老年人口迁移的研究进展及其启示

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.05.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着中国进入老龄化加速阶段,老年人口的规模不仅快速扩大,而且异地迁移也逐渐增多。老年人口迁移不仅直接影响个体家庭福祉,而且对迁入迁出地的人口结构和社会经济发展产生影响,但目前聚焦于这一现象的学术与政策研究尚有不足。论文从老年人口迁移的空间格局、决策机制和影响效应3个方面梳理既有国内外文献,发现：① 空间格局上,老年人口迁移存在长距离中小城市迁移、长距离大城市迁移、短距离郊区迁移和短距离中心城区迁移4种模式,不同国家、不同发展阶段具有不同特点;② 决策机制上,老年人口迁移意愿受到经济、健康、舒适和归属等需求因素的驱动,而迁移能力则受到生理、经济与社会基础等因素影响;③ 影响效应上,老年人口迁移对个体身心健康、社会融入以及区域的经济社会发展均会产生显著影响。未来研究需要进一步夯实研究的数据和方法基础,并构建符合中国国情的理论框架,从而为积极应对人口老龄化、推动老年友好城乡建设提供科学依据。

关键词: 老龄化地理学, 人口老龄化, 老年人口迁移, 生命历程框架

Abstract:

With the acceleration of population aging in China, the scale of the elderly migration is gradually increasing. Elderly migration might exert a significant impact on personal well-being, regional age structure, and the development of the society and economy. However, academic and policy studies focusing on this phenomenon are few. This article reviewed the relevant literature from three aspects of elderly migration: spatial pattern, the decision-making mechanism, and impact. The study revealed that: 1) In terms of spatial pattern, four main types are identified—long-distance migration to small cities, long-distance migration to big cities, short-distance migration to the suburban areas, and short-distance migration to central urban districts. Different countries show different characteristics. 2) In terms of the decision-making mechanism, elderly migration is driven by the needs of economic support, health care, comfort, and sense of belonging, while personal physiological, economic, and social factors affect the ability to migrate. 3) In terms of impact, elderly migration exerts influence on individual physical and mental health, social integration, regional economic and social development. Future study needs to consolidate abundant research data and methods, construct an effective theoretical framework, thus provide a scientific basis for the implementation of population aging strategy and the construction of an age-friendly city.

Key words: geography of aging, aging of the population, elderly migration, life-course framework

万思齐, 秦波. 老年人口迁移的研究进展及其启示[J]. 地理科学进展, 2022, 41(5): 922-934.

WAN Siqi, QIN Bo. A review of elderly migration research and implications[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2022, 41(5): 922-934.

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区域	时段	维度	研究对象	老年人口迁移空间类型及规模/占比	数据类型	参考文献
美国	2017年	迁移距离迁移原因	60岁以上	短距离改善型迁移：57% 郊区导向迁移：38% 长距离迁移：6%	普查数据	[10]
美国	2000年	迁移方向	55岁以上	55~64岁老年人98%为逆城市等级迁移,80岁以上老年人约50%为逆城市迁移	普查数据	[11]
澳大利亚珀斯	2006—2011年	迁移距离	55岁以上	城市区域内短距离迁移：76% 城市区域间长距离迁移：24%	普查数据	[12]
荷兰	1995—2002年	迁移距离	1908—1937年出生	社区内部迁移：38% 城镇内部迁移：33% 国家内部迁移：28% 迁向国外：<1%	调查数据(纵向)	[13]
瑞典	2001—2006年	迁移方向	出生于1920—1940 年代	向城市中心迁移：54% 向城市边缘迁移：46%	调查数据(纵向)	[14]
加拿大	2006年	迁移距离	65岁以上	本地社区内迁移：55% 跨省迁移：7% 国际迁移：5%.	普查数据	[15]
英国	2001年	迁移方向	65岁以上男性与60岁以上女性	净迁移量与净迁移率城市区域-7188,-1.92% 乡村区域19356,4.42% 伦敦区域-9183,-12.05%	普查数据	[16]
波兰	2013年	迁移方向	65岁以上男性与60岁以上女性	乡村—城市迁移：22% 乡村—乡村迁移：8% 城市—城市迁移：38% 城市—乡村迁移：32%	统计局数据	[17]
中国	2001—2011年	迁移距离	60岁以上	省内短距离迁移：91% 省际长距离迁移：9%	调查数据(纵向)	[18]