2000—2016年黄土高原不同土地覆盖类型植被NDVI时空变化

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.08.013

地理科学进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (8): 1248-1258.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.08.013

2000—2016年黄土高原不同土地覆盖类型植被NDVI时空变化

孙锐^1,²,陈少辉^1,^*(),苏红波¹

^1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地水循环及地表过程重点实验室,北京 100101
^2. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049

收稿日期:2018-12-12 修回日期:2019-01-31 出版日期:2019-08-25 发布日期:2019-08-25
通讯作者: 陈少辉
作者简介:孙锐(1988— ),男,山东临清人,博士生,研究方向为植被与气候变化研究。E-mail: sunrui11@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41671368);国家自然科学基金项目(41371348);中国科学院战略重点研究计划A(XDA20010301)

Spatiotemporal variations of NDVI of different land cover types on the Loess Plateau from 2000 to 2016

SUN Rui^1,²,CHEN Shaohui^1,^*(),SU Hongbo¹

^1. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
^2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Received:2018-12-12 Revised:2019-01-31 Online:2019-08-25 Published:2019-08-25
Contact: CHEN Shaohui
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41671368);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41371348);Strategic Priority Research Program A of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20010301)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

了解植被覆盖的时空变化对区域环境保护及生态环境建设具有重要意义。基于MOD13A1数据,辅以Sen+Mann-Kendall、变异系数、Hurst指数,通过分析2000—2016年间黄土高原NDVI年最大值(NDVI_ymax)和生长季均值(NDVI_gsmean)时空变化特征及趋势,以了解黄土高原实施退耕还林(草)等生态工程后的植被覆盖恢复情况。结果表明：① 2000—2016年植被NDVI_ymax和NDVI_gsmean呈现波动式增长趋势,增长率分别为0.0070/a(P<0.01)和0.0063/a(P<0.01),生态环境整体不断改善。② NDVI_ymax和NDVI_gsmean显示黄土高原植被覆盖呈增加趋势的面积远高于呈减少趋势的面积(93.42%和96.22%、6.58%和3.78%),植被覆盖状态正在不断改善。2种数据变化趋势下,不同土地覆盖类型表现略有差异,森林极显著增加趋势面积最大(73.02%和82.60%),其次为耕地(47.87%和67.43%),再次为裸地(47.03%和61.68%)。③ NDVI_gsmean的变异系数小于NDVI_ymax的变异系数,相对稳定区域面积比分别为63.31%与56.64%,2种数据分析下森林变异系数最小,植被稳定性最好。④ 从植被NDVI变化趋势与Hurst组合结果得出,NDVI_ymax未来呈现改善趋势面积占41.35%,退化趋势面积占58.65%;NDVI_gsmean呈现改善趋势面积占49.19%,退化趋势面积占50.81%。2种数据下,灌木地未来发展趋势最好,森林和耕地退化趋势面积超过了50%。研究人员应持续关注退化趋势地区的植被状态。

关键词: 黄土高原, NDVI, MOD13A1, 植被变化, 土地覆盖

Abstract:

