中国海外港口投资格局的空间演化及其机理

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.07.003

地理科学进展 ›› 2019, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (7): 973-987.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.07.003

中国海外港口投资格局的空间演化及其机理

陈沛然^1,^2,³(), 王成金^1,^2,^*(), 刘卫东^1,²

1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
2. 中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100049
3. 北京师范大学地理学与遥感科学学院,北京 100875

收稿日期:2019-01-10 修回日期:2019-04-18 出版日期:2019-07-28 发布日期:2019-07-28
通讯作者: 王成金 E-mail:314214107@qq.com;cjwang@igsnrr.ac.cn
作者简介:
陈沛然(1991— ),男,山西忻州人,博士生,主要从事交通地理与区域发展研究。E-mail: 314214107@qq.com
基金资助:
中国科学院战略性先导项目(XDA20010101);中国科学院重点部署项目(ZDRW-ZS-2017-4);国家自然科学基金项目(41571113)

Spatial change of China’s investment pattern for overseas ports and its mechanism

Peiran CHEN^1,^2,³(), Chengjin WANG^1,^2,^*(), Weidong LIU^1,²

1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

Received:2019-01-10 Revised:2019-04-18 Online:2019-07-28 Published:2019-07-28
Contact: Chengjin WANG E-mail:314214107@qq.com;cjwang@igsnrr.ac.cn
Supported by:
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. XDA20010101;Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. ZDRW-ZS-2017-4;National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 41571113.

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

伴随着2000年“走出去”写入国家战略和2013年“一带一路”合作倡议提出,中国正在不断加快海外港口投资的步伐。论文构建了中国企业海外港口投资案例的数据库,分析了1978年至今中国海外港口投资格局在全球范围的空间演化过程,并从地域结构、参与主体、股权变化等多个方面阐明了中国企业进入海外港口的特征与路径,总结了企业进入海外港口的主要模式,进一步探索了进入模式之间的内在关系,最后基于为什么“走出去”、为什么在这里布局、为什么选择这种模式3个递进的过程探讨了中国海外港口投资的发展机理。研究表明：中国海外港口投资的空间格局经历了零星分布、就近布局、全球扩散、局部集聚和总体稳定5个发展阶段,总体上集中布局于西北欧和地中海航区,投资主体包括大型航运企业、码头运营商和基建企业,海外港口投资的目标从参股转为控股。海外港口进入模式包括基础设施项目承建、港口经营权转让、港口股权收购和码头管理输出4种,进入模式具有交错演化的特点。中国企业进入海外港口的内在动因可以总结为国家经济发展环境、重大对外开放战略、全球航运格局和地理替代性和企业自身发展需求。

关键词: 海外港口投资, 空间格局演化, 股权变化, 进入模式, 中国

Abstract:

Along with the global strategy written into national strategy in 2000 and the Belt and Road Initiative proposed in 2013, China is accelerating the pace of investment for overseas ports. This study constructed a data base of examples of overseas ports investment by Chinese enterprises from 1978 to date, analyzed the spatial change of investment pattern on a global level, and clarified the features and pathway for Chinese enterprises entering overseas ports from the aspects of regional structure, participants, ownership change, and so on. It also examined the main entry patterns of overseas ports, internal relationship between different entry patterns, and correlation and shift between different patterns. Finally this article discussed the development mechanism of China's overseas port investment based on, in progression, why Chinese enterprises went global, why these enterprises invested where they did, and why these enterprises chose certain pattern. The results show that: The process of Chinese investment for overseas pworts can be divided into five development stages—before 2000, these overseas ports scarcely distributed in North Africa; from 2000 to 2008 China's investment for overseas ports tended to distribute in its surrounding areas; from 2009 to 2012 ports distribution turned to a global spread; from 2013 to 2016 overseas ports tended to concentrate as guided by the opening strategy; since 2007 ports distribution has remained overall stable. The changing process of distribution reflects three features: 1) Country distribution is dispersed, while these ports assemble significantly in Northwest European and Mediterranean at the navigation area scale. 2) The investors include large shipping enterprises, wharf operators, and infrastructure enterprises, among which the core enterprises for overseas ports' stock acquisition include China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company and China Merchants Steamship Company, and the core enterprise for overseas ports' infrastructure construction is China Harbour Engineering. 3) The number of overseas ports invested through stock acquisition began to increase rapidly since 2013 and as the investment process constantly deepening, overseas ports investment changed from equity participation to holding. Overseas ports entry patterns include infrastructure project construction, transfer of port managerial authority, acquisition of port's stock, and port management export. The influencing factors for overseas ports investment can be summarized as national economic development context, key opening-up strategy, global shipping pattern, spatial substitution, and enterprise self-development demand. Leading factors and their functions changed at different spatial scales and stages of development.

