食物系统认知进展及其地理学研究范式探讨

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.07.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

食物关系国计民生,中国食物系统面临诸多挑战,耕地资源趋减、环境压力临界、农业劳动力流失、消费需求快速转型等对食物系统功能提出更高要求,地理学的综合性和系统性思维为应对这些问题提供了有效的工具和视角。尽管食物系统得到世界银行、联合国粮农组织以及其他国际各方的高度关注,但目前国内对食物系统的研究却严重不足。论文对食物系统的认知进展进行了深入分析,归纳了食物系统的概念认知历程、类型、特征,梳理出食物系统的研究脉络,包括从“概念”存在到“方法”存在、从线性认知到系统认知、从经济活动到食物景观、从现象描述到时空嵌入等,以此凝练出食物系统的核心内涵与认知进展;在科学哲学范式、人地关系范式、空间范式和系统科学范式指导下,论文遵从“格局—结构—过程—机理”由表及里的研究脉络,进一步探讨了食物系统的时空格局、要素结构、演化过程和发展机理,尝试构建了食物系统的地理学研究范式,研究结论旨在为推动食物系统视角基础研究和实践应用提供参考和借鉴。

关键词: 食物系统, 资源环境, 认知进展, 地理学范式

Abstract:

Food is related to the national economy and people's livelihood. China's food system is facing many challenges. The reduction of cultivated land resources, criticality of environmental pressures, loss of agricultural workforce, and rapid transformation of consumer demand have placed higher demands on food system functions. At the present in China, food system research is insufficient and the research content is fragmented, which cannot meet the needs and challenges of the society today. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the evolving concept of food system, summarizing the conceptual issues and types and characteristics of food systems. It then examines the progress of food system research, which evolved from concepts to methods, from a linear to a systematic recognition of the concept, from economic activities to food landscapes, from phenomenon descriptions to spatiotemporal analysis, among others, to consolidate the core connotation of the food system. Under the guidance of the human-environmental relationship paradigm, the spatial paradigm, the philosophy of science paradigms, and the systematic science paradigm, and following the path of "pattern-structure-process-mechanism," the spatial and temporal patterns, factor structure, evolution process, and development mechanism of food systems are further explored. The aim of this study is to construct a geographical paradigm of food system research. It intends to provide some references for promoting basic research and practical applications of a food system perspective.

Key words: food system, resource and environment, cognitive progress, geographical paradigm

郭华, 王灵恩, 马恩朴. 食物系统认知进展及其地理学研究范式探讨[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(7): 1034-1044.

Hua GUO, Ling'en WANG, Enpu MA. The evolving concept of food system and a geographical paradigm of research[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019, 38(7): 1034-1044.

图/表 6

表1

食物系统概念的演化"

提出者	研究视角	概念	特征
Marion(1986)	农业经济	在其著作“the organization and performance of the U. S. food system”中正式提出食物系统这一概念,将其定义为“农业与下游经济主体之间的各种关系的总和”	强调系统中不同主体及其相互关系
Traill (1989)	农业经济	拓宽了概念的内涵,把参与食物的生产、加工与流通以及为其提供原料和设备的组织或个人都包含在食物系统之中,并且指出“技术要素使食物系统中各种关系越来越复杂”	强调系统中的组织、人和技术
高桥正郎(1999) 张秋柳等(2010)	农业经济	食物系统是“农林水产业、农业相关产业、加工制造业、批发业、零售业、餐饮业和消费联合构成的一个相互作用、相互影响的系统,还包括各种制度、政策和技术革新在内”	强调系统中的产业门类和与之对应的制度等
Sobal等(1998) (美国康奈尔大学)	系统论	倾向于用食物和营养系统(FSN)来取代食物系统的概念,包括将原料转化为食物,并将营养物质转化为健康结果的一系列操作和过程	强调营养在系统中的流动和作用
Angela等(2011)	产业经济	食物系统由生产子系统、加工子系统、分配子系统、消费子系统以及废弃物处理5部分构成,涉及到多个复杂利益主体,各子部分相互作用,并对经济、环境、健康和社会产生影响	强调食物子系统及其相互作用
Ingram (2011) (牛津大学)	全球气候变化	将食物系统描述为一组活动(如食物生产、供应、管理等)和这些活动的结果（如食物供应、人口健康、环境可持续等）,活动和结果之间存在复杂的相互作用的反馈回路	将食物系统表述为一组关联的活动和结果
HLPE(2014) (粮农组织)	系统论	食物系统涵盖了所有要素(环境、人口、输入、过程、基础设施、组织机构等)和活动(生产、加工、分配、消费活动),以及这些活动所产生的社会经济和环境效应	描述性概念,“要素-活动-效应”
Moscatelli等(2016) (意大利国家研究中心)	可持续发展	食物系统是那些引导食物生产和消费及其两者相互关系的不同要素和活动的总和,同时食物系统是各种系统(能源、运输、土地、生产等)相互作用的界面	食物系统作为一种方法,解决资源环境和社会经济可持续发展问题

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食物系统环节	传统食物系统	混合食物系统	现代食物系统
生产	小生产者进行生产,大多数食物仅当地/当季可得	食物由当地小农场以及遥远的大农场进行生产;非应季食物也可以生产	食物工业化生产过程,食物随时随地全球生产
存储和分配	缺乏交通设施运送分配食物、储藏设施匮乏(冷藏装备),导致食物损耗和浪费严重	道路和存储及冷藏设施得到提升,然而分配并不均匀,特别是对弱势群体	现代道路及存储设施普及,冷链运输普及,食物可以长距离运输和长时间存储
加工和包装	以初级加工为主,例如水果烘干、面粉,包装产品较少	深加工产品出现,并且逐渐盛行,延长食物保质期	加工和包装产品盛行,价格便宜,食用方便,但不健康
零售和市场	在外餐饮较少,食物零售多样性和密度较低,对非正式市场(informal market)和传统市场严重依赖	在外餐饮越来越多,包括街头小吃和快餐依赖非正式和正式市场以及街角商店	在外餐饮越来越多,有多样性和高密度的食物系统入口点,如外卖、超市、快餐店和餐厅等

概念	学者代表	核心观点
食物链 (线性论)	Marion(1986)	将食物从生产到消费的一系列有序和线性的阶段视为食物流,可以使用标准单位,来衡量物质或能量在整个食物系统的流动
食物循环 (循环理论)	Kim等(1993)	考虑反馈回路的影响,关注进入和离开食物系统不同层次的水循环、废弃物循环
食物网 (网络模型)	Senauer等(1991)	反映食物系统运行中不同节点、不同行动者之间多种多样的且不断发生变化的关系
食物环境模型 (系统模型)	Ericksen(2010)	考虑外部影响和约束,关注食物系统与环境的关系,环境包括物理和社会环境以及存在于这些环境中的其他系统

研究范式	关键科学问题	研究方法和理论
科学哲学范式	食物系统的过程和格局、结构与要素、食物安全感知与想象,等等	层次分析法、特尔菲法、利益相关者理论
人地关系范式	自然生态系统和社会经济系统相互作用、食物系统可持续发展、全球气候变化对食物系统影响机制、资源环境承载能力,等等	自组织理论、演化经济学、食物足迹、食物域理论
空间范式	空间耦合、空间过程和空间格局、食物系统规划、空间优化策略,等等	GIS、“点轴面”理论、主体功能区、空间生产理论
系统科学范式	系统演化动力机制、食物系统复杂性、多尺度和多层次性叠加,等等	系统动力学、协同学、耗散结构等理论