Understanding the spatial-temporal changes of vegetation and future trends of spatial pattern is of great significance to regional environmental protection and ecological construction. In order to understand the vegetation changes on the Loess Plateau after the implementation of the Grain for Green Project, the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of annual maximum Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) (NDVI_ymax) and growing seasonal mean NDVI (NDVI_gsmean) were analyzed based on MOD13A1 data for the Loess Plateau during 2000-2016, supplemented by Sen+Mann-Kendall, coefficient of variation, and Hurst index analysis. The results indicate that: 1) NDVI_ymax and NDVI_gsmean showed a fluctuating growth trend from 2000 to 2016, with growth rates of 0.0070/a (P<0.01) and 0.0063/a (P<0.01), respectively, and the ecological environment improved continuously. 2) NDVI_ymax and NDVI_gsmean showed that the area of vegetation coverage on the Loess Plateau with increasing trend were much higher than that with decreasing trend (93.42% and 96.22% versus 6.58% and 3.78%). This means that vegetation coverage was improving. With regard to the trends of change of the two evaluation indices, the performance of different land cover types slightly differed. The area of forest with most significant increasing trend was 73.02% and 82.60%, followed by cultivated land (47.87% and 67.43%) and bare land (47.03% and 61.68%). The coefficient of variation of NDVI_gsmean was smaller than that of NDVI_ymax, and the stable area was 63.31% and 56.64%, respectively. Of the two evaluation indices, the coefficient of variation of forest was the smallest, representing the best stability. According to the coupling results of NDVI and Hurst index, the areas with increasing trend of NDVI_ymax account for 41.35%, and the areas with degrading trend account for 58.65% of the total area in the future. The areas with increasing trend of NDVI_gsmean account for 49.19%, and the areas with degrading trend account for 50.81% of the total area. The two evaluation indices show that shrubland has the best growth trend. The areas of forest and cultivated land with degrading trend would be greater than 50%. The vegetation status in the areas of unsustainable increase and sustainable degradation need continuous attention of researchers.

Key words: Loess Plateau, NDVI, MOD13A1, vegetation change, land cover

孙锐,陈少辉,苏红波. 2000—2016年黄土高原不同土地覆盖类型植被NDVI时空变化[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(8): 1248-1258.

SUN Rui,CHEN Shaohui,SU Hongbo. Spatiotemporal variations of NDVI of different land cover types on the Loess Plateau from 2000 to 2016[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019, 38(8): 1248-1258.

