基于自然实验的城市绿色空间对居民心理健康的影响研究——以武汉东湖绿道为例

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2021.07.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着美丽中国、健康中国等战略的提出,城市绿色空间对于居民健康的重要作用日益凸显。然而,现有研究较少运用自然实验的方法探讨城市绿色空间与居民心理健康的关系。论文以中国最大的城中湖绿道——武汉东湖绿道为例,基于2016、2019年东湖绿道周边52个居住小区的1020份跟踪问卷调查数据,运用准自然实验方法与混合效应双重差分模型,探索城市绿色空间干预对周边小区居民心理健康的影响。研究发现,东湖绿道的建设显著促进了周边2 km范围小区居民心理健康水平的提升。控制变量中,居民心理健康水平与年龄呈正相关关系,与家庭收入水平则呈负相关关系;居民心理健康水平与小区的社会凝聚力、小区周边500 m范围的建筑密度、居住用地比例和地铁站密度呈正相关关系,与公交站密度则呈负相关关系。建议通过完善以绿道为核心的城市绿色空间网络,提高绿道可达性与邻里社会凝聚力,以此提升城市居民的心理健康水平。

关键词: 城市绿色空间, 绿道, 心理健康, 因果关系, 准自然实验, 武汉

Abstract:

：A large number of studies has shown that there is a positive correlation between urban greenspace and residents' mental health. Urban greenspace is of great significance for improving mental health. However, existing studies mainly use cross-sectional mental health data, and cannot carry out causal analysis of mental health effects of greenspace. In addition, few studies control for the impact of community environment on mental health. Therefore, using a quasi-natural experiment and mixed-effect difference-in-differences model, this study explored the impact of urban greenspace intervention on residents' mental health by taking the East Lake Greenway in Wuhan City as an example. The results show that before and after the East Lake Greenway intervention, the mental health status of the residents in the experimental group increased significantly while the control group did not experience significant change. After controlling for the individual and community environments and other factors affecting mental health, the result indicates that the greenway intervention does promote the mental health of the surrounding residents. Finally, to effectively promote the development of mental health of urban residents, this article proposed that urban planners should build an integrated greenspace network to increase the accessibility of greenspace, optimize public transportation, and improve the social cohesion of communities.

Key words: urban greenspace, greenway, mental health, causal relationship, quasi-natural experiments, Wuhan City

谢波, 王潇, 伍蕾. 基于自然实验的城市绿色空间对居民心理健康的影响研究——以武汉东湖绿道为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2021, 40(7): 1141-1153.

XIE Bo, WANG Xiao, WU Lei. Exploring the effect of urban greenspace on residents’ mental health using a quasi-natural experiment: Taking Wuhan East Lake Greenway as an example[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2021, 40(7): 1141-1153.

