企业之间创新联系的行政区边界效应

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.12.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

行政区边界作为一种城市单元界线分割了地理空间，造成企业创新联系的边界效应。论文基于2008—2017年上海市高新技术企业微观统计数据，构建空间断点回归模型，检验了行政区边界对专利合作、引用、代理、转让和许可5类跨区创新联系的抑制作用。研究表明：① 创新联系存在明显的边界效应，较代理、转让、许可3类市场途径，合作、引用2类非市场途径的边界效应更强；② 随着时间的推移，边界效应呈明显的下降趋势；③ 政府对企业创新的较多干预和本地特有的创新环境会导致这种边界效应增强；④ 行政区合并降低了被合并的2个行政区的边界效应。实证结果可为促进企业创新联系、提高创新绩效提供政策参考。

关键词: 企业创新, 创新联系, 边界效应, 空间断点回归, 上海市

Abstract:

Innovation has a geographic dimension that promotes economic growth and technological change, and is closely related to regional spatial characteristics. The innovation connections formed by firms are key elements in understanding the spatial dynamics of innovation processes. As a geographic element, administrative boundaries divide urban space, resulting in the border effects of firm innovation connections. Based on the micro statistical data of Shanghai high-tech enterprises from 2008 to 2017, this study used a spatial regression discontinuity design to test inhibitory effects of administrative boundaries on five types of cross-district innovation connections, including patent cooperation, citation, agency, transaction, and licensing. The empirical results are as follows: 1) Administrative boundaries have a significant inhibitory effect on the five types of cross-district innovation connections, called border effects, and this inhibitory effect still exists when controlling for distance and firm locations. Compared with market approaches (agency, transaction, and licensing), border effects are higher on non-market approaches (cooperation and citation). 2) Temporal trend analysis showed that there is a significant downward trend on the intensity of border effects from 2008 to 2017, which may be related to the fact that in recent years, the governments have continuously encouraged firms to establish interregional innovation connections through various political instruments. 3) Mechanism analysis showed that government intervention in firm innovation and local innovation environment result in the increase of border effects. Administrative district consolidation reduces border effect between two merged districts. The empirical results of this study provide policy references for promoting firm innovation connections and improving innovation performance.

Key words: firm innovation, innovation connection, border effects, spatial regression discontinuity design, Shanghai

唐锦玥, 罗守贵. 企业之间创新联系的行政区边界效应[J]. 地理科学进展, 2022, 41(12): 2286-2296.

TANG Jinyue, LUO Shougui. Border effects of innovation connections between firms[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2022, 41(12): 2286-2296.

图/表 9

图1

表1

变量定义与描述性统计

变量名称	变量定义	样本量	平均值	标准差
被解释变量
Cooperation	企业当年专利申请的合作申请人数(个)	388880	5.379	34.513
Citation	企业当年专利申请的被引用人数(个)	388880	3.526	15.937
Agency	企业当年专利申请的代理机构数(个)	388880	9.505	31.488
Transaction	企业专利转让或受让人数(个)	388880	1.469	13.748
Licensing	企业专利许可或被许可人数(个)	388880	0.158	6.301
核心解释变量
Border	企业创新联系是否跨越行政区边界	388880	0.937	0.242
处置变量
Distance1	企业到行政区几何中心的最短距离(km)	388880	29.631	16.789
Distance2	企业到行政区边界的最短距离(km)	388880	18.974	14.140
Longitude	企业所在位置的经度(°)	388880	121.420	0.157
Latitude	企业所在位置的纬度(°)	388880	31.163	0.153
控制变量
Labor	企业雇员数(百人)	388880	2.733	6.564
Asset	企业总资产(亿元)	388880	5.496	34.605
Income	企业总收入(亿元)	388880	3.864	17.704
Adratio	企业资产负债率(%)	388880	50.883	85.494
Age	企业年龄(a)	388880	11.608	6.508
Patent	企业当年专利申请数(件)	388880	13.934	50.384
Area	企业所在行政区面积(百km²)	388880	5.438	4.163
Population	企业所在行政区人口(百万人)	388880	2.289	1.687
Pubrevenue	企业所在行政区财政收入(百亿元)	388880	2.654	2.790
Indproduct	企业所在行政区工业产值(百亿元)	388880	36.434	32.784
调节变量
SOE	企业是否为国有企业	388880	0.013	0.113
GovRD	企业所在行政区政府的科技活动资助总额(千万元)	388880	0.176	0.172
GovIS	企业所在行政区政府的科技咨询与中介服务购买总额(千万元)	388880	0.002	0.007
PatApply	企业所在行政区专利申请数(百万件)	388880	13.933	4.008
PatQuality	企业所在行政区专利申请数中发明专利占比	388880	0.448	0.381

