帮扶措施对山区脱贫农户生计策略选择的影响——以陇南山区为例

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.11.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

帮扶措施不仅是构建稳定脱贫长效机制的关键举措，更是推进脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有效衔接的客观要求。论文构建了帮扶措施对农户生计策略选择的影响分析框架，利用入户调查数据，在辨明帮扶措施及生计策略选择特征的基础上，探讨了影响陇南山区脱贫户生计策略选择的关键因素。结果表明：① 陇南山区有59.84%的脱贫户享受了多元帮扶措施，其中，享受最多的多元帮扶措施为产业扶贫+生态补偿扶贫，享受最多的单一帮扶措施为生态补偿扶贫；② 陇南山区脱贫户的生计策略以务工主导型为主，呈农业特色化、非农化和多样化的特点；③ 陇南山区脱贫户生计策略选择的路径依赖性整体呈中等水平，其中，川坝河谷区农户、老年农户和低生计资本禀赋的农户生计策略选择的路径依赖性较强，且帮扶措施对其有调节作用；④ 社会资本、人力资本、金融资本和区位条件对农户的生计策略选择有显著影响；产业扶贫和电商扶贫对农户的特色务农型生计策略选择有正向影响，生态补偿扶贫和就业扶贫对农户的非农化生计策略选择有正向影响。最后，提出了优化农户生计策略的政策建议。

关键词: 帮扶措施, 生计策略, 脱贫户, 路径依赖性, 陇南山区

Abstract:

Support measures are not only a key means to build a long-term mechanism for stable poverty eradication, but also an objective requirement to promote the effective connection between poverty eradication and rural revitalization. This study established an analytical framework for the impact of support measures on farmers' choice of livelihood strategies. Based on the household survey data, we examined the key factors that influence the choice of livelihood strategies of the rural households. The results show that: 1) Of the rural households in the Longnan mountainous area, 59.84% have enjoyed multiple support measures, among which the most common are industrial development + ecological compensation, while the most popular individual support measure is poverty alleviation by ecological compensation. 2) The livelihood strategy of the rural out-of-poverty households in the Longnan mountainous area is mainly off-farm employment, which is characterized by characteristic agricultural, non-agricultural, and diversification types. 3) The path dependence of the livelihood strategy choice of the out-of-poverty farmers is at a medium level. Farming households living in gully and valley areas, elderly farmers, and farmers with low livelihood capital endowments have a strong dependence on the path of livelihood strategy choice, and support measures have a moderating effect on them. 4) Social capital, human capital, financial capital, and location conditions have a significant impact on farmers' choice of livelihood strategies. Industrial development and e-commerce poverty alleviation interventions have a positive impact on farmers' choice of characteristic agriculture-oriented livelihood strategy, while ecological compensation and employment measures have a positive impact on farmers' choice of non-agricultural livelihood strategy. Finally, we recommended measures to optimize the livelihood strategies of farmers.

Key words: support measures, livelihood strategy, out-of-poverty farming households, path dependence, Longnan mountainous area

王鹤霖, 赵雪雁. 帮扶措施对山区脱贫农户生计策略选择的影响——以陇南山区为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2022, 41(11): 2004-2017.

WANG Helin, ZHAO Xueyan. Influence of support measures on the livelihood strategy choice of out-of-poverty farming households in mountainous regions: A case study of the Longnan mountainous area[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2022, 41(11): 2004-2017.