图/表 5

图1

图2

表1

表2

表3

参考文献 74

[1]	Mills C. From 'Invisible problem' to global priority: The inclusion of mental health in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)[J]. Development and Change, 2018, 49(3):843-866. doi: 10.1111/dech.2018.49.issue-3
[2]	Office for National Statistics (ONS). Measuring National Well-being: Life in the UK 2012 [R]. London, UK: ONS, 2014.
[3]	NHS England. Building the NHS of the five year forward view-NHS England business plan 2015/16 [R]. London, UK: NHS England, 2016.
[4]	Liu Y, Wang R Y, Xiao Y, et al. Exploring the linkage between greenness exposure and depression among Chinese people: Mediating roles of physical activity, stress and social cohesion and moderating role of urbanicity[J]. Health & Place, 2019, 58:102168. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102168.
[5]	Yang M, Dijst M, Faber J, et al. Using structural equation modeling to examine pathways between perceived residential green space and mental health among internal migrants in China[J]. Environmental Research, 2020, 183:109121. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109121. doi: S0013-9351(20)30012-8 pmid: 32006771
[6]	张丹婷. 城市绿地的居民健康效益及影响因素分析[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2019.
	[ Zhang Danting. Health benefits and influencing factors of urban green space to residents. Yangling, China: Northwest A&F University, 2019. ]
[7]	Woo J, Tang N, Suen E, et al. Green space, psychological restoration, and telomere length[J]. The Lancet, 2009, 373:299-300.
[8]	Fuller R A, Irvine K N, Devine-Wright P, et al. Psychological benefits of greenspace increase with biodiversity[J]. Biology Letters, 2007, 3(4):390-394. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0149
[9]	Ernstson H. The social production of ecosystem services: A framework for studying environmental justice and ecological complexity in urbanized landscapes[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2013, 109(1):7-17. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.10.005
[10]	Song Y M, Huang B, Cai J X, et al. Dynamic assessments of population exposure to urban greenspace using multi-source big data[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 634:1315-1325. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.061
[11]	王丛霞. 美丽中国建设的思想指引和根本遵循: 习近平生态文明思想论要[J]. 中共福建省委党校学报, 2018(10):4-9.
	[ Wang Congxia. On deological guidance and fundamental compliance in the construction of beautiful China. Journal of Fujian Provincial Committee Party School of CPC, 2018(10):4-9. ]
[12]	新华社. 中共中央国务院印发《"健康中国2030"规划纲要》[J]. 中华人民共和国国务院公报, 2016(32):5-20.
	[Xinhua News Agency. The CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the "Healthy China 2030" plan outline. Bulletin of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 2016(32):5-20. ]
[13]	O'Brien L, de Vreese R, Kern M, et al. Cultural ecosystem benefits of urban and peri-urban green infrastructure across different European countries[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2017, 24:236-248.
[14]	Lachowycz K, Jones A P. Towards a better understanding of the relationship between greenspace and health: Development of a theoretical framework[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2013, 118:62-69. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.10.012
[15]	Moore T H M, Kesten J M, López-López J A, et al. The effects of changes to the built environment on the mental health and well-being of adults: Systematic review[J]. Health & Place, 2018, 53:237-257.
[16]	Zhang L, Zhou S H, Kwan M P. A comparative analysis of the impacts of objective versus subjective neighborhood environment on physical, mental, and social health[J]. Health & Place, 2019, 59:102170. doi: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102170.
[17]	Hanibuchi T, Nakaya T. Associations of neighborhood socioeconomic conditions with self-rated health, mental distress, and health behaviors: A nationwide cross-sectional study in Japan[J]. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2020, 18:101075. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101075. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101075 pmid: 32181123
[18]	Liu Y Q, Wang R Y, Lu Y, et al. Natural outdoor environment, neighbourhood social cohesion and mental health: Using multilevel structural equation modelling, street-scape and remote-sensing metrics[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2020, 48:126576. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126576.
[19]	邱婴芝, 陈宏胜, 李志刚, 等. 基于邻里效应视角的城市居民心理健康影响因素研究: 以广州市为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(2):283-295. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.02.011
	[ Qiu Yingzhi, Chen Hongsheng, Li Zhigang, et al. Exploring neighborhood environmental effects on mental health: A case study in Guangzhou, China. Progress in Geography, 2019, 38(2):283-295. ]
[20]	李智轩, 何仲禹, 张一鸣, 等. 绿色环境暴露对居民心理健康的影响研究: 以南京为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(5):779-791. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.05.007
	[ Li Zhixuan, He Zhongyu, Zhang Yiming, et al. Impact of greenspace exposure on residents' mental health: A case study of Nanjing City. Progress in Geography, 2020, 39(5):779-791. ]
[21]	Houlden V, Porto de Albuquerque J, Weich S, et al. A spatial analysis of proximate greenspace and mental wellbeing in London[J]. Applied Geography, 2019, 109:102036. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102036. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.102036
[22]	Collins R M, Spake R, Brown K A, et al. A systematic map of research exploring the effect of greenspace on mental health[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2020, 201:103823. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103823. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103823
[23]	Veitch J, Ball K, Crawford D, et al. Park improvements and park activity: A natural experiment[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2012, 42(6):616-619. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.015 pmid: 22608379
