国外乡村空间研究的进展与启示

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.12.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

任何空间都是社会的产物。在工业化、城镇化、信息化和政策的驱动下,中国乡村空间正在发生剧烈重构。乡村空间研究作为国外乡村地理学研究的核心内容之一,具有多学科、多视角、多维度、多方法的特点,形成了一个丰富的研究图景。为了更全面地把握国外乡村空间研究的进展,论文对国外近40 a的乡村空间研究文献进行了梳理。研究发现,国外学者从物质、想象和实践等层面诠释了乡村空间的内涵,并通过建立“乡村空间的三重模型”,强调了日常生活实践的重要性,引入了生活空间,构建了较为系统的乡村空间研究架构。在理论视角上,国外乡村空间研究经历了功能主义、政治经济学和社会建构主义3个阶段;在时间的演进上,实现了由生产主义空间研究到后生产主义空间研究的转换;在空间维度上,实现了聚落空间、经济空间、社会空间和文化空间的多重叠加。国外乡村空间研究实现了从物质层面到社会表征、从客体性空间到主体性空间、从静态单维空间到动态多维空间的转变,启示我们对乡村空间进行跨学科研究以及“社会-文化”研究的重要性。中国乡村空间建设要重视农民的主体性地位、强调乡村空间的多功能性、尊重乡村空间的“地域性”和“差异性”、恢复乡村空间的意义生产功能。

关键词: 乡村空间, 乡村空间重构, 社会建构主义, 后生产主义

Abstract:

Space is a product of society. Driven by industrialization, urbanization, informationization, and government policies, China's rural space is going through drastic reconstructions. As one of the core contents of international rural geography research, rural space studies are multi-disciplinary, multi-perspective, multi-dimensional, and multi-methods, forming a rich research field. In order to grasp the progress of rural space research more comprehensively, this study reviewed international rural space research literature in recent 40 years. The study found that international researchers described the connotation of rural space from the perspectives of material, imagination, and practice. The three-fold architecture was established to emphasize the practice of everyday life. It introduced living space to build the systematic research framework of rural space. With regard to the theoretical perspective, international research of rural space has gone through functionalism, political economy, and social constructivism; it transformed from productivism to post productivism; the research included settlement space, economic space, social space, and cultural space. As a whole, international research of rural space realized the change from material level to social representation, from object space to subject space, and from static one-dimensional space to dynamic multi-dimensional space, which revealed the importance of interdisciplinary and sociocultural approaches in rural space studies. The construction of rural space in China needs to pay attention to the subject status of farmers and multifunction of rural space, respect the role of locality and difference of various places, and recover the function of production of meaning of rural space.

Key words: rural space, reconstruction of rural space, social constructivism, post-productivism

王丹, 刘祖云. 国外乡村空间研究的进展与启示[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(12): 1991-2002.

WANG Dan, LIU Zuyun. Progress and implications of international rural space research[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019, 38(12): 1991-2002.

