陕北黄土高原水蚀沟谷多维度侵蚀特征量化研究

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2022.04.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

沟谷地是黄土高原地貌形态特征变化最明显的区域,其发育对整个黄土高原地貌发育具有重要的控制性作用。论文基于5 m分辨率的DEM数据,在陕北黄土高原遴选包含15种地貌类型的42个样区,以沟谷密度、水平逼近度与切割深度作为纵向、横向与垂向3个维度的代表因子,分析了沟谷的多维发育进程、特征、空间分异及影响因素。研究结果显示：陕北黄土高原南北方向上沟谷发育呈现由溯源侵蚀主导转向横向溯源侵蚀主导、溯源下切侵蚀主导到横向溯源侵蚀主导,54.8%的样区各维度对整体发育进程的影响程度相近,且86.4%处于陕北黄土高原中部地区,即中部地区多维度发育均衡,南北两端以溯源侵蚀与横向侵蚀为主。结合面积—高程积分分析发现沟谷发育可划分为3个阶段：发育初期以溯源侵蚀为主,带动下切侵蚀伴有横向侵蚀;发育中期以溯源侵蚀为主,伴有持续性横向侵蚀与较强下切侵蚀;发育晚期以横向侵蚀为主,伴有一定程度的溯源侵蚀与轻微下切侵蚀。黄土厚度对沟谷系统垂向下切侵蚀的影响最大(Cv=0.164),土地利用类型对沟谷系统横向侵蚀的影响较大(Cv=0.0681),林地对于维护各个维度的抗侵蚀能力最强,生长茂密的草地和灌木林及作物次之,生长稀疏的牧草和作物较差。

关键词: 数字地形分析, 沟谷发育, 多维度侵蚀特征, 土壤侵蚀, 黄土高原

Abstract:

Gullies are the areas with the most obvious changes in the morphological characteristics on the Loess Plateau, and their development has an important control effect on the development of the entire Loess Plateau region. Based on the digital elevation model (DEM) data at a resolution of 5 m, this study investigated 42 sites covering 15 geomorphological types on the Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi. Representative factors (gully density, lateral expansion degree, and downcutting depth) of the three spatial dimensions were used to analyze the multi-dimensional development process, characteristics, spatial differentiation, and influencing factors of the gullies. The results show that the development of gullies in the north-south direction of the Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi has shifted from traceable erosion dominated to lateral-tracing erosion, tracing-downcutting erosion, and lateral-tracing erosion. Of the sample sites, 54.8% have similar effects on the overall development process in each dimension, and 86.4% of these are in the central area of the Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi, that is, the central area has a balanced multi-dimensional development, and the north and south ends are dominated by traceable erosion and lateral erosion. Combined with the hypsometric index, we found that the gully development can be divided into three stages. In the early stage of development, traceable erosion is the main driving force, leading to downcutting erosion accompanied by lateral erosion, and in the middle stage of development, traceable erosion is dominant, accompanied by continuous lateral erosion and strong downcutting erosion. Later stage of development is dominated by lateral erosion, accompanied by a certain degree of tracing erosion and slight downcutting erosion. Loess thickness has the greatest influence on the vertical erosion of the gully system (Cv=0.164), and land use type has the greatest influence on the lateral erosion of the gully system (Cv=0.0681). Forestland maintains the strongest anti-erosion ability for each dimension, followed by dense grass and shrubs and crops, and sparse grass and crops are the poorest.

Key words: digital terrain analysis, gully development, multi-dimensional erosion characteristics, soil erosion, Loess Plateau

刘畅, 周毅, 雷雪. 陕北黄土高原水蚀沟谷多维度侵蚀特征量化研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2022, 41(4): 707-717.

LIU Chang, ZHOU Yi, LEI Xue. Quantitative analysis of multi-dimensional erosion characterstics of waterworn gullies on the Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2022, 41(4): 707-717.