[24]	Sallis J F, Story M, Lou D. Study designs and analytic strategies for environmental and policy research on obesity, physical activity, and diet: Recommendations from a meeting of experts[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2009, 36(2):S72-S77. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.10.006
[25]	Lechner M. The estimation of causal effects by difference-in-difference methods[J]. Foundations and Trends® in Econometrics, 2011, 4(3):165-224. doi: 10.1561/0800000014
[26]	梁景天, 吴健生, 赵宇豪, 等. 基于“一街一站”的深圳市PM_2.5时空特征及排名通报作用研究[J]. 地理研究, 2020, 39(11):2642-2652. doi: 10.11821/dlyj020190716
	[ Liang Jingtian, Wu Jiansheng, Zhao Yuhao, et al. Spatiotemporal characteristics and effects of ranking proclamation of PM_2.5 in Shenzhen based on sub-district monitoring network . Geographical Research, 2020, 39(11):2642-2652. ]
[27]	马超, 顾海, 孙徐辉. 参合更高档次的医疗保险能促进健康吗? 来自城乡医保统筹自然实验的证据[J]. 公共管理学报, 2015, 12(2): 106-118, 157-158.
	[ Ma Chao, Gu Hai, Sun Xuhui. Does higher grade of medical insurance lead to better health? Evidence from nature experiment of urban-rural integrated medical insurance system. Journal of Public Management, 2015, 12(2): 106-118, 157-158. ]
[28]	Ulrich R S, Simons R F, Losito B D, et al. Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1991, 11(3):201-230. doi: 10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80184-7
[29]	Akpinar A. Factors influencing the use of urban greenways: A case study of Aydın, Turkey[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2016, 16:123-131.
[30]	Ojala A, Korpela K, Tyrväinen L, et al. Restorative effects of urban green environments and the role of urban-nature orientedness and noise sensitivity: A field experiment[J]. Health & Place, 2019, 55:59-70.
[31]	Dong H W, Qin B. Exploring the link between neighborhood environment and mental wellbeing: A case study in Beijing, China[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2017, 164:71-80. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.04.005
[32]	Coutts C. Multiple case studies of the influence of land-use type on the distribution of uses along urban river greenways[J]. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 2009, 135(1):31-38. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2009)135:1(31)
[33]	朱战强, 黄存忠, 柳林, 等. “绿道—邻里”视角下建成环境对城市绿道使用的影响: 以广州为例[J]. 热带地理, 2019, 39(2):247-253.
	[ Zhu Zhanqiang, Huang Cunzhong, Liu Lin, et al. Influence of built environment on urban greenway use from the perspective of greenway-neighborhood relationships: A case study of Guangzhou, China. Tropical Geography, 2019, 39(2):247-253. ]
[34]	Bowler D E, Buyung-Ali L M, Knight T M, et al. A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of exposure to natural environments[J]. BMC Public Health, 2010, 10:456. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-456. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-456 pmid: 20684754
[35]	Mennis J, Mason M, Ambrus A. Urban greenspace is associated with reduced psychological stress among adolescents: A Geographic Ecological Momentary Assessment (GEMA) analysis of activity space[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2018, 174:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.02.008
[36]	Gascon M, Sánchez-Benavides G, Dadvand P, et al. Long-term exposure to residential green and blue spaces and anxiety and depression in adults: A cross-sectional study[J]. Environmental Research, 2018, 162:231-239. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.012
[37]	Dzhambov A M, Hartig T, Tilov B, et al. Residential greenspace is associated with mental health via intertwined capacity-building and capacity-restoring pathways[J]. Environmental Research, 2019, 178:108708. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108708. doi: S0013-9351(19)30505-5 pmid: 31526908
[38]	Bancroft C, Joshi S, Rundle A, et al. Association of proximity and density of parks and objectively measured physical activity in the United States: A systematic review[J]. Social Science & Medicine, 2015, 138:22-30. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.05.034
[39]	Lachowycz K, Jones A P, Page A S, et al. What can global positioning systems tell us about the contribution of different types of urban greenspace to children's physical activity?[J]. Health & Place, 2012, 18(3):586-594.
[40]	Echeverría S, Diez-Roux A V, Shea S, et al. Associations of neighborhood problems and neighborhood social cohesion with mental health and health behaviors: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis[J]. Health & Place, 2008, 14(4):853-865.
[41]	Forrest R, Kearns A. Social cohesion, social capital and the neighbourhood[J]. Urban Studies, 2001, 38(12):2125-2143. doi: 10.1080/00420980120087081
[42]	Dimitrova D, Tilov B, Dzhambov A. Social cohesion mediates the association between urban greenspace and mental health in youth[J]. European Journal of Public Health, 2017, 27. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx189.123.
[43]	Rios R, Aiken L S, Zautra A J. Neighborhood contexts and the mediating role of neighborhood social cohesion on health and psychological distress among hispanic and non-hispanic residents[J]. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2012, 43(1):50-61. doi: 10.1007/s12160-011-9306-9
[44]	Klompmaker J O, Hoek G, Bloemsma L D, et al. Associations of combined exposures to surrounding green, air pollution and traffic noise on mental health[J]. Environment International, 2019, 129:525-537. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.040
[45]	李春江, 马静, 柴彦威, 等. 居住区环境与噪音污染对居民心理健康的影响: 以北京为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(7):1103-1110. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.07.014
	[ Li Chunjiang, Ma Jing, Chai Yanwei, et al. Influence of neighborhood environment and noise pollution on residents' mental health in Beijing. Progress in Geography, 2019, 38(7):1103-1110. ]
[46]	Markevych I, Schoierer J, Hartig T, et al. Exploring pathways linking greenspace to health: Theoretical and methodological guidance[J]. Environmental Research, 2017, 158:301-317. doi: S0013-9351(17)30306-7 pmid: 28672128
[47]	McEachan R R C, Yang T C, Roberts H, et al. Availability, use of, and satisfaction with green space, and children's mental wellbeing at age 4 years in a multicultural, deprived, urban area: Results from the born in bradford cohort study[J]. The Lancet Planetary Health, 2018, 2(6):e244-e254. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30119-0