图/表 13

图1

图2

图3

图4

表1

表2

图5

表3

表4

图6

表5

图7

表6

参考文献 34

15	张含玉, 方怒放, 史志华 . 2016. 黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候因子的响应[J]. 生态学报, 36(13):3960-3968. doi: 10.5846/stxb201506281310
	[ Zhang H Y, Fang N F, Shi Z H . 2016. Spatio-temporal patterns for the NDVI and its responses to climatic factors in the Loess Plateau, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 36(13):3960-3968. ] doi: 10.5846/stxb201506281310
16	张晓东, 朱文博, 张静静 , 等. 2018. 伏牛山地森林植被物候及其对气候变化的响应[J]. 地理学报, 73(1):41-53.
	[ Zhang X D, Zhu W B, Zhang J J , et al. 2018. Phenology of forest vegetation and its response to climate change in the Funiu Mountains. Acta Geographica Sinica, 73(1):41-53. ]
17	张学珍, 戴君虎, 葛全胜 . 2012. 1982—2006年中国东部春季植被变化的区域差异[J]. 地理学报, 67(1):53-61.
	[ Zhang X Z, Dai J H, Ge Q S . 2012. Spatial differences of changes in spring vegetation activities across Eastern China during 1982-2006. Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(1):53-61. ]
1	高海东, 庞国伟, 李占斌 , 等. 2017. 黄土高原植被恢复潜力研究[J]. 地理学报, 72(5):863-874.
	[ Gao H D, Pang G W, Li Z B , et al. 2017. Evaluating the potential of vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau. Acta Geographica Sinica, 72(5):863-874. ]
18	张玉东, 谭红兵 . 2017. 黄土高原典型干旱区退耕还林后植被覆盖变化研究[J]. 生态科学, 36(1):139-146.
	[ Zhang Y D, Tan H B . 2017. Study on changes of land cover in the typical arid region of the Loess Plateau after the Grain for Green Project. Ecological Science, 36(1):139-146. ]
2	贺振, 贺俊平 . 2017. 近32年黄河流域植被覆盖时空演化遥感监测[J]. 农业机械学报, 48(2):179-185.
	[ He Z, He J P . 2017. Remote sensing on spatio-temporal evolution of vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin during 1982-2013. Transactions of the CSAM, 48(2):179-185. ]
3	李双双, 延军平, 万佳 . 2012. 近10年陕甘宁黄土高原区植被覆盖时空变化特征[J]. 地理学报, 67(7):960-970.
	[ Li S S, Yan J P, Wan J . 2012. The spatial-temporal changes of vegetation restoration on Loess Plateau in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region. Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(7):960-970. ]
19	赵安周, 刘宪锋, 朱秀芳 , 等. 2016. 2000—2014年黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因[J]. 中国环境科学, 36(5):1568-1578.
	[ Zhao A Z, Liu X F, Zhu X F , et al. 2016. Spatiotemporal analyses and associated driving forces of vegetation coverage change in the Loess Plateau. China Environmental Science, 36(5):1568-1578. ]
4	李仕冀, 李秀彬, 谈明洪 . 2015. 乡村人口迁出对生态脆弱地区植被覆被的影响: 以内蒙古自治区为例[J]. 地理学报, 70(10):1622-1631.
	[ Li S Y, Li X B, Tan M H . 2015. Impacts of rural-urban migration on vegetation cover in ecologically fragile areas: Taking Inner Mongolia as a case. Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(10):1622-1631. ]
20	赵安周, 张安兵, 刘海新 , 等. 2017. 退耕还林(草)工程实施前后黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 32(3):449-460.
	[ Zhao A Z, Zhang A B, Liu H X , et al. 2017. Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage before and after implementation of Grain for Green Project in the Loess Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 32(3):449-460. ]
5	刘宪锋, 潘耀忠, 朱秀芳 , 等. 2015. 2000—2014年秦巴山区植被覆盖时空变化特征及其归因[J]. 地理学报, 70(5):705-716.
	[ Liu X F, Pan Y Z, Zhu X F , et al. 2015. Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage in Qinling-Daba Mountains in relation to environmental factors. Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(5):705-716. ]
6	刘宪锋, 任志远, 林志慧 , 等. 2013. 2000—2011年三江源区植被覆盖时空变化特征[J]. 地理学报, 68(7):897-908.
	[ Liu X F, Ren Z Y, Lin Z H , et al. 2013. The spatial-temporal changes of vegetation coverage in the Three-River Headwater region in recent 12 years. Acta Geographica Sinica, 68(7):897-908. ]
21	赵杰, 杜自强, 武志涛 , 等. 2018. 中国温带昼夜增温的季节性变化及其对植被动态的影响[J]. 地理学报, 73(3):395-404.
	[ Zhao J, Du Z Q, Wu Z T , et al. 2018. Seasonal variations of day- and nighttime warming and their effects on vegetation dynamics in China's temperate zone. Acta Geographica Sinica, 73(3):395-404. ]
7	刘宪锋, 杨勇, 任志远 , 等. 2013. 2000—2009年黄土高原地区植被覆盖度时空变化[J]. 中国沙漠, 33(4):1244-1249. doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2013.00175
	[ Liu X F, Yang Y, Ren Z Y , et al. 2013. Changes of vegetation coverage in the Loess Plateau in 2000-2009. Journal of Desert Research, 33(4):1244-1249. ] doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2013.00175
22	赵卓文, 张连蓬, 李行 , 等. 2017. 基于MOD13Q1数据的宁夏生长季植被动态监测[J]. 地理科学进展, 36(6):741-752.
	[ Zhao Z W, Zhang L P, Li X , et al. 2017. Monitoring vegetation dynamics during the growing season in Ningxia based on MOD13Q1 data. Progress in Geography, 36(6):741-752. ]