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

表7

表8

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创新联系	区际				区内
创新联系	平均值	标准差	最小值	最大值	平均值	标准差	最小值	最大值
Cooperation	0.139	3.324	0	624	3.289	28.940	0	1999
Citation	0.140	1.264	0	228	1.424	9.794	0	650
Agency	0.574	6.817	0	1061	0.897	6.211	0	499
Transaction	0.041	1.669	0	456	0.850	10.811	0	600
Licensing	0.003	0.737	0	310	0.116	5.600	0	310

变量	ln Cooperation	ln Citation	ln Agency	ln Transaction	ln Licensing
Border	-0.290^***	-0.263^***	-0.031^***	-0.087^***	-0.004^***
	(0.006)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.001)
处置变量	是	是	是	是	是
控制变量	是	是	是	是	是
个体固定效应	是	是	是	是	是
时间固定效应	是	是	是	是	是
常数项	-270.117	2324.152^***	5018.412^***	278.801^*	-14.927
	(250.170)	(236.206)	(410.585)	(156.658)	(26.765)
样本量	388880	388880	388880	388880	388880
解释度	0.060	0.165	0.022	0.021	0.001

变量	ln Cooperation	ln Citation	ln Agency	ln Transaction	ln Licensing
Border	-0.256^***	-0.220^***	-0.116^***	-0.083^***	0.002^**
	(0.010)	(0.007)	(0.009)	(0.006)	(0.001)
处置变量	是	是	是	是	是
控制变量	是	是	是	是	是
个体固定效应	是	是	是	是	是
时间固定效应	是	是	是	是	是
常数项	-3241.417	2158.911	-5513.431^***	-1050.241	-137.646
	(2069.624)	(1499.879)	(1394.838)	(1044.880)	(168.847)
样本量	63190	63190	63190	63190	63190
解释度	0.085	0.215	0.030	0.033	0.006

变量	ln Cooperation	ln Citation	ln Agency	ln Transaction	ln Licensing
Border	-20.414^***	-46.025^***	-14.255^***	-21.212^***	0.131
	(4.669)	(3.404)	(3.348)	(2.847)	(0.614)
Time×Border	0.010^***	0.023^***	0.007^***	0.010^***	<-0.001
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(<0.001)
Time	-0.011^***	-0.030^***	-0.008^***	-0.012^***	<0.001
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(<0.001)
处置变量	是	是	是	是	是
控制变量	是	是	是	是	是
个体固定效应	是	是	是	是	是
时间固定效应	是	是	是	是	是
常数项	-213.524	2462.205^***	5058.536^***	338.998^**	-15.209
	(246.027)	(238.442)	(408.098)	(156.629)	(27.306)
样本量	388880	388880	388880	388880	388880
解释度	0.060	0.166	0.022	0.022	0.001

变量	ln Cooperation	ln Citation	ln Agency	ln Transaction	ln Licensing
Border	-0.263^***	-0.238^***	0.058^***	-0.081^***	-0.002^**
	(0.008)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.001)
Border×SOE	-0.387^***	-0.205^***	0.040	-0.075^*	-0.002
	(0.070)	(0.045)	(0.038)	(0.038)	(0.003)
Border×GovRD	-0.145^***	-0.123^***	-0.417^***	-0.020	-0.011^**
	(0.033)	(0.023)	(0.023)	(0.018)	(0.005)
Border×GovIS	1.259^**	-0.471	-6.473^***	-0.395	-0.004
	(0.567)	(0.612)	(0.889)	(0.364)	(0.085)
SOE	0.365^***	0.220^***	-0.051	0.087^**	0.002
	(0.073)	(0.047)	(0.041)	(0.040)	(0.004)
GovRD	0.136^***	0.118^***	0.384^***	0.013	0.011^**
	(0.034)	(0.024)	(0.025)	(0.018)	(0.005)
GovIS	-1.313^**	0.451	5.975^***	0.378	0.003
	(0.565)	(0.614)	(0.890)	(0.364)	(0.083)
处置变量	是	是	是	是	是
控制变量	是	是	是	是	是
个体固定效应	是	是	是	是	是
时间固定效应	是	是	是	是	是
常数项	2.794	0.343	-3.000	-1.688	0.020
	(2.167)	(1.903)	(3.226)	(1.453)	(0.412)
样本量	388880	388880	388880	388880	388880
解释度	0.127	0.242	0.045	0.075	0.082