[48]	Bedimo-Rung A L, Mowen A J, Cohen D A. The significance of parks to physical activity and public health: A conceptual model[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2005, 28(2):159-168. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.024
[49]	Fleming C M, Manning M, Ambrey C L. Crime, greenspace and life satisfaction: An evaluation of the New Zealand experience[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2016, 149:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.12.014
[50]	Little R J A. A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values[J]. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1988, 83:1198-1202. doi: 10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722
[51]	孙婕, 金勇进, 戴明锋. 关于数据缺失机制的检验方法探讨[J]. 数学的实践与认识, 2013, 43(12):166-173.
	[ Sun Jie, Jin Yongjin, Dai Mingfeng. Discussion on testing the mechanism of missing data. Mathematics in Practice and Theory, 2013, 43(12):166-173. ]
[52]	Vernez Moudon A, Cook A J, Ulmer J, et al. A neighborhood wealth metric for use in health studies[J]. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2011, 41(1):88-97. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.03.009 pmid: 21665069
[53]	Gandek B, Ware J E, Aaronson N K, et al. Cross-validation of item selection and scoring for the SF-12 health survey in nine countries: Results from the IQOLA project[J]. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1998, 51(11):1171-1178. pmid: 9817135
[54]	Frank L D, Hong A, Ngo V D. Causal evaluation of urban greenway retrofit: A longitudinal study on physical activity and sedentary behavior[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2019, 123:109-116. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.01.011
[55]	Merom D, Bauman A, Vita P, et al. An environmental intervention to promote walking and cycling: The impact of a newly constructed rail trail in western Sydney[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2003, 36(2):235-242. doi: 10.1016/S0091-7435(02)00025-7
[56]	Xie B, An Z H, Zheng Y L, et al. Healthy aging with parks: Association between park accessibility and the health status of older adults in urban China[J]. Sustainable Cities and Society, 2018, 43:476-486. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2018.09.010
[57]	Maas J, van Dillen S M E, Verheij R A, et al. Social contacts as a possible mechanism behind the relation between green space and health[J]. Health & Place, 2009, 15(2):586-595.
[58]	Sampson R J, Raudenbush S W, Earls F. Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy[J]. Science, 1997, 277:918-924. pmid: 9252316
[59]	Clark S, Bungum T, Shan G G, et al. The effect of a trail use intervention on urban trail use in Southern Nevada[J]. Preventive Medicine, 2014, 67:S17-S20. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.04.027
[60]	周黎安, 陈烨. 中国农村税费改革的政策效果: 基于双重差分模型的估计[J]. 经济研究, 2005(8):44-53.
	[ Zhou Li'an, Chen Ye. The policy effect of tax-and-fees reforms in rural China: A difference-in-differences estimation. Economic Research Journal, 2005(8):44-53. ]
[61]	李程, 白唯, 王野, 等. 绿色信贷政策如何被商业银行有效执行? 基于演化博弈论和DID模型的研究[J]. 南方金融, 2016(1):47-54.
	[ Li Cheng, Bai Wei, Wang Ye, et al. How can the green credit policy be effectively implemented by commercial banks? Research based on evolutionary game theory and DID model. South China Finance, 2016(1):47-54. ]
[62]	李楠, 乔榛. 国有企业改制政策效果的实证分析: 基于双重差分模型的估计[J]. 数量经济技术经济研究, 2010, 27(2):3-21.
	[ Li Nan, Qiao Zhen. The evaluation of the performance of SOE's reform policy: An estimate based on the difference-in-difference model. The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics, 2010, 27(2):3-21. ]
[63]	Sugiyama T, Cerin E, Owen N, et al. Perceived neighbourhood environmental attributes associated with adults' recreational walking: IPEN adult study in 12 countries[J]. Health & Place, 2014, 28:22-30.
[64]	de Vries S, Ten Have M, van Dorsselaer S, et al. Local availability of green and blue space and prevalence of common mental disorders in the Netherlands[J]. BJPsych Open, 2016, 2(6):366-372.
[65]	Labib S M, Lindley S, Huck J J. Spatial dimensions of the influence of urban green-blue spaces on human health: A systematic review[J]. Environmental Research, 2020, 180:108869. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108869.
[66]	Vilsaint C L, NeMoyer A, Fillbrunn M, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in 12-month prevalence and persistence of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders: Variation by nativity and socioeconomic status[J]. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2019, 89:52-60.
[67]	Li J, Liu Z L. Housing stress and mental health of migrant populations in urban China[J]. Cities, 2018, 81:172-179.
[68]	Kim J, Kim J, Han A. Leisure time physical activity mediates the relationship between neighborhood social cohesion and mental health among older adults[J]. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 2020, 39(3):292-300.
[69]	van den Berg M M, van Poppel M, van Kamp I, et al. Do physical activity, social cohesion, and loneliness mediate the association between time spent visiting green space and mental health?[J]. Environment and Behavior, 2019, 51(2):144-166.
[70]	Berkman L F. Social support, social networks, social cohesion and health[J]. Social Work in Health Care, 2000, 31(2):3-14.
[71]	Chen J Y, Chang Z. Rethinking urban green space accessibility: Evaluating and optimizing public transportation system through social network analysis in megacities[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2015, 143:150-159.
[72]	Sygna K, Aasvang G M, Aamodt G, et al. Road traffic noise, sleep and mental health[J]. Environmental Research, 2014, 131:17-24.
[73]	Fox B J, Fox J, Marans R W. Residential density and neighbor interaction[J]. The Sociological Quarterly, 1980, 21(3):349-359.
[74]	Sugiyama T, Leslie E, Giles-Corti B, et al. Associations of neighbourhood greenness with physical and mental health: Do walking, social coherence and local social interaction explain the relationships?[J]. Journal of Epidemiol Community Health, 2008, 62(5):e9. doi: 10.1136/jech.2007.064287.

