消费端视角的中国大城市新建绅士化现象——以北京宣武门ZS小区为例

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2019.04.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

绅士化是一个基于社会阶层向上变化与演替的社会空间重构过程,以城市拆除建新为主要形式的新建绅士化是中国各大城市最主要的绅士化模式。当前对新建绅士化的研究大多从政府主导的生产端进行解析,而基于居民行为动机的消费端解析则相对较少。因此,论文以北京市宣武门新建绅士化为例,从消费端出发,分析居民的住房选择和社会空间效应,以期更好地理解中国绅士化及城市更新的多元动力和影响机制。研究发现,新建绅士化在中西方存在较大差异,这主要源于中国城市的发展背景、特殊的土地制度以及特定的社会文化环境。在绅士化群体特征方面,中国新建绅士化在社会经济特征上虽然与西方基本趋同,但在年龄和家庭结构上呈现多样化和复杂化;在住房选择上,中国绅士化群体的住房选择比较务实,都集中在追求生活便利、子女教育、改善居住环境等,这与西方追求文化要素的结果有很大不同。在社会空间效应方面,低收入阶层的原住居民在绅士化过程中被置换与动迁,虽然住房条件得到一定改善,但动迁使原住居民在日常生活和情感等方面都遭受了负面影响。文章最后呼吁,深入探讨和研究中国绅士化“本土”理论框架的建立是今后应该重点关注的主要课题。

关键词: 新建绅士化, 绅士化群体, 住房选择, 社会空间效应, 北京

Abstract:

As a process of social and spatial change, gentrification results from class upgrading and transformation. New-build gentrification, characterized by demolition and subsequent residential development involving direct or indirect residential displacement and landscape change, has become the main type of gentrification in contemporary urban China. Academic literature on Chinese city cases has studied this issue from the perspective of supply, which stresses the leading role of state power, while the demand side has seldom been researched in China. Therefore, this study examined the process of new-build gentrification in urban China from the perspective of the demand side. Empirical material was based on in-depth interviews and questionnaires sent to the inhabitants of the ZS neighborhood (a new-build gentrification area) in Xuanwumen, Beijing. In particular, the main questions in this study underline the housing choice of gentrifiers and the social and spatial effects on displaced local residents. According to the empirical research, the new-build gentrifiers highlight the importance of factors relating to proximity and accessibility to services and convenience of life, irrespective of their household type. Nuclear family gentrifiers stress the factor of children's education as well. However, gentrification has the opposite effect on the displaced residents. Through the investigation on the displaced residents who previously lived in the location of the case study site and now are relocated in the planned resettlement housing located in urban periphery, it is found that although their housing condition has been improved, gentrification brought serious negative effects to these local residents in terms of quality of life and emotional aspects.

Key words: new-build gentrification, gentrifiers, housing choice, social and spatial effects, Beijing

黄幸, 刘玉亭. 消费端视角的中国大城市新建绅士化现象——以北京宣武门ZS小区为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(4): 577-587.

Xing HUANG, Yuting LIU. Exploring new-build gentrification in urban China from the demand side: A case of the ZS neighborhood in Xuanwumen, Beijing[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2019, 38(4): 577-587.

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社会经济属性	绅士化群体/%	原住居民/%	北京市 /%
年龄
20~30岁	8.1	0	25.6
30~40岁	31.2	3.9	18.1
40~50岁	25.7	18.6	16.8
50~60岁	17.1	29.4	13.0
60~70岁	9.4	31.4	6.5
70岁及以上	8.5	16.6	6.1
家庭结构
无子女夫妇	7.3	0	—
夫妇+未成年子女	38.5	11.8	—
夫妇+未成年子女+父(母)	17.9	12.7	—
夫妇+成年子女	6.8	20.6	—
夫妇(与子女分居)	25.6	41.2	—
单身	0.9	0	—
单身+父(母)	1.3	3.9	—
单身丧偶	1.7	9.8	—
学历
研究生	25.2	0	3.7
大学本科	51.7	2.0	16.5
大、中专技术院校	13.7	6.9	16.5
高中	9.4	15.7	22.1
初中	0	37.3	32.7
小学	0	27.5	10.4
无	0	10.8	1.9
职业
机关及企、事业单位负责人	47.9	0	3.0
专业技术人员	23.9	4.9	20.4
办事人员	20.1	8.8	15.5
服务人员	8.1	26.5	33.8
普通工人	0	51.0	21.5
无业	0	8.8	7.9
合计	100(234人)	100(204人)

动机要素	无子女夫妇类/%	核心家庭类/%	中老年夫妇类/%
空间类要素
接近工作单位	52.9	81.8	34.2
附近生活设施便利	70.6	92.4	100.0
接近大型购物商场	88.2	40.9	42.1
邻近市中心	58.8	56.1	63.2
便利的公共交通设施	100.0	93.9	94.7
利于步行或骑车	52.9	51.5	57.9
利于汽车的进出和停放	47.1	83.3	39.5
邻近医院	11.8	36.4	97.4
文化类要素
附近有文化设施(电影院、剧院等)	47.1	0.0	2.6
附近有休闲设施(酒吧、咖啡馆、 KTV等)	64.7	24.2	28.9
接近或属于历史文化街区	47.1	4.5	10.5
邻近好的小学或中学	29.4	98.5	0.0
便于子女的课外活动	0.0	77.3	0.0
邻近公园	0.0	12.1	26.3
小区自身属性要素
小区外观设计	35.3	43.9	26.3
房屋户型	47.1	66.7	71.1
小区内绿化	52.9	84.8	97.4
小区内的休闲设施(泳池、健身房等)	35.3	37.9	50.0
小区物业管理	52.9	60.6	60.5
小区治安	100.0	93.9	97.4
具有相同阶层和社会地位的邻居	88.2	63.6	76.3
房屋的新旧程度	11.8	42.4	81.6
安静的环境	23.5	36.4	52.6
房屋的朝向	47.1	53.0	55.3
窗外风景	11.8	10.6	2.6
房价或租金	76.5	33.3	18.4
小区开发商的名气	0.0	12.1	7.9
接近朋友或亲戚	23.5	10.6	21.1

	西方	中国
绅士化群体特征	家庭或青年绅士化群体为主,遵循生命历程轨迹	青年夫妇、核心家庭、中老年夫妇等多样化类型
后续社会影响	会出现失去住房、无家可归的局面,较难再次找寻到被动迁的原居民	具有安置房形式的补偿,虽然在日常生活和感情上遭受了负面影响,但住房条件在一定程度上有所改善
发展历程	出现在绅士化发展的第三次浪潮中,新自由主义背景下,非主流绅士化现象	出现在绅士化发展初期,市场改革及社会转型等特殊背景下,主流绅士化现象