参考文献 94

[1]	陈培培, 张敏 . 2015. 从美丽乡村到都市居民消费空间: 行动者网络理论与大世凹村的社会空间重构[J]. 地理研究, 34(8):1435-1446.
	[ Chen P P, Zhang M . 2015. From beautiful village to urban residents' consumption space: Actor-network theory and the social space reconstruction of Dashiao Village. Geographical Research, 34(8):1435-1446. ]
[2]	陈燕纯, 杨忍, 王敏 . 2018. 基于行动者网络和共享经济视角的乡村民宿发展及空间重构: 以深圳官湖村为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 37(5):718-730.
	[ Chen Y C, Yang R, Wang M . 2018. Development process of rural homestay tourism and spatial restructuring with the actor-network method from the perspective of shared economy: A case study of Guanhu Village in Shenzhen. Progress in Geography, 37(5):718-730. ]
[3]	冯雷 . 2017. 理解空间: 20世纪空间观念的激变 [M]. 北京: 中央编译出版社.
	[ Feng L. 2017. Understanding space: Transitions of spatial concepts in the 20th century. Beijing, China: Central Compilation & Translation Press. ]
[4]	李红波, 胡晓亮, 张小林 , 等. 2018. 乡村空间辨析[J]. 地理科学进展, 37(5):591-600.
	[ Li H B, Hu X L, Zhang X L , et al. 2018. On the analysis of rural space. Progress in Geography, 37(5):591-600. ]
[5]	李红波, 张小林 . 2012 a. 城乡统筹背景的空间发展: 村落衰退与重构[J]. 改革, 28(1):148-153.
	[ Li H B, Zhang X L . 2012. Spatial extension in the context of urban and rural development: Village recession and reconstruction. Reform, 37(5):591-600. ]
[6]	李红波, 张小林 . 2012 b. 国外乡村聚落地理研究进展及近今趋势[J]. 人文地理, 27(4):103-108.
	[ Li H B, Zhang X L . 2012. A review and trend on rural settlement geography abroad. Human Geography, 27(4):103-108. ]
[7]	刘祖云, 刘传俊 . 2018. 后生产主义乡村: 乡村振兴的一个理论视角[J]. 中国农村观察, 39(5):2-13.
	[ Liu Z Y, Liu C J . 2018. The post-productivist countryside: A theoretical perspective of rural revitalization. China Rural Survey, 39(5):2-13. ]
[8]	龙花楼, 张杏娜 . 2012. 新世纪以来乡村地理学国际研究进展及启示[J]. 经济地理, 32(8):1-7, 135.
	[ Long H L, Zhang X N . 2012. Progress in international rural geography research since the turn of the new millennium and some implications. Economic Geography, 32(8):1-7, 135. ]
[9]	吕祖宜, 林耿 . 2017. 混杂性: 关于乡村性的再认识[J]. 地理研究, 36(10):1873-1885.
	[ Lv Z Y, Lin G . 2017. Hybridity: Rethinking rurality. Geographical Research, 36(10):1873-1885. ]
[10]	毛丹, 王萍 . 2014. 英语学术界的乡村转型研究[J]. 社会学研究, ( 1):194-217.
	[ Mao D, Wang P . 2014. The evolution of western rural restructuring research. Sociological Studies, ( 1):194-217. ]
[11]	武前波, 龚圆圆, 陈前虎 . 2016. 消费空间生产视角下杭州市美丽乡村发展特征: 以下满觉陇、龙井、龙坞为例[J]. 城市规划, ( 8):105-112.
	[ Wu Q B, Gong Y Y, Chen Q H . 2016. Development features of beautiful countryside in Hangzhou based on production of urban consumption space: A comparative study on three villages. Urban Planning, ( 8):105-112. ]
[12]	杨忍, 刘彦随, 龙花楼 , 等. 2016. 中国村庄空间分布特征及空间优化重组解析[J]. 地理科学, 36(2):170-179.
	[ Yang R, Liu Y S, Long H L , et al. 2016. Spatial distribution characteristics and optimized reconstructing analysis of rural settlement in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 36(2):170-179. ]
[13]	曾山山, 周国华, 肖国珍 , 等. 2011. 地理学视角下的国内农村聚居研究综述[J]. 人文地理, 26(2):68-73.
	[ Zeng S S, Zhou G H, Xiao G Z , et al. 2011. A review of rural settlements from the perspective of geography. Human Geography, 26(2):68-73. ]
[14]	张小林 . 1999. 乡村空间系统及其演变研究: 以苏南为例 [M]. 南京: 南京师范大学出版社.
	[ Zhang X L. 1999. Study on rural spatial system and its revolution: A case study of south Jiangsu region. Nanjing, China: Nanjing Normal University Press. ]
[15]	张小林, 盛明 . 2002. 中国乡村地理学研究的重新定向[J]. 人文地理, 17(1):81-84.
	[ Zhang X L, Sheng M . 2002. The re-orientation of rural geography in China. Human Geography, 17(1):81-84. ]
[16]	Bergman T . 1975. Change processes in farming and political consciousness and attitudes of peasants and worker-peasants[J]. Sociologia Ruralis, 15:73-89.
[17]	Bolton N, Chalkley B . 1990. The rural population turnround: A case-study of North Devon[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 6:29-43. doi: 10.1016/0743-0167(90)90027-6 pmid: 12282965