	变量	定义	赋值	百分比/%	均值(标准差)
个体层面	社会经济特征
	性别	男	1	43.43
		女	0	56.57
	职业	有	1	55.88
		无	0	44.12
	受教育程度	大学及以上	1	50.29
		大学以下	0	49.71
	年龄/岁				50.79(16.14)
		18岁以下	1	0.20
		18~29岁	2	11.96
		30~39岁	3	19.51
		40~49岁	4	15.39
		50~64岁	5	28.33
		65岁及以上	6	24.61
	婚姻状况	已婚	1	83.53
		其他	0	16.47
	住房	自有房屋	1	81.67
		租住房屋	0	18.33
	家庭年收入/万元				20.23(26.29)
		15万元及以下	1	53.63
		15万元以上	0	46.37
	家庭结构	单身家庭	0	7.75
		夫妻家庭	1	25.49
		核心家庭	2	36.18
		主干/联合家庭	3	30.58
邻里层面	社会经济特征
	小区收入水平	高	1	59.00
		低	0	41.00
	社会环境
	社会凝聚力	5个问题赋分取平均	0~25		16.30(1.54)
	建成环境
	绿地比例	500 m缓冲区绿地比例	连续变量		0.02(0.07)
	建筑密度	500 m缓冲区建筑密度			0.19(0.06)
	居住用地密度	500 m缓冲区居住用地比例			0.45(0.17)
	土地利用混合度	500 m缓冲区土地利用混合度			1.67(0.43)
	公交站点密度/(个/km²)	500 m缓冲区公交站点密度			7.59(6.46)
	地铁站点密度/(个/km²)	500 m缓冲区地铁站点密度			0.26(0.85)
	道路网密度/(km/km²)	500 m缓冲区道路网密度			6.55(1.85)

