贫困山区脱贫农户的生计可持续性及生计干预——以陇南山区为例

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.06.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

增强贫困山区脱贫农户的生计可持续性不仅是新时期农村扶贫的现实需求,更是推动乡村振兴的客观要求。论文从生计资本、生计策略及生计环境出发,建立了脱贫农户的生计可持续性评价指标体系,利用陇南山区脱贫农户的入户调查资料,评估贫困山区脱贫农户的生计可持续性、识别脱贫农户的生计障碍。研究发现:① 从川坝河谷区、半山区到高山区,从早期脱贫到后期脱贫,脱贫农户的生计可持续性依次降低,且务工型与农工互补型脱贫农户的生计可持续性强于其他生计方式农户;② 陇南山区生计不可持续脱贫农户比重达28.83%,高山区、传统务农型及后期脱贫户中生计不可持续农户比重较高,而川坝河谷区、农工互补型与务工型及早期脱贫户中该比重较低;③ 生计不可持续脱贫户均面临着多元生计障碍,其中近2/3的农户面临多维资本—环境阻滞型与多重要素阻滞型障碍;④ 针对生计不可持续脱贫农户面临的多元生计障碍,需分类实施多维生计干预。

关键词: 脱贫农户, 生计可持续性, 生计障碍, 多维生计干预, 陇南山区

Abstract:

Enhancing the livelihood sustainability of out-of-poverty farming households in poor mountainous areas is not only the realistic demand for rural poverty alleviation in the new era, but also the urgent demand of rural revitalization. Taking into consideration livelihood capital, livelihood strategy and livelihood environment, this study established a livelihood sustainability evaluation index system of out-of-poverty farming households, and used the household survey data of the out-of-poverty households in the Longnan mountainous area to evaluate their livelihood sustainability and identify livelihood barriers. The results show that: 1) From river valley, the middle mountain to the high mountain area, and with the passage of time since a household was out of poverty, livelihood sustainability of the out-of-poverty households decreased in turn, and the livelihood sustainability of work-oriented type and agriculture-industry complementary type are higher than other farmers. 2) The proportion of farmers whose livelihood is unsustainable in Longnan mountain area is 28.83%, and the proportion of farming households with unsustainable livelihoods is higher in high-mountain area, traditional farming type, and late out-of-poverty households, while the proportion of farmers who have unsustainable livelihoods is lower in river valleys, agriculture-industry complementary type, work-oriented type, and early out-of-poverty households. 3) Out-of-poverty households with unsustainable livelihoods are all faced with multiple livelihood barriers, and nearly two-thirds of them are faced with multidimensional capital environment barriers and multi-factor barriers. 4) In view of the multiple livelihood barriers faced by the out-of-poverty households with unsustainable livelihoods, targeted multidimensional livelihood intervention should be implemented for different categories of households.

Key words: out-of-poverty farming households, livelihood sustainability, livelihood obstacle, multidimensional livelihood intervention, Longnan mountainous area

赵雪雁, 刘江华, 王伟军, 兰海霞, 马平易, 杜昱璇. 贫困山区脱贫农户的生计可持续性及生计干预——以陇南山区为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(6): 982-995.

ZHAO Xueyan, LIU Jianghua, WANG Weijun, LAN Haixia, MA Pingyi, DU Yuxuan. Livelihood sustainability and livelihood intervention of out-of-poverty farming households in poor mountainous areas: A case of Longnan mountainous area[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2020, 39(6): 982-995.

图/表 14

图1

表1

表2

脱贫农户生计可持续性评价指标体系"