8	龙岳红, 秦建新, 贺新光 , 等. 2015. 洞庭湖流域植被动态变化的小波多分辨率分析[J]. 地理学报, 70(9):1491-1502.
	[ Long Y H, Qin J X, He X G , et al. 2015. Wavelet multi-resolution analysis of vegetation dynamic change in Dongting Lake Basin. Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(9):1491-1502. ]
23	周伟, 刚成诚, 李建龙 , 等. 2014. 1982—2010年中国草地覆盖度的时空动态及其对气候变化的响应[J]. 地理学报, 69(1):15-30.
	[ Zhou W, Gang C C, Li J L , et al. 2014. Spatial-temporal dynamics of grassland coverage and its response to climate change in China during 1982-2010. Acta Geographica Sinica, 69(1):15-30. ]
9	徐兴奎, 陈红, 张凤 . 2007. 中国西北地区地表植被覆盖特征的时空变化及影响因子分析[J]. 环境科学, 28(1):41-47.
	[ Xu X K, Chen H, Zhang F . 2007. Temporal and spatial change of vegetation cover in the northwest of China and factors analysis influencing on vegetations variation. Environmental Science, 28(1):41-47. ]
10	易浪, 任志远, 张翀 , 等. 2014. 黄土高原植被覆盖变化与气候和人类活动的关系[J]. 资源科学, 36(1):166-174.
	[ Yi L, Ren Z Y, Zhang C , et al. 2014. Vegetation cover, climate and human activities on the Loess Plateau. Resources Science, 36(1):166-174. ]
24	Farshad F, Zohreh D, Hadi B M , et al. 2016. Trends in hydrological and climatic variables affected by four variations of the Mann-Kendall approach in Urmia Lake Basin, Iran[J]. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 61(5):892-904.
25	Gocic M, Trajkovic S . 2013. Analysis of changes in meteorological variables using Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope estimator statistical tests in Serbia[J]. Global and Planetary Change, 100(1):172-182.
11	袁丽华, 蒋卫国, 申文明 , 等. 2013. 2000—2010年黄河流域植被覆盖的时空变化[J]. 生态学报, 33(24):7798-7806. doi: 10.5846/stxb201305281212
	[ Yuan L H, Jiang W G, Shen W M , et al. 2013. The spatio-temporal variations of vegetation cover in the Yellow River Basin from 2000 to 2010. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33(24):7798-7806. ] doi: 10.5846/stxb201305281212
26	Holben B N . 1986. Characteristics of maximum-value composite images from temporal AVHRR data[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 7(11):1417-1434.
27	Hurst H E . 1951. Long-term storage capacity of reservoirs[J]. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 116:770-799.
12	张宝庆, 吴普特, 赵西宁 . 2011. 近30a黄土高原植被覆盖时空演变监测与分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 27(4):287-293. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.04.051
	[ Zhang B Q, Wu P T, Zhao X N . 2011. Detecting and analysis of spatial and temporal variation of vegetation cover in the Loess Plateau during 1982-2009. Transactions of the CSAE, 27(4):287-293. ] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2011.04.051
13	张春森, 胡艳, 史晓亮 . 2016. 基于AVHRR和MODIS NDVI数据的黄土高原植被覆盖时空演变分析[J]. 应用科学学报, 34(6):702-712. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0255-8297.2016.06.006
	[ Zhang C S, Hu Y, Shi X L . 2016. Analysis of spatial-temporal evolution of vegetation cover in Loess Plateau in recent 33 years based on AVHRR NDVI and MODIS NDVI. Journal of Applied Sciences, 34(6):702-712. ] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0255-8297.2016.06.006
28	Kendall M G . 1975. Rank correlation methods[M]. London, UK: Griffin.
29	Liu Y T, Xu G L, Li P , et al. 2017. Study on runoff uniformity and variation in the upper reaches of Huaihe River Basin[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 24(5):99-104.
14	张戈丽, 徐兴良, 周才平 , 等. 2011. 近30年来呼伦贝尔地区草地植被变化对气候变化的响应[J]. 地理学报, 66(1):47-58.
	[ Zhang G L, Xu X L, Zhou C P , et al. 2011. Responses of vegetation changes to climatic variations in Hulun Buir grassland in past 30 years. Acta Geographica Sinica, 66(1):47-58. ]
30	Mann H B . 1945. Nonparametric tests against trend[J]. Econometrica, 13(3):245-259.
31	Piao S L, Wang X H, Ciais P , et al. 2011. Changes in satellite-derived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006[J]. Global Change Biology, 17(10):3228-3239.
32	Sen P K . 1968. Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's Tau[J]. Publications of the American Statistical Association, 63:1379-1389.
33	Sun W Y, Song X Y, Mu X. M , et al. 2015. Spatiotemporal vegetation cover variations associated with climate change and ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau[J]. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 209:87-99.
34	Zamani R, Mirabbasi R, Abdollahi S , et al. 2017. Streamflow trend analysis by considering autocorrelation structure, long-term persistence, and Hurst coefficient in a semi-arid region of Iran[J]. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 129(1-2):33-45.

