秦巴山集中连片特困区农户多维贫困测度与影响机理分析——以商洛市为例

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.06.010

地理科学进展 ›› 2020, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (6): 996-1012.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.06.010

• 专辑 | 多维贫困与可持续生计 • 上一篇下一篇

秦巴山集中连片特困区农户多维贫困测度与影响机理分析——以商洛市为例

刘倩^1,², 陈佳³, 吴孔森³, 杨新军^3,^*()

1. 重庆师范大学地理与旅游学院,重庆 401331
2. 三峡库区地表过程与环境遥感重庆市重点实验室,重庆 401331
3. 西北大学城市与环境学院,西安 710127

收稿日期:2019-07-24 修回日期:2019-11-15 出版日期:2020-06-28 发布日期:2020-08-28
通讯作者: 杨新军
作者简介:刘倩(1989— ),女,山东肥城人,博士,讲师,研究方向为乡村贫困与农户可持续生计。E-mail: liuqianvivi@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41771574);重庆师范大学基金项目(19XLB008)

Multidimensional poverty measurement and its impact mechanism on households in the Qinling-Daba Mountains poverty area: A case of Shangluo City

LIU Qian^1,², CHEN Jia³, WU Kongsen³, YANG Xinjun^3,^*()

1. College of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
2. Key Laboratory of Surface Process and Environment Remote Sensing in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing 401331, China
3. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Xi'an 710127, China

Received:2019-07-24 Revised:2019-11-15 Online:2020-06-28 Published:2020-08-28
Contact: YANG Xinjun
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41771574);Chongqing Normal University Foundation(19XLB008)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国扶贫瞄准单位已下沉到农户单元,发展和完善农户尺度的多维贫困测度方法是精准配置扶贫资源、提高扶贫效率的关键。通过借鉴“人”“地”和“业”关系理论构建了“能力—资本—环境”多维贫困综合评估框架,以秦巴山特困区商洛为例,通过多维贫困测度体系对农户进行综合测度,识别样本区多维贫困户,进而与建档立卡贫困户进行对比分析,并探讨了多维贫困发生的主要影响机理,最后依据多维贫困户剥夺维度的组合划分不同类型。研究结果表明:① 有245户被识别为多维贫困户,239户被识别为非多维贫困户,多维贫困户与非多维贫困户在能力维度、资本维度和环境维度均存在较大差异;② 有84.08%的多维贫困户与建档立卡贫困户相重叠,多维贫困户在综合维度和单维度的贫困程度均较深;③ 多维贫困发生主要受“人”的发展能力和生产能力、“业”的金融资本、物质资本以及“地”的地理条件和区位的弱势或剥夺的影响;④ 多维贫困户划分为发展缺失型、复合贫困型、生存环境恶劣型和综合贫困型4类。

关键词: 贫困, 多维贫困指数, 农户, 秦巴山集中连片特困区, 商洛市

Abstract:

The poverty alleviation targets have downscaled to the farming household unit in China. Developing and improving the measurement method for multidimensional poverty at the farming household scale has become the key to accurately allocate the resources and improve the efficiency of poverty alleviation. In this study, a comprehensive framework of ability-assets-environment multidimensional poverty assessment was constructed based on human-environment-activities relationship theories. Taking the Qinling-Daba Mountains area as an example, this study measured the multidimensional poverty of surveyed households. Multidimensional poverty households were identified and compared with the designated poor households. The impact mechanism of multidimensional poverty was also explored. Finally, the multidimensional poverty households were divided into different types according to the deprivation dimensions. The research results show that: 1) There were 245 multidimensional poverty households and 239 non-multidimensional poverty households. With regard to the scores of the capacity dimension, the assets dimension, and the environment dimension, there were great differences between multidimensional and non-multidimensional poor households. 2) The majority (84.08%) of the multidimensional poverty households overlapped with the designated poor households. Furthermore, the degree of poverty of multidimensional poor households was deeper in both comprehensive and individual dimensions. 3) The occurrence of multidimensional poverty was mainly influenced by the weakness and deprivation of development ability and production ability of the households, financial and physical assets for activities, geographical locations and conditions of the environment. 4) There were four types of multidimensional poverty households, namely, development deficiency type, compound poverty type, severe living environment type, and comprehensive poverty type.

Key words: poverty, multidimensional poverty index, households, Qinling-Daba Mountains concentrated poverty area, Shangluo City

刘倩, 陈佳, 吴孔森, 杨新军. 秦巴山集中连片特困区农户多维贫困测度与影响机理分析——以商洛市为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(6): 996-1012.

