基于“功能节点—关键廊道”的城市生态安全格局构建——以深圳市为例

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.12.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市生态安全格局构建是综合协调生态保护与经济发展的重要举措,对于合理配置有限的生态资源并最大限度发挥其生态作用具有重要意义。本文以深圳市为例,在生态功能节点识别的基础上,结合景观的生态系统服务价值,根据耗费距离模型,生成生态功能耗费表面,并进行最短路径网络分析,在此基础上提取核心斑块、关键生态廊道。结果表明：各景观类型的生态阻力值,林地阻力最小,且远小于其他景观类型生态阻力值;生态功能耗费梯度表面的分布呈现围绕生态功能节点向周围辐散递减的趋势,东部地区较西部西南部建成区低;核心斑块的大小和形状均存在不同程度的差异,较大的斑块集中分布在东部地区,且对应的节点级别较高;所识别的关键廊道共有4条,空间位置大体上落在基本生态控制线内,羊台山向塘朗山的廊道外缘与基本生态控制线存在冲突,需要对该区域加以管控。建议一方面适时调整生态控制线范围并将冲突部分纳入生态控制线之内,另一方面对该地区进行必要的监管和保护,防止受到进一步破坏。

关键词: 城市生态安全格局, 耗费距离模型, 功能网络, 关键生态廊道, 深圳

Abstract:

Improving urban ecological security pattern is an important measure to coordinate ecological protection and economic development and is of great significance for rational allocation of ecological resources and maximization of ecological effects. Taking Shenzhen City as the case study area, this study first identified the ecological function nodes, then the ecological function cost surface was generated according to the cost distance model and a shortest path network analysis was carried out. Finally, key patches and key ecological corridors were extracted. The results are as follows: (1) According to the calculated ecological resistance values of each landscape type, the resistance of forest is the smallest, and it is much smaller than the ecological resistance values of other landscape types. Therefore, forest is of great significance to the ecological security of the study area. (2) Ecological function cost gradient surface in Shenzhen City diverges around a key ecological function node, and the eastern region is lower than the western region. (3) The area and shape of the key patches are different, the large patches are mainly distributed in the eastern part, and the corresponding node levels are high. (4) Four key ecological corridors can be identified, and their locations are mostly within the basic ecological control line. But some parts of them do not fall within the basic ecological control line, therefore strict control is needed in these areas. (5) Core patches and key corridors are basically within the ecological control line, indicating that the ecological security of Shenzhen City is overall controllable. (6) Given that outer edges of some core patches and key corridors fall outside the ecological control line and are highly likely to withstand the risk of human interference, it is recommended that on the one hand, the scope of the ecological control line should be adjusted and the conflict parts should be included within the ecological control line. On the other hand, necessary supervision and protection should be carried out to prevent damage.

Key words: urban ecological security pattern, least-cost distance model, function network, key ecological corridor, Shenzhen

吴健生, 马洪坤, 彭建. 基于“功能节点—关键廊道”的城市生态安全格局构建——以深圳市为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(12): 1663-1671.

Jiansheng WU, Hongkun MA, Jian PENG. Improving urban ecological security pattern based on functional nodes-key corridors: A case study of Shenzhen City[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 37(12): 1663-1671.

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数据名称	用途	来源及说明
深圳市土地利用数据	景观类型划分,核心斑块与关键廊道的提取	2008年,ARC/INFO格式,深圳市规划和国土资源委员会,（www.szpl.gov.cn）
深圳市DEM数据	生态功能节点、核心斑块与关键廊道的提取	2009年,分辨率30 m,地理空间数据云（www.gscloud.cn）
深圳市基本生态控制线数据	风险区识别	2005年,ARC/INFO格式,深圳市规划和国土资源委员会,（www.szpl.gov.cn）

景观类型	生态系统服务价值E/(万元/(a·hm²))	斑块面积指数 CA/hm²	最大斑块指数LPI/%	景观形状指数LSI	平均邻近指数MPI	平均最近距离MNN/m
正负性	-	-	-	+	-	-
园地	104	26450.37	0.89	28.92	493.12	112.36
耕地	35	4260.15	0.08	10.36	38.00	212.94
草地	39	4396.86	0.09	11.49	28.12	163.03
林地	174	58622.13	7.35	29.60	8789.51	141.76
水域	13	17219.25	1.87	22.43	331.54	103.33
w_j	0.128	0.146	0.244	0.069	0.358	0.055

景观类型	生态系统服务价值E	斑块面积指数 CA	最大斑块指数 LPI	景观形状指数 LSI	平均邻近指数 MPI	平均最近距离 MMN
园地	43.23	59.18	88.86	96.47	94.69	8.24
耕地	86.45	100.00	100.00	0.00	99.89	100.00
草地	83.67	99.75	99.86	5.87	100.00	54.47
林地	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00	0.00	35.06
水域	100.00	76.16	75.38	62.73	96.54	0.00

一级向二级	直线距离/km	实际距离/km	变形系数
马峦山—黄竹坑	15.14	30.90	2.04
马峦山—羊台山	37.10	53.28	1.44
马峦山—西涌	26.02	30.89	1.19
马峦山—七娘山	31.42	36.86	1.17
马峦山—坝光	19.91	21.86	1.10
马峦山—梧桐山	12.14	13.27	1.09
总体	141.73	187.06	1.32

二级向三级	直线距离/km	实际距离/km	变形系数
羊台山—罗田	20.39	33.34	1.63
羊台山—凤凰山	11.94	17.64	1.48
羊台山—大南山	17.21	23.30	1.35
羊台山—光明	10.14	13.70	1.35
黄竹坑—坪地	7.79	10.32	1.32
羊台山—茜坑	8.14	10.60	1.30
羊台山—塘朗山	12.30	15.24	1.24
羊台山—铁仔山	9.58	11.39	1.19
羊台山—银湖	15.76	18.66	1.18
羊台山—鹰髻山	7.24	8.18	1.13
总体	120.50	162.36	1.35