[18]	Buller H, Hokkart K . 1994. The social integration of British home owners into French rural communities[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 10(2):197-210.
[19]	Burholt A, Naylor D . 2005. The relationship between rural community type and attachment to place for older people living in North Wales, UK. European[J]. Journal of Ageing, 2(2):109-119.
[20]	Champion A . 1998. Studying counter urbanisation and the rural population turn around[M] // Boyle P, Halfacree K. Migration into rural areas: Theories and issues. Chichester, UK: Wiley:21-40.
[21]	Cloke P . 1997. Country backwater to virtual village? Rural studies and the 'cultural' turn[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 13(4):367-375. doi: 10.1016/S0743-0167(97)00053-3
[22]	Cloke P . 1999. The country[M] // Cloke P, Crang P, Goodwin M. Introducing human geographies. London, UK: Edward Arnold: 256-267.
[23]	Cloke P, Goodwin M . 1992. Conceptualizing countryside change: From post-Fordism to rural structured coherence[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 17(3):321-336. doi: 10.2307/622883
[24]	Cloke P, Little J . 1997. Contested countryside cultures[M]. London, UK: Routledge.
[25]	Cloke P, Park C . 1984. Rural resource management[M]. London, UK: Croom Helm.
[26]	Cloke P, Thrift N . 1990. Class and change in rural Britain[M] // Marsden T, Lowe P, Whatmore S. Rural restructuring. London, UK: David Fulton: 165-181.
[27]	Copp J . 1972. Rural sociology and rural development[J]. Rural Sociology, 37:515-533. doi: 10.1002/jcop.22303 pmid: 31872898
[28]	Dempsey K. 1992. A man's town: Inequality between women and men in rural Australia [M]. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
[29]	Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. 2003. Welcome to the England rural development programme [DB/OL]. 2003- 06- 18[2018-12-12]. .
[30]	Drummond I, Campbell H, Lawrence G , et al. 2000. Contingent and structural crisis in British agriculture?[J]. Sociologia Ruralis, 40:111-127. doi: 10.1111/soru.2000.40.issue-1
[31]	Freudenburg W R . 1992. Addictive economies: Extractive industries and vulnerable localities in a changing world economy[J]. Rural Sociology, 57(3):305-332. doi: 10.1111/j.1549-0831.1992.tb00467.x
[32]	Giddens A. 1990. The consequences of modernity [M]. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
[33]	Gottdiener M. 1985. The social production of urban space [M]. Austin, USA: University of Texas Press.
[34]	Gregson N . 2003. Reclaiming 'the social' in social and cultural geography[M] // Anderson K, Domosh M, Pile S, et al. Handbook of cultural geography. London, UK: Sage:43-57.
[35]	Halfacree K . 1993. Locality and social representation: Space, discourse and alternative definitions of the rural[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 9(1):23-37.
[36]	Halfacree K . 2003. Landscapes of rurality: Rural others/other rurals[M] // Roberston L, Richards P. Studying cultural landscapes. London, UK: Arnold:141-169.
[37]	Halfacree K . 2006. Rural space: Constructing a three-fold architecture[M] // Cloke P, Marsden T, Mooney P. Handbook of rural studies. London, UK: Sage:44-62.
[38]	Hall D R . 1996. Rural development, migration and uncertainty[J]. GeoJournal, 38(2):185-189. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2018.07.017 pmid: 31007600
[39]	Harrison L E, Huntington S P . 2000. Culture matters: How values shape human progess[M]. New York, USA: Basic Books.
[40]	Harvey G . 1997. The killing of the countryside[M]. London, UK: Jonathan Cape.
[41]	Hoggart K . 1990. Let's do away with rural[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 6(3):245-257.
[42]	Holmes J . 2006. Impulses towards a multifunctional transition in rural Australia: Gaps in the research agenda[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 22(2):142-160.
[43]	Hopkins J . 1998. Signs of the post-rural: Marketing myths of a symbolic countryside[J]. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 80(2):65-81.