变化趋势	面积百分比
变化趋势	NDVI_ymax	NDVI_gsmean	重合面积
极显著增加	49.86	66.99	47.03
极显著减少	0.66	0.42	0.27
显著增加	14.01	11.17	2.20
显著减少	0.57	0.34	0.08
不显著增加	29.55	18.06	12.66
不显著减少	5.35	3.02	1.59

变化趋势	NDVI_ymax						NDVI_gsmean
变化趋势	耕地	森林	草地	灌木地	湿地	裸地	耕地	森林	草地	灌木地	湿地	裸地
极显著减少	1.06	0.06	0.11	0.12	2.78	0.04	0.57	0.05	0.09	0.19	3.01	0.03
显著减少	0.93	0.08	0.15	0.22	2.87	0.06	0.51	0.05	0.10	0.13	2.45	0.04
不显著减少	6.70	1.34	4.37	6.53	20.25	3.41	4.13	0.62	1.90	3.26	15.69	1.48
不显著增加	28.45	13.33	35.71	45.29	34.58	37.05	16.21	8.39	21.74	28.31	30.52	25.73
显著增加	14.99	12.17	14.21	14.55	12.62	12.40	11.15	8.28	12.27	16.20	11.18	11.05
极显著增加	47.87	73.02	45.45	33.29	26.89	47.03	67.43	82.60	63.89	51.91	37.14	61.68

变异系数	NDVI_ymax							NDVI_gsmean
变异系数	整体	耕地	森林	草地	灌木地	湿地	裸地	整体	耕地	森林	草地	灌木地	湿地	裸地
0~0.05	13.69	4.82	55.91	7.35	1.82	6.48	2.25	8.65	3.15	32.32	5.20	1.07	1.86	5.99
0.05~0.10	20.12	26.05	28.90	11.48	4.53	16.27	9.05	26.45	30.02	46.98	14.40	7.77	21.16	18.98
0.10~0.15	22.83	29.60	10.52	21.19	19.45	17.67	18.21	28.21	33.03	14.21	28.71	33.00	21.39	30.81
0.15~0.20	22.53	24.05	3.87	28.90	33.09	17.51	22.86	24.55	23.01	5.02	34.60	38.56	15.84	27.57
0.22~0.25	13.05	11.12	0.69	19.36	24.68	12.72	21.04	9.83	8.96	1.26	14.35	14.82	8.56	12.19
0.25~0.30	5.08	2.88	0.08	8.24	9.65	7.65	15.18	1.54	1.22	0.16	2.17	3.35	4.99	2.85
0.30~1.00	2.68	1.48	0.04	3.48	6.78	21.67	11.41	0.74	0.60	0.03	0.56	1.37	24.25	1.57
>1.00	0.02	0	0	0	0	0.02	0	0.03	0.01	0	0.01	0.02	1.46	0.03

趋势稳定性	NDVI_ymax							NDVI_gsmean
趋势稳定性	整体	耕地	森林	草地	灌木地	湿地	裸地	整体	耕地	森林	草地	灌木地	湿地	裸地
稳定-增加	52.35	53.49	93.98	37.94	24.74	26.79	28.58	60.45	61.82	92.90	46.85	40.62	36.35	54.86
不稳定-增加	41.11	37.82	4.53	57.43	68.39	47.31	67.92	35.77	32.97	6.38	51.05	55.79	42.50	43.59
不稳定-减少	2.26	1.71	0.14	2.55	5.81	12.27	2.57	0.90	0.83	0.11	0.64	2.37	12.60	0.63
稳定-减少	4.28	6.98	1.35	2.08	1.06	13.63	0.94	2.87	4.38	0.61	1.46	1.22	8.55	0.92