图/表 12

图1

表1

图2

表2

解释变量描述

变量		测量指标	指标说明及赋值	均值	标准差
生计资本	自然资本	耕地面积	耕地面积(hm²)	0.31	0.24
	自然资本	林地面积	林地面积(hm²)	0.30	0.87
	人力资本	劳动力数量	18~60岁家庭成年劳动力数量	3.65	1.29
	人力资本	劳动力受教育水平	大专及以上=5；高中/中专=4；初中=3；小学=2；文盲=1	3.18	1.32
	物质资本	人均住房面积	住房面积/家庭规模(m²/人)	32.21	31.54
	物质资本	耐用消费品数量	家庭拥有家用电器、交通工具、农机具的数量	8.79	3.73
	金融资本	家庭人均年收入	家庭年收入/总人数(元/人)	8976.50	5699.25
	金融资本	家庭欠债	是否有贷款或欠债? 有=1，没有=0	0.32	0.47
	社会资本	亲友关系	与亲戚朋友的关系：非常好=5；比较好=4；一般=3；比较差=2；非常差=1	3.94	0.66
	社会资本	帮助网规模	遇到困难主动帮忙的人数：非常多=5；比较多=4；一般=3；比较少=2；非常少=1	3.85	1.05
	心理资本	对未来生活的期望指数	一定会变好=5；有可能会变好=4；说不上=3；可能会变差=2；肯定会变差=1	4.08	0.82
	心理资本	面对困难或逆境的表现	非常坚强=5；比较坚强=4；一般=3；有点沮丧=2；非常沮丧=1	4.04	0.79
生计环境	自然环境	地貌	川坝河谷区=3；半山区=2；高山区=1	1.88	0.66
	自然环境	气象灾害	是否遭遇冰雹/干旱/暴雨/病虫害：否=2；是=1	1.22	0.42
	经济环境	农牧产品销售难易程度	非常容易=5；比较容易=4；一般=3；比较困难=2；非常困难=1	3.06	0.87
	经济环境	农牧产品价格波动	非常小=5；比较小=4；一般=3；比较大=2；非常大=1	2.34	0.75
	区位条件	与村主干道距离	距离主干道路距离(km)	4.20	0.79
	区位条件	距离最近集市距离	距离最近集市距离(km)	2.57	1.34
帮扶措施	产业扶贫	产业扶贫强度	对脱贫作用的大小：非常大=5；比较大=4；一般=3；比较小=2；非常小=1；未享受=0	1.73	1.89
	电商扶贫	电商扶贫强度		0.46	1.27
	旅游扶贫	旅游扶贫强度		0.36	1.14
	金融扶贫	扶贫小额贷款强度		1.14	1.14
	易地扶贫搬迁	易地扶贫搬迁强度		0.21	0.92
	就业扶贫	劳务技能培训强度		0.77	1.46
	生态补偿扶贫	生态补偿扶贫强度		2.13	1.85

表2

表3

图3

表4

图4

图5

表5

表6

图6

参考文献 35

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农户类型	家庭规模 /(人/户)	劳动力数量 /(人/户)	耕地面积 /hm²	劳动力受教育程度/%					人均年收入 /(元/人)
农户类型	家庭规模 /(人/户)	劳动力数量 /(人/户)	耕地面积 /hm²	文盲	小学	初中	高中/中专	大专及以上	人均年收入 /(元/人)
高山区农户	4.77	3.81	0.28	22.09	26.58	22.90	16.87	11.56	8833.31
半山区农户	4.71	3.61	0.35	15.25	31.79	26.19	16.47	10.30	8942.16
川坝河谷区农户	4.78	3.51	0.34	17.56	30.26	27.17	13.91	11.11	9154.03
全体受访户	4.74	3.65	0.31	18.30	29.54	25.42	15.75	10.99	8976.50

农户类型	划分依据		主要生计活动及收入来源	占比/%
农户类型	收入比重	劳动力主要投入方向	主要生计活动及收入来源	占比/%
传统务农型	粮食作物+牲畜养殖收入 ≥50%	农业	种植粮食作物(土豆、小麦、玉米、荞麦等)及养殖活动(牛、羊、猪、蜜蜂等)	6.04
特色务农型	经济作物收入≥50%	农业	种植经济作物(花椒、油橄榄、核桃、蔬菜等)	15.09
补贴依赖型	补贴性收入≥50%	农业	养老金/退耕还林/低保金等补贴	2.10
务工主导型	务工收入≥50%	非农业	本地及外地打工	63.52
经商主导型	经商收入≥50%	非农业	电商/个体经营等活动	2.36
均衡型	上述比重以外	农业、非农业	种植业、务工、电商、个体经营等	10.89

类型	传统务农型	特色务农型	务工主导型	非农经商主导型	补贴依赖型	均衡型
高山区	5.00	19.09	65.46	1.36	0.91	8.18
半山区	7.69	13.95	63.22	2.40	2.40	10.34
川坝河谷区	2.38	11.91	61.11	3.97	3.17	17.46
年轻家庭	8.00	18.54	55.64	1.82	1.82	14.18
中年家庭	4.65	11.75	69.67	2.46	1.91	9.56
老年家庭	3.70	17.59	64.82	2.78	2.78	8.33
全体受访户	6.04	15.09	63.52	2.36	2.10	10.89