LIU Qian, CHEN Jia, WU Kongsen, YANG Xinjun. Multidimensional poverty measurement and its impact mechanism on households in the Qinling-Daba Mountains poverty area: A case of Shangluo City[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(6): 996-1012.

图/表 14

图1

图2

表1

农户多维贫困评价指标体系"

维度	准则层	指标层	释义与赋值	权重
能力贫困	生活能力	健康状况X₁	家庭成员健康状况:非常差(参照患重病+患慢性疾病或残疾)=0,很差(参照患重病)=0.25,较差(参照残疾+慢性疾病)=0.5,一般(参照患慢性疾病或残疾)=0.75,健康(参照无患病)=1	0.193
	生产能力	男性劳动力比重X₂	男性成年劳动力与家庭人口的比重	0.072
	生产能力	劳动能力X₃	家庭劳动能力之和:非劳动力(10岁以下儿童、70岁以上老人、无劳动能力的病人或残疾人)=0,半劳动力(11~15岁儿童、60~70岁老人、可以劳动的病人或残疾人)=0.5,全劳力(16~59岁可劳动的人员)=1	0.307
	发展能力	技能水平X₄	技能水平之和:无技能(职业参照无业)=0,农业生产技能(职业参照务农)=0.25,初级技工+农业生产(职业参照打零工+务农)=0.5,中级技工或自主经营(职业参照长期务工或自主经营)=0.75,高级技能(职业参照掌握较高技术人员或企事业单位人员)=1	0.224
	发展能力	受教育水平X₅	成年劳动力中:文盲=0,小学=0.25,初中=0.5,高中或专科=0.75,大学及以上=1	0.204
资本贫困	金融资本	人均收入X₆(元/人)	年总收入与家庭人口比值	0.146
	金融资本	有无贷款机会X₇	是否拥有农村信用社、商业银行享有贷款机会:是=1,否=0	0.252
	自然资本	耕地状况X₈(hm²/人)	耕地面积/家庭人口数	0.036
	自然资本	林地状况X₉(hm²/人)	经济林地(含核桃林、板栗林、药材地、茶园等)面积/家庭人口数	0.042
	物质资本	家庭固定资产水平X₁₀(%)	家庭拥有耐用消费品(电脑、洗衣机、电视机、摩托车、电瓶车、冰箱、空调、小汽车、货车、太阳能等)所占比	0.155
	物质资本	房屋状况X₁₁	房屋质量:危房(参照漏水或光+地基下沉+房屋倾斜)=0,较差(参照漏水或光+地基下沉或房屋倾斜)=0.25,一般(参照漏水或光)=0.5,较好(参照无漏水或光+旧房)=0.75,非常好(参照无漏水或光+新房)=1;房屋类型:草房=0,土房=0.25,土砖房=0.5,混凝土=0.75,楼房(≥2层)=1	0.204
	社会资本	政治资源X₁₂(人)	亲朋在企事业单位或村委会任职人数	0.034
	社会资本	就业资源X₁₃(户)	寻找非农就业机会可求助亲友的数量	0.131
环境贫困	地理条件和区位	与最近集市距离X₁₄(km)	居住地与最近市场的交通距离	0.129
		距离最近城市的距离X₁₅(km)	居住地与县级城市的交通距离	0.155
		自然灾害种类X₁₆	遭受灾害(旱灾、涝灾、滑坡、泥石流、病虫害、野生动物、霜冻)的种类所占比例	0.248
		海拔X₁₇(m)	居住地海拔	0.238
	基础设施状况	道路交通X₁₈	所在村庄邻近道路类型:高速公路/国道=1,省道=0.75,县道=0.5,其他=0.25;居住地是否靠近公路:是=1,否=0	0.116
	基础设施状况	生活设施X₁₉	生活设施之和:常用做饭燃料是否为清洁燃料(电能、液化气、天然气、沼气等)是=1,否(柴草)=0;饮用水:自来水/深水井(深度≥5 m)=1,饮用江湖水/饮水困难(>10 d停水)=0;卫生设施:水厕=1,旱厕/公厕=0;是否通电:是=1,否=0	0.114

表1

表2

图3

表3

图4

表4

表5

表6

图5

表7

图6

表8

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类型	匮乏型	弱势型	一般型	小康型	富裕型
样本户数	106	139	128	84	27
	(21.90%)	(28.72%)	(26.45%)	(17.35%)	(5.58%)
MPI均值	2.387	2.075	1.661	1.353	0.995
能力维度均值	0.865	0.747	0.601	0.488	0.394
资本维度均值	0.892	0.768	0.597	0.471	0.333
环境维度均值	0.629	0.559	0.463	0.394	0.268