[44]	Hugo G, Bell M . 1998. The hypobook of welfare-led migration to rural areas: The Australian case[M] // Boyle P, Halfacree K. Migration into rural areas: Theories and issues. Chichester, UK: Wiley:107-133.
[45]	Ilbery B, Bowler I . 1998. From agricultural productivism to post-productivism[M] // Ilbery B. The geography of rural change. Harlow, UK: Longman:57-84.
[46]	Jones O . 1995. Lay discourses of the rural: Developments and implications for rural studies[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 11(1):35-49.
[47]	Kiss E . 2000. Rural restructuring in hungary in the period of socio-economic transition[J]. GeoJournal, 51(3):221-233.
[48]	Latour B. 2005. Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory [M]. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
[49]	Lefebvre H . 1991. The production of space[M]. Oxford, USA: Blackwell.
[50]	Lin G, Xie X, Lv Z . 2016. Taobao practices, everyday life and emerging hybrid rurality in contemporary China[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 47:514-523.
[51]	Lindsay S . 2000. Culture, mental models, and national prosperity[M] // Harrison L E, Huntington S P. Culture matters: How values shape human progress. New York, USA: Basic Books: 285.
[52]	Long H L, Zou J, Pykett J , et al. 2011. Analysis of rural transformation development in China since the turn of the new millennium[J]. Applied Geography, 31(3):1094-1105.
[53]	Luloff A E, Swanson L E. 1990. American rural communities [M]. Bouider, USA: Westview Press.
[54]	Marini M B, Mooney P H . 2006. Rural economic[M] // Cloke P, Marsden T, Mooney P. Handbook of rural studies. London, UK: Sage:44-62.
[55]	Marsden T . 1998 a. Economic perspectives[M] // Ilbery B. The geography of rural change. Harlow, UK: Longman:17-18.
[56]	Marsden T . 1998 b. New rural territories: Regulating the differentiated rural spaces[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 14(1):107-119.
[57]	Marsden T . 1999. Rural futures: The consumption countryside and its regulation[J]. Sociologia Ruralis, 39(4):501-526.
[58]	Marsden T . 2003. The condition of rural sustainability[M]. Assen, Netherlands: Royal Van Gorcum.
[59]	Marsden T, Murdoch J, Lowe P , et al. 1993. Constructing the Countryside [M]. London, UK: UCL Press.
[60]	McGrath B . 1998. The sustainability of a car dependent settlement pattern: An evaluation of new rural settlement in Ireland[J]. The Environmentalist, 19(2):99-107. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.19-2-99 pmid: 11239164
[61]	Mertig A G, Dunlop R E . 2001. Environmentalism, new social movements, and the new class: A cross-national investigation[J]. Rural Sociology, 66(1):113-136.
[62]	Mitchell C J A . 1998. Entrepreneuralism, commodification and creative destruction: A model of post-modern community development[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 14:273-286.
[63]	Mitchell D . 1995. There's no such thing as culture: Towards a reconceptualization of the idea of culture in geography[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20(1):102-116.
[64]	Mormont M . 1990. Who is rural? Or, how to be rural: Towards a sociology of the rural[M] // Marsden T, Lowe P, Whatmore S. Rural restructuring: Global processes and their responses. London, UK: David Fulton Publishers: 21-44.
[65]	Murdoch J . 1997. Towards a geography of heterogeneous associates[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 21:321-337.
[66]	Murdoch J . 2003. Co-constructing the countryside: Hybrid networks and the extensive self[M] // Cloke P. Country visions. Harlow, UK: Pearson Education: 263-282.
[67]	Murdoch J, Pratt A C . 1993. Rural studies: Modernism, postmodernism and the 'post-rural'[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 9(4):411-427.
[68]	Newby H . 1987. Country life[M]. London, UK: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