图/表 12

图1

表1

42个样区位置及地貌类型特征

样区编号	纬度/(°N)	经度/(°E)	地貌类型	样区编号	纬度/(°N)	经度/(°E)	地貌类型
1	34.73	107.41	黄土覆盖的中起伏陡中山	22	36.73	108.28	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土狭斜梁
2	34.98	107.78	倾斜的中海拔侵蚀堆积黄土塬	23	36.94	107.34	平坦的中海拔侵蚀堆积黄土塬
3	34.54	108.16	中海拔侵蚀堆积高深谷黄土狭斜梁	24	36.98	108.78	黄土覆盖的中起伏缓中山
4	34.9	108.03	黄土覆盖的小起伏缓中山	25	36.98	109.53	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土峁
5	35.10	108.41	中海拔侵蚀堆积高深谷黄土狭斜梁	26	36.90	110.22	中海拔侵蚀堆积黄土梁塬
6	35.10	108.84	黄土覆盖的中起伏缓中山	27	37.06	110.28	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土峁
7	34.90	108.41	倾斜的中海拔侵蚀堆积黄土塬	28	37.23	109.03	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土峁
8	35.10	109.41	黄土覆盖的小起伏平缓中山	29	37.27	108.34	中海拔河谷平原
9	35.29	111.09	侵蚀剥蚀小起伏缓低山	30	37.23	107.66	中海拔侵蚀堆积黄土梁塬
10	35.27	109.03	黄土覆盖的小起伏缓中山	31	37.44	108.72	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土狭斜梁
11	35.48	109.34	倾斜的中海拔侵蚀堆积黄土塬	32	37.40	109.41	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土峁
12	35.98	109.09	黄土覆盖的小起伏缓中山	33	37.52	109.72	中海拔侵蚀堆积高深谷黄土峁梁
13	35.98	109.78	黄土覆盖的中起伏缓中山	34	37.60	110.28	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土峁
14	36.06	110.28	侵蚀剥蚀中起伏陡中山	35	37.81	109.91	中海拔侵蚀堆积高深谷黄土峁
15	36.31	110.16	中海拔侵蚀堆积黄土残塬	36	37.81	109.41	中海拔侵蚀堆积高深谷黄土峁梁
16	36.23	109.53	黄土覆盖的中起伏平缓中山	37	37.81	109.22	中海拔侵蚀堆积高深谷黄土峁
17	36.31	108.91	黄土覆盖的中起伏缓中山	38	37.98	110.28	中海拔侵蚀堆积高深谷黄土峁
18	36.48	108.66	黄土覆盖的中起伏陡中山	39	38.10	109.91	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土峁梁
19	36.56	109.41	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土峁梁	40	38.48	110.53	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土峁梁
20	36.77	109.91	中海拔侵蚀堆积低浅谷黄土峁梁	41	38.60	110.78	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土狭斜梁
21	36.77	109.03	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土峁梁	42	38.98	110.84	中海拔侵蚀堆积高浅谷黄土狭斜梁

表1

表2

多维度代表因子指标系统

指标名称	指标定义	计算公式	地理意义
沟谷密度 (km/km²)	沟谷总长度与流域面积之比	$D = ∑ L A$ ,式中：D为沟谷密度, $∑ L$ 为流域内沟谷总长度,A为流域面积	反映沟头前进及沟谷侵蚀发育程度的重要指标。指标值越大,说明沟头前进程度越大,即沟谷生长延伸程度越大,发育程度越高
水平逼近度 (m/m)	沟谷长度与上游水流长度和沟谷长度之和之比	$H P I = L 1 L 2$ ,式中：L₁为沟谷长度,L₂为上游水流长度与沟谷长度之和	表示沟谷源点在水平方向上向流域分水线逼近的程度,直观反映了沟谷系统横向发育程度。指标值越大,横向发展程度越高,沟谷横向侵蚀程度越高
切割深度 (m)	在地面某点的一定邻域范围内,平均高程与最小高程的差值	$G i = H m e a n - H m i n$ ,式中：G_i为地表切割深度,H_mean、H_min分别为一个固定分析窗口内的平均高程、最小高程	直观反映了沟谷下切发育程度和地表被侵蚀切割的程度。指标值越大,地表侵蚀切割越剧烈,沟谷下切发育程度越高

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

表3

表4

图7

表5

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因子	黄土厚度/m								离散系数
因子	25~50	50~75	75~100	100~125	125~150	150~175	175~200	>200	离散系数
沟谷密度/(km/km²)	0.18	0.18	0.47	0.59	0.75	1.00	0	0.43	0.055
水平逼近度/(m/m)	0.67	0.53	0.66	0.49	0.70	1.00	0.78	0	0.105
切割深度/m	0.04	0.25	0.40	0.31	0.49	1.00	0	0.50	0.164

因子	年平均降雨量/mm										离散系数
因子	375~400	400~425	425~450	450~475	475~500	500~525	525~550	550~575	575~600	>600	离散系数
沟谷密度/(km/km²)	1.00	0.62	0.78	0.55	0.48	0.61	0.44	0.24	0.19	0	0.065
水平逼近度/(m/m)	1.00	0.84	0.42	0.24	0.63	0.23	0.61	0.89	0.25	0	0.095
切割深度/m	1.00	0.49	0.65	0.91	0.91	0.60	0.90	0	0.17	0.26	0.103

因子	土地类型							离散系数
因子	旱地	有林地	灌木林	疏林地	高覆盖度草地	中覆盖度草地	低覆盖度草地	离散系数
沟谷密度/(km/km²)	0.80	0	0.69	0.76	0.34	0.80	1.00	0.0473
水平逼近度/(m/m)	0.38	0	0.15	0.38	1.00	0.26	0.90	0.0681
切割深度/m	0.70	0	0.56	0.99	0.57	0.76	1.00	0.0479