项目	多维贫困户			非多维贫困户
项目	极大值	极小值	平均值	极大值	极小值	平均值
能力维度	0.984	0.312	0.798	0.896	0.086	0.537
资本维度	0.996	0.370	0.821	0.908	0.147	0.521
环境维度	0.885	0.270	0.589	0.691	0.161	0.415
MPI	2.818	1.898	2.209	1.864	0.610	1.474

维度	假设	方差方程的Levene检验			均值方程的t检验
维度	假设	F	Sig.		t	df	Sig.	均值差值	标准误差
能力维度	假设方差相等	4.807	0.029		24.153	482.000	0	0.261	0.010
能力维度	假设方差不相等				24.174	480.972	0	0.261	0.010
资本维度	假设方差相等	1.354	0.245		24.687	482.000	0	0.300	0.012
资本维度	假设方差不相等				24.725		477.452	0	0.300	0.012
环境维度	假设方差相等	8.830	0.003		18.237	482.000	0	0.173	0.154
环境维度	假设方差不相等			18.191		458.478	0	0.173	0.154
MPI	假设方差相等	13.712	0	36.240	482.000	0	0.735	0.695
MPI	假设方差不相等			36.357		456.477	0	0.735	0.695

准则	假设	方差方程的Levene检验			均值方程的t检验
准则	假设	F	Sig.		t	df	Sig.	均值差值	标准误差
生活能力	假设方差相等	0.894	0.345		16.608	482.000	0	0.045	0.003
生活能力	假设方差不相等				16.491	302.292	0	0.045	0.003
生产能力	假设方差相等	19.419	0		17.551	482.000	0	0.093	0.005
生产能力	假设方差不相等				16.369		259.617	0	0.093	0.006
发展能力	假设方差相等	13.364	0		16.992	482.000	0	0.101	0.006
发展能力	假设方差不相等				18.906		405.140	0	0.101	0.005
金融资本	假设方差相等	0.731	0.393		18.807	482.000	0	0.179	0.010
金融资本	假设方差不相等				18.764		306.019	0	0.179	0.010
自然资本	假设方差相等	18.024	0		-4.046	482.000	0	0.004	0.001
自然资本	假设方差不相等				-3.658		242.054	0	0.004	0.001
物质资本	假设方差相等	56.123	0	12.163	482.000	0	0.097	0.008
物质资本	假设方差不相等			13.815		425.008	0	0.097	0.007
社会资本	假设方差相等	85.991	0	6.557	482.000	0	0.027	0.004
社会资本	假设方差不相等			7.876		469.572	0	0.027	0.003
地理条件和区位	假设方差相等	34.571	0	14.362	482.000	0	0.056	0.004
地理条件和区位	假设方差不相等			16.663		444.239	0	0.056	0.003
基础设施状况	假设方差相等	8.890	0.003	9.592	482.000	0	0.027	0.003
基础设施状况	假设方差不相等			10.640		402.231	0	0.027	0.003

项目	能力维度	资本维度	环境维度	MPI
多维贫困户	0.798	0.821	0.589	2.209
建档立卡贫困户	0.755	0.775	0.571	2.103

秦巴山集中连片特困区农户多维贫困测度与影响机理分析——以商洛市为例

Multidimensional poverty measurement and its impact mechanism on households in the Qinling-Daba Mountains poverty area: A case of Shangluo City

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准则	生活能力	生产能力	发展能力	金融资本	自然资本	物质资本	社会资本	地理条件和区位	基础设施状况
贡献度/%	3.99	14.88	20.74	17.55	0.69	14.40	3.42	18.69	5.64
指标	X₁	X₂	X₃	X₄	X₅	X₆	X₇	X₈	X₉	X₁₀
贡献度/%	3.99	3.10	11.78	10.75	9.99	6.80	10.75	0.29	0.40	6.19
指标	X₁₁	X₁₂	X₁₃	X₁₄	X₁₅	X₁₆	X₁₇	X₁₈	X₁₉
贡献度/%	8.21	0.73	2.69	4.29	4.93	6.20	3.27	3.04	2.60

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类型	维度剥夺的阈值范围			户数
类型	能力维度	资本维度	环境维度	户数
发展缺失型	[0.661, 0.984]	—	—	8 (3.26%)
	—	[0.673, 0.996]	—	12 (4.90%)
	[0.661, 0.984]	[0.673, 0.996]	—	75 (30.61%)
复合贫困型	[0.661, 0.984]	—	[0.543, 0.885]	26 (10.61%)
复合贫困型	—	[0.673, 0.996]	[0.543, 0.885]	16 (6.53%)
生存环境恶劣型	—	—	[0.543, 0.885]	13 (5.31%)
综合贫困型	[0.661, 0.984]	[0.673, 0.996]	[0.543, 0.885]	95 (38.78%)