变量	模型1	模型2
		特色务农型		务工主导型		经商主导型		补贴依赖型		均衡型
			系数		系数	exp(β)		系数	exp(β)		系数	exp(β)	系数	exp(β)	系数	exp(β)
自然资本	0.589	0.535	1.707	-4.848^***	0.008	-3.023^**	2.067E-19	1.254	3.503	0.813	2.255
人力资本	0.796^***	2.165	8.711	2.118	8.312	-0.247	0.781	-8.589^***	0.006	1.852	6.202
物质资本	0.033	2.537	12.636	-1.309	0.270	5.164	174.874	1.382	3.982	3.372	29.124
金融资本	0.333^***	-0.777	0.460	-0.342	0.710	3.672^**	0.025	-1.176	0.309	1.077^*	2.937
社会资本	0.179	-0.577	0.561	-0.992	0.371	3.923^**	0.020	-0.441	0.644	0.097	1.102
心理资本	-0.367	-2.102	0.122	1.099	3.001	3.173	23.884	3.042	20.954	-0.783	0.457
自然环境	-0.118	-0.624	0.536	-0.029	0.971	0.224	1.251	0.602	1.827	0.156	1.168
经济环境	-0.637^**	-1.469	0.230	-1.011	0.364	-3.778	0.023	-0.029	0.972	-2.409	1.129
区位条件	0.176^*	-1.378^**	0.252	0.260	1.298	3.921^***	50.439	-1.123	0.325	0.145	1.156
产业扶贫	0.067	1.134^**	3.108	-2.407^***	0.090	1.570	4.804	-0.560	0.571	-0.938	0.391
电商扶贫	0.934^***	1.624^**	0.197	-1.067^**	0.344	1.608^**	4.993	-0.418	0.658	-0.821	0.440
就业扶贫	0.551^***	0.575	1.777	1.694^**	5.442	0.694	0.462	-2.000	0.819	2.447^***	11.551
生态补偿扶贫	0.252^***	0.060	1.062	2.634^***	13.936	2.245^**	9.437	7.531^***	1.865	2.230^***	9.300
旅游扶贫	0.309^**	-3.424^***	0.033	0.193	1.213	0.089	1.093	-33.850	3.540E-15	-1.066	0.344
金融扶贫	0.280^***	-0.774	0.461	0.366	1.442	-0.778	0.462	-0.250	0.779	0.231	1.260
易地扶贫搬迁	0.448^**	-1.613	0.199	-0.324	0.723	-21.028	7.373E-10	-34.850	7.372E-16	-0.730	0.482
模型检验	调整R²=0.183	-2倍最大似然值=1362.032
模型检验	F统计值=11.661	Cox-Snell R²=0.406

变量	模型3
	特色务农型		务工主导型		经商主导型		补贴依赖型		均衡型
		系数	exp(β)		系数	exp(β)		系数	exp(β)		系数	exp(β)	系数	exp(β)
电商扶贫×路径依赖系数	-0.596	0.551	-0.988	0.372	2.408^**	11.108	-1.268	0.281	-1.274	0.280
产业扶贫×路径依赖系数	0.890	2.435	-3.256^***	0.039	0.650	1.915	-1.013	0.363	-1.148	0.371
就业扶贫×路径依赖系数	0.551	1.735	2.377^**	10.777	-0.310	0.734	0.022	1.023	2.779^***	16.097
易地扶贫搬迁×路径依赖系数	-2.207	0.110	0.801	0.449	-1.122	1.495E-48	-1.536	1.857E-60	-1.866	0.155
金融扶贫×路径依赖系数	-0.455	0.634	0.825	2.282	-1.739	0.176	0.373	1.452	0.840	0.522
生态补偿扶贫×路径依赖系数	0.557	1.745	3.964^***	52.659	1.810^*	6.113	4.255^***	68.400	2.737^***	15.439
旅游扶贫×路径依赖系数	-4.256^**	0.014	-0.097	0.907	1.209	3.352	-1536	2.077E-60	-0.838	0.433
-2倍最大似然值	1528.066
Cox-Snell R²	0.262