组别	时间	平均值	标准差	t值	P值
全样本	基线期	52.426	7.475	3.005	0.003
全样本	随访期	52.733	7.477	3.005	0.003
实验组	基线期	52.013	7.401	3.986	<0.001
实验组	随访期	52.491	7.273	3.986	<0.001
对照组	基线期	53.672	7.573	-1.101	0.272
对照组	随访期	53.462	8.034	-1.101	0.272

模型变量		模型1				模型2				模型3
模型变量		系数	稳健标准误	t值	P值	系数	稳健标准误	t值	P值	系数	稳健标准误	t值	P值
绿道暴露×时间		1.698^**	0.49	3.45	0.001	1.932^***	0.46	4.16	<0.001	1.583^**	0.49	3.21	0.001
绿道暴露		-1.793	0.42	-4.30	<0.001	-1.351	0.40	-3.36	0.001	0.118	0.44	0.27	0.790
时间		-0.410	0.40	-1.03	0.303	-0.509	0.38	-1.35	0.178	-0.362	0.38	-0.95	0.001
常数项		53.773	0.39	136.82	<0.001	48.730	1.62	29.99	0.000	39.212	2.59	15.13	<0.001
个体特征
	性别					0.250	0.33	0.76	0.445	0.118	0.33	0.36	0.717
	年龄					0.153^***	0.01	14.80	<0.001	0.148^***	0.01	14.39	<0.001
	工作					-0.369	0.36	-1.03	0.302	-0.222	0.35	-0.62	0.532
	婚姻					0.717	0.45	1.60	0.109	0.605	0.44	1.39	0.165
	教育程度					-0.357	0.35	-1.02	0.306	-0.372	0.35	-1.07	0.286
	家庭收入水平					-0.665^*	0.32	-2.05	0.040	-0.892^*	0.36	-2.46	0.014
	住房类型					0.092	0.42	0.22	0.829	0.313	0.43	0.72	0.471
	家庭结构					0.045	0.18	0.25	0.805	0.069	0.18	0.38	0.704
邻里环境
	小区收入水平									0.395	0.39	1.01	0.314
	社会凝聚力									0.254^*	0.10	2.42	0.016
	绿地比例									2.712	2.71	1.00	0.318
	建筑密度									13.180^***	2.69	4.91	<0.001
	居住用地比例									5.756^***	1.20	4.79	<0.001
	土地利用混合度									-0.297	0.42	-0.70	0.483
	公交站密度									-0.114^***	0.03	-3.77	<0.001
	地铁站密度									1.055^***	0.22	4.82	<0.001
	道路网密度									0.045	0.11	0.40	0.688
F统计量		8.01				25.61				19.05
(Prof>F)		<0.01				<0.01				<0.01
R²		0.01				0.14				0.17