Hurst指数	所占面积
Hurst指数	NDVI_ymax	NDVI_gsmean	重合面积
0<Hurst<0.3	1.900	1.330	0.098
0.3≤Hurst<0.5	56.971	48.561	33.449
Hurst=0.5	0	0	0
0.5<Hurst<0.7	39.116	47.075	23.460
0.7≤Hurst<0.9	2.006	3.020	0.532
0.9≤Hurst<1	0.007	0.014	0.001

2000—2016年黄土高原不同土地覆盖类型植被NDVI时空变化

Spatiotemporal variations of NDVI of different land cover types on the Loess Plateau from 2000 to 2016

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 13

参考文献 34

相关文章 15

Metrics

本文评价

推荐阅读 0

[1]	孙艺杰, 刘宪锋, 任志远, 段艺芳. 1960—2016年黄土高原干旱和热浪时空变化特征[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(4): 591-601.
[2]	吕敏娟, 曹小曙. 1980—2016年黄土高原地区人口和可达性异速标度分析[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(11): 1884-1897.
[3]	周玉科. 青藏高原植被NDVI对气候因子响应的格兰杰效应分析[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(5): 718-730.
[4]	杨晴青, 杨新军, 高岩辉. 1980年以来黄土高原半干旱区乡村人居环境系统脆弱性时序演变——以陕西省佳县为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(5): 756-771.
[5]	刘梁美子, 占车生, 胡实, 张琦. 黔桂喀斯特山区年NDVI变化的影响因素研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(11): 1783-1792.
[6]	江颖慧, 焦利民, 张博恩. 城市地表温度与NDVI空间相关性的尺度效应[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(10): 1362-1370.
[7]	王子玉, 许端阳, 杨华, 丁雪, 李达净. 1981-2010年气候变化和人类活动对内蒙古地区植被动态影响的定量研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(8): 1025-1032.
[8]	赵卓文, 张连蓬, 李行, 王永香, 王胜利. 基于MOD13Q1数据的宁夏生长季植被动态监测[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(6): 741-752.
[9]	石育中, 王俊, 王子侨, 鲁大铭, 杨新军. 农户尺度的黄土高原乡村干旱脆弱性及适应机理[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(10): 1281-1293.
[10]	李元征, 尹科, 周宏轩, 王晓琳, 胡聃. 基于遥感监测的城市热岛研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 2016, 35(9): 1062-1074.
[11]	宋军伟, 张友静, 李鑫川, 杨文治. 基于GF-1与Landsat-8影像的土地覆盖分类比较[J]. 地理科学进展, 2016, 35(2): 255-263.
[12]	丁婧祎, 赵文武, 王军, 房学宁. 降水和植被变化对径流影响的尺度效应——以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(8): 1039-1051.
[13]	褚琳, 黄翀, 刘高焕, 刘庆生. 2000-2010年黄河源玛曲高寒湿地生态格局变化[J]. 地理科学进展, 2014, 33(3): 326-335.
[14]	仝迟鸣, 周成虎, 程维明, 张文杰, 王娇, 刘海江. 基于DEM的黄土塬形态特征分析及发育阶段划分[J]. 地理科学进展, 2014, 33(1): 42-49.
[15]	吴健生, 陈莎, 彭建. 基于图像阈值法的森林雪灾损失遥感估测——以云南省为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2013, 32(6): 913-923.

变化趋势	NDVI_ymax						NDVI_gsmean
变化趋势	耕地	森林	草地	灌木地	湿地	裸地	耕地	森林	草地	灌木地	湿地	裸地
持续性增加	37.20	41.21	37.84	47.05	35.37	38.81	47.88	42.13	50.19	60.49	45.58	50.37
持续性减少	4.61	0.74	1.76	3.94	15.22	1.18	3.33	0.50	1.12	2.84	15.44	0.63
反持续性增加	54.11	57.30	57.52	46.07	38.73	57.68	46.91	57.15	47.70	35.93	33.27	48.08
反持续性减少	4.08	0.75	2.88	2.94	10.68	2.33	1.88	0.22	0.97	0.74	5.71	0.92