[69]	Newby H . 1977. The deferential worker: A study of farm workers in East Anglia[M]. London, UK: Allen Lane.
[70]	Phillips M . 1998. The restructuring of social imaginations in rural geography[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 14(2):121-153.
[71]	Pini B . 2003. Feminist methodology and rural research: Reflections on a study of an Australian agricultural organization[J]. Sociologia Ruralis, 43:418-433.
[72]	Piore M J, Sabel C . 1984. The second industrial divide: Possibilities for prosperity[M]. New York, USA: Basic Books.
[73]	Richling B . 1985. 'You'd never starve here': Return migration to rural Newfoundland[J]. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 22(2):236-249.
[74]	Rigg J, Ritchie M . 2002. Production, consumption and imagination in rural Thailand[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 18(4):359-371.
[75]	Sauer M . 1990. Tordist modernization of German agriculture and the future of family farms[J]. Sociologia Ruralis, 30:260-279.
[76]	Saunders P, Newby H, Bell C , et al. 1978. Rural community and rural community power[M] // Newby H. International Perspectives in Rural Sociology. London, UK: Wiley.
[77]	Schwarz W, Schwarz D . 1998. Living lightly: Travels in post-consumer society[M]. Charlbury, UK: Jon Carpenter.
[78]	Seymour S, Lowe P, Ward N , et al. 1997. Environmental 'others' and 'elites': Rural pollution and changing power relations in the countryside[M] // Milbourne P. Revealing rural 'others'. London, UK: Pinter:57-74.
[79]	Simmons M . 1997. Landscapes of poverty[M]. London, UK: Lemos and Crane.
[80]	Smith D P, Phillips D A . 2001. Socio-cultural representations of green trified pennine rurality[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 17(4):457-469.
[81]	Stockdale A, Findlay A, Short D . 2000. The repopulation of rural Scotland: Opportunity and threat[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 16(2):243-257.
[82]	Terluin I J . 2003. Differences in economic development in rural regions of advanced countries: An overview and critical analysis of theories[J]. Journal of Rural Studiesy, 19(3):327-344.
[83]	Tonts M . 2001. The exclusive brethren and an Australian rural community[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 17(3):309-322.
[84]	Veal A . 1993. Planning for leisure: Past, present and future[M] // Glyptis S. Leisure and the environment. London, UK: Belhaven:53-67.
[85]	Ward N . 1993. The agricultural treadmill and the rural environment in the post-productivist era[J]. Sociologia Ruralis, 27:21-37.
[86]	Whatmore S . 1993. Sustainable rural geographies[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 17(4):538-547.
[87]	Whatmore S . 2002. Hybrid geographies: Natures, cultures, spaces[M]. London, UK: Sage.
[88]	Wilson G A . 2001. From productivism to post-productivismand back again? Exploring the (un)changed natural and mental landscapes of European agriculture[J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 26(1):77-102.
[89]	Woods M . 1997. Discourses of power and rurality: Local politics insomerset in the 20th century[J]. Political Geography, 16(6):453-478.
[90]	Woods M . 1998 a. Advocating rurality? The repositioning of rural local government[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 14(1):13-26.
[91]	Woods M . 1998 b. Researching rural conflicts: Hunting, local politics and actor-networks[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 14(3):321-340.
[92]	Woods M . 2010. Performing rurality and practicing rural geography[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 34(6):835-846.
[93]	Wylie J . 2003. Landscape, performance and dwelling: A Glastonbury case study[M] // Cloke P. Country visions. Harlow, UK: Pearson.
[94]	Zeckeri A A, Wilkinson K P, Humphrey C R . 1994. Past activeness, solidarity, and local development efforts[J]. Rural Sociology, 59(2):216-235.