测量维度	一级指标	二级指标	指标定义及赋值	均值	标准差	作用方向
生计资本可持续性	人力资本	劳动力数量	18~60岁家庭成年劳动力数量(人)	2.75	1.20	+
		劳动力受教育水平	劳动力的受教育年限之和/劳动力数量(a/人)	7.40	2.85	+
		家庭成员健康状况	家庭中患病人数占总人数比例(%)	14.62	21.67	-
	自然资本	生物生产面积^[32]	耕地面积×2.8+牧草面积×0.5+林地面积×1.1+鱼塘×0.2+林果面积×1.1 (hm²)	28.43	23.09	+
	物质资本	人均住房面积	住房面积/家庭规模(m²/人)	27.14	14.72	+
	物质资本	是否有卫生厕所	有=1;无=0	1.42	0.49	+
	金融资本	人均收入	家庭年收入与总人数之比(元/人)	6209.15	2993.43	+
	社会资本	是否加入农民专业合作社	是=1,否=0	0.59	0.49	+
		是否通广播电视	是=1,否=0	0.96	0.19	+
		是否有龙头企业带动	是=1,否=0	0.17	0.38	+
		是否有创业致富带头人带动	是=1,否=0	1.00	0.02	+
		人均参加各种保险的数量	参加各种保险的总人次/家庭总人口	3.14	0.79	+
生计策略可持续性	环境资源依赖性	农业收入比重	农业收入占家庭收入的比重(%)	27.70	25.53	-
	环境资源依赖性	生活能源来源	清洁能源=1,煤炭=2,干畜粪/柴草/其他=3	2.69	0.57	-
	劳动能力依赖性	外出务工人员受教育水平	文盲=1,小学=2,初中=3,高中=4,大专及以上=5	2.13	1.14	+
	劳动能力依赖性	外出务工者比例	外出务工人数/家庭总人数(%)	31.26	22.41	+
	政策制度依赖性	政策补贴型收入比重	各类补贴收入/家庭总收入(%)	8.97	15.47	-
生计环境可持续性	自然环境	海拔	农户所在村的海拔(m)	1401.32	266.81	-
	交通通达性	与村主干道距离	1 km以内=5,[1, 3) km=4,[3, 5) km=3,[5, 10) km=2,10 km及以上=1	4.33	0.99	+
	交通通达性	入户道路类型	泥土路=1,砂石路=2,水泥路=3,沥青路=4	2.05	0.97	+
	市场便利度	到大型综合类市场的时间	10 min以内=5,[10, 30) min=4,[30, 60) min=3,[60, 90) min=2,90 min及以上=1	2.21	1.19	+

表2

表3

表4

图2

表5

表6

图3

表7

表8

图4

图5

图6

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指标		均值	指标		均值
家庭规模/(人/户)		4.15	患病人数/(人/户)		0.51
劳动力数量/(人/户)		2.77	在校学生/(人/户)		1.09
家庭收入/(元/a)		24426	外出务工人员数/(人/户)		1.18
户主受教育程度	文盲/%	20.23	外出务工人员受教育程度	文盲/%	10.27
	小学/%	51.58		小学/%	42.03
	初中/%	25.69		初中/%	40.24
	高中及以上/%	2.50		高中及以上/%	7.46

指数	等级1		等级2		等级3
指数	等级	取值区间	等级	取值区间	等级	取值区间
生计资本丰度指数	丰裕	>0.3502	一般	0.2620~0.3502	紧缺	<0.2620
生计策略效益指数	高	>0.6408	一般	0.4692~0.6408	低	<0.4692
生计环境质量指数	良好	>0.6794	一般	0.4673~0.6794	恶劣	<0.4673
生计可持续指数	可持续	>0.5149	一般	0.4202~0.5149	不可持续	<0.4202

生计障碍类型	障碍因子
多维资本阻滞型	2种及以上生计资本
多维资本—策略阻滞型	生计策略和2种及以上生计资本
多维资本—环境阻滞型	生计环境和2种及以上生计资本
单维资本—环境阻滞型	生计环境和1种生计资本
多重要素阻滞型	生计策略、生计环境和1种及以上生计资本

生计资本丰度	自然资本指数		人力资本指数		物质资本指数		金融资本指数		社会资本指数		生计资本指数
生计资本丰度	比重/%	均值	比重/%	均值	比重/%	均值	比重/%	均值	比重/%	均值	比重/%	均值
丰裕	5.98	0.371	53.36	0.660	2.27	0.726	0.14	0.658	16.22	0.728	27.62	0.395
一般	36.86	0.182	42.56	0.494	39.41	0.571	2.55	0.191	81.57	0.388	32.07	0.306
紧缺	57.16	0.054	4.08	0.123	58.32	0.079	97.31	0.060	2.21	0.104	40.32	0.218

类型	具体分类	环境资源依赖度	劳动能力依赖度	政策制度依赖度	生计策略效益指数
不同地貌区	高山区脱贫户	0.637	0.288	0.092	0.520
	半山区脱贫户	0.584	0.357	0.091	0.561
	川坝河谷区脱贫户	0.491	0.417	0.085	0.613
不同脱贫时间	2014年脱贫户	0.528	0.385	0.075	0.594
	2015年脱贫户	0.571	0.376	0.087	0.573
	2016年脱贫户	0.549	0.374	0.112	0.571
	2017年脱贫户	0.593	0.350	0.086	0.557
	2018年脱贫户	0.611	0.327	0.126	0.530
不同生计方式	务农型脱贫户	0.853	0.138	0.072	0.404
	务工型脱贫户	0.493	0.419	0.043	0.628
	农工互补型脱贫户	0.644	0.400	0.047	0.570
	补贴型脱贫户	0.396	0.173	0.675	0.367
	综合型脱贫户	0.527	0.372	0.277	0.523
全体脱贫农户平均值		0.560	0.369	0.090	0.573