | 0.01 |
protected area(保护区) | 37 | 0.42 | biodiversity conservation(生物多样性保护) | 18 | 0.17 |
sustainability(可持续性) | 36 | 0.08 | behavior(行为习惯) | 16 | 0.09 |
sustainable development(可持续发展) | 34 | 0.03 | perception(感知) | 15 | 0.13 |
表4
生态旅游研究热点领域及关键词示例"
热点领域 | 主要内容 | 关键词示例 |
---|---|---|
内涵 | 概念界定 | 可持续性(sustainability)、自然旅游(nature-based tourism) |
利益相关者 | 冲突与合作 | 参与(participation)、感知(perception)、政府(government)、社区(community) |
客源市场 | 旅游者 | 动机(motivation)、对环境负责的行为(environmentally responsible behavior) |
市场细分及营销 | 偏好(preference)、支付意愿(willing to pay) | |
目的地 | 旅游资源 | 价值(value)、自然保护(nature conservation)、森林(forest) |
旅游管理 | 保护区(protected area)、承载力(carrying capacity) | |
影响 | 活动影响 | 影响(impact)、生物多样性(biodiversity)、生态经济(ecological economics) |
评估 | 评价方法 | 指标(indicator)、生态足迹(ecological footprint) |
表5
生态旅游评估指标示例"
提出者 | 要点 | 指标构成 |
---|---|---|
运用层次分析法就物理环境和社会经济两方面确定了9项指标,并利用GIS 对泰国素叻他尼生态旅游的土地使用情况进行了评价 | 物理环境:①可见性;②土地利用/覆盖;③野生动植物的保留/保护;④物种多样性;⑤海拔(elevation);⑥坡度(slope) 社会经济:⑦与文化遗址临近;⑧与道路邻近;⑨聚落规模 | |
通过分析网络过程(analytic network process)和德尔斐法得到13个判定生态旅游可持续性的指标,并对委内瑞拉Los Roques国家公园涉及到的8个不同利益相关者(即专家、政府官员、景区员工、NGO、旅行社、民宿老板、国内游客和国外游客)分别进行了调研 | 自然环境:①水体质量;②景观完整性;③物种栖息地 社会方面:④教育水平;⑤可利用的公共服务设施;⑥旅游业以外的经济收入;⑦人均收入 环境影响:⑧固体废弃物产生;⑨污水产生;⑩生物多样性丧失 行政方面:私人投资;社会机构的支持;管理条例 | |
结合旅游、社区和资源所形成的6种关系,从社会、环境和经济三方面设定了47个指标,用以评估生态旅游的可持续性,结果表明旅游和社区对资源产生了破坏,但旅游与社区却呈现出良好关系 | 社会方面:①打扰居民日常生活;②当地居民获得受教育机会;③居民的环境担忧;④旅游区与居民的互动;⑤对社区的经济利益;⑥社区支持资源保护;⑦资源管理规划;⑧居民参与解说服务;⑨游客获得受教育机会;⑩解说设施;易理解的解说设施;令人满意的解说设施;令人满意的讲解服务;旅游者环境意识;自然和人文体验;环境教育体验;令人满意的游憩质量;参与环保活动;参与机会;多元文化体验;文化交流;居民与游客互动;社会福利;拥挤感;交通拥堵;破坏公共安全;损失传统文化;满足旅游发展 环境方面:保护自然资源;提供可持续收成;生存环境和质量;干扰自然资源;资源开采;周边发展;破环环境;威胁生态系统;突出的观赏价值;吸引游客注意;承载力超负荷;破坏环境质量;破坏当地环境 经济方面:促进环保;旅游收入分配;地区重建;可接受的旅游收入;就业机会;当地居民就业 |
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