Key words: overseas port investment, spatial pattern and change, ownership change, entry pattern, China

陈沛然, 王成金, 刘卫东. 中国海外港口投资格局的空间演化及其机理[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(7): 973-987.

Peiran CHEN, Chengjin WANG, Weidong LIU. Spatial change of China’s investment pattern for overseas ports and its mechanism[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019, 38(7): 973-987.

图/表 8

图1

中资海外港口投资格局演化注：本图基于国家测绘地理信息局标准地图服务网站下载的审图号为GS(2016)1665号的标准地图制作,底图无修改。下同。1. 努瓦克肖特港;2. 苏丹港;3. 长滩港;4. 洛杉矶港;5. 安特卫普港;6. 西哈努克港;7. 塞得港;8. 头顿港;9. 西雅图港;10. 比雷埃夫斯港;11. 巴塔港;12. 蒙巴萨港;13. 庭堪港;14. 罗津港;15. 先锋港;16. 莱城港;17. 清津港;18. 端川港;19. 舒艾巴港;20. 巴尔博亚港;21. 达曼港;22. 切佩尔港;23. 莱梅港;24. 科纳克里自治港;25. 吉布提港;26. 关丹港;27. 休斯顿港;28. 迈阿密港;29. 蒙托伊尔港;30. 勒阿弗尔港;31. 敦刻尔克港;32. 丹吉尔港;33. 卡萨布兰卡港;34. 福斯港;35. 马尔萨什洛克港;36. 阿比让港;37. 巴加莫约港;38. 科伦坡港;39. 阿什杜德港;40. 洛美港;41. 里加港;42. 纽卡斯尔港;43. 多哈雷港;44. 亚丁港;45. 北阿巴科岛新建港;46. 扎鲁比诺港;47. 昆波特港;48. 釜山港;49. 海法港;50. 皎漂港;51. 达尔文港;52. 吉大港;53. 马普托港;54. 马塔迪港;55. 圣多美港;56. 卡西姆港;57. 鹿特丹港;58. 阿布扎比哈里发港;59. 瓦多港;60. 瓜达尔港;61. 格什姆岛港;62. 恰巴哈尔港;63. 占碑钢铁工业园综合性国际港;64. 皇京港;65. 新加坡港;66. 玛格丽特岛港;67. 墨尔本港;68. 达卡港;69. 舍尔沙勒港;70. 特马港;71. 黑角新港;72. 巴生港;73. 莫尔斯比港;74. 吉赞经济城港;75. 达沃港;76. 马尔代夫港;77. 泽布吕赫港;78. 毕尔巴鄂港;79. 巴伦西亚港;80. 汉班托特港;81. 丹戎不碌港;82. 温哥华港;83. 纽约港;84. 高雄港;85. 达累斯萨拉姆港;86. 马萨瓦港;87. 塔马塔夫港;88. 克里比港;89. 罗安达港;90. 南方港;91. 波索尔哈港;92. 马赛港;93. 汉堡港;94. 巴拉那瓜港;95. 塔曼港;96. 捷姆留克港;97. 新罗西斯克港;98. 莱基港;99. 克莱佩达港;100. 希尔克内斯港;101. 元山港;102. 悉尼港"

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

表1

图6

图7

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全球航区	入股港口数量	平均股权占比/%
西北欧	8	57.0
地中海	7	53.4
北美东岸	4	74.5
非洲西岸	3	48.5
非洲东岸	2	21.8
北美西岸	2	56.7
南亚	2	80.0
东南亚	2	44.5
东亚	1	54.5
南美东岸	1	90.0
澳新	1	20.0

中国海外港口投资格局的空间演化及其机理

Spatial change of China’s investment pattern for overseas ports and its mechanism

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