农户行为视角下的乡村生产空间系统运行机制及重构启示

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.05.007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农户行为转变是乡村生产空间系统量变或从量变到质变的重要驱动力,乡村生产空间系统的运行实质上是农户行为作用的外在表现,厘清农户行为可为诠释乡村生产空间系统的运行机制提供平台。本文在剖析农户行为转变与乡村生产空间系统运行响应的理论框架基础上,从农户行为转变和乡村生产空间系统响应入手构建指标体系,建立模糊综合评价量化模型,并以重庆市江津区恒和村作为实证,诠释乡村生产空间系统运行机制。主要研究结论为：不同农户行为对乡村生产空间系统运行的影响程度各异,大体为生产大户>合作社农户>传统农户;不同农户行为对系统运行响应结果的作用差异明显,生产大户行为主要影响乡村生产空间的利用效率,合作社农户行为对提升生产空间系统经济效益作用明显,传统农户行为对生产空间系统环境改善的贡献作用最小。并从经济、社会、空间重构视角提出发展多种形式的适度规模化经营、培育新型农业经营主体和职业农民、合理引导农户技术和资本投入等建议,以实现乡村生产空间系统协调与均衡发展。

关键词: 农户行为, 乡村生产空间系统, 模糊综合评价模型, 运行机制, 恒和村, 重庆市

Abstract:

The change of farming household behaviors is an important driving force for quantitative change or from quantitative to qualitative change of rural production space system. The operation of rural production space system is the external manifestation of farming household behaviors. Examining farming household behaviors can provide some insights for the interpretation of the operational mechanism of rural production space system. Based on a theoretical framework of farming household behavior transformation and the operational response of rural production space system, this study constructed the index system and established a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model from the perspective of farming household behavior transformation, and took Henghe Village of Jiangjin District in Chongqing Municipality as an example to interpret the operational mechanism of rural production space system. The main conclusions are as follows: the behaviors of various farming households effected differently on the operation of rural production space system, among which large agricultural producers showed greater impact than joint agricultural cooperatives, which in turn had greater impact than the traditional households. The impacts of different farming household behaviors on rural production space system operation were different, among which the behaviors of large agricultural producers mainly affected the utilization efficiency of rural production space system; the behaviors of joint agricultural cooperatives clearly improved the economic benefits of rural production space system; and the contribution of traditional household behaviors to the improvement of rural production space system was minimal. This study put forward some suggestions from the perspective of economic, social, and spatial restructuring including developing a variety of moderately large-scale operations, fostering new agricultural management entities and professional farmers, and guiding the input behavior of technology and capital of farming households in order to realize the coordination and balanced development of rural production space system.

Key words: farming household behavior, rural production space system, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model, operational mechanism, Henghe Village, Chongqing Municipality

王成, 马小苏, 唐宁, 李颢颖, 周明茗, 何焱洲. 农户行为视角下的乡村生产空间系统运行机制及重构启示[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(5): 636-646.

Cheng WANG, Xiaosu MA, Ning TANG, Haoying LI, Mingming ZHOU, Yanzhou HE. Operational mechanism and restructuring of rural production space system from the perspective of farming household behavior[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 37(5): 636-646.

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目标层(A)	准则层(B)	指标层(C)	指标赋值说明
乡村生产空间系统运行	B₁空间利用效率	C₁土地经营规模	10亩以上=5,5~10亩(含)=4,3~5亩(含)=3,1~3亩(含)=2,1亩及以下=1
		C₂是否有扩大经营规模的意愿	是=2,否=1
		C₃耕地配置情况	全部耕种=5,部分耕种、部分转出=4,全部转出或部分转出、部分撂荒=3,部分耕种、部分撂荒=2,全部撂荒=1
		C₄农机械投入成本	高=5,较高=4,一般=3,较低=2,无投入=1
		C₅是否有技术指导或技术培训	是=2,否=1
		C₆家庭农业劳动力所占比重	高=5,较高=4,一般=3,较低=2,低=1
		C₇农户人均农作时长	10~12个月=5,7~9个月=4,半年=3,3~5个月=2,0~2个月=1
	B₂经济效益	C₈种植作物种类	经济作物=5,经济作物为主、大田作物为辅=4,大田作物为主、经济作物为辅=3,大田作物=2, 不种植农作物=1
		C₉农户年均农业纯收入	高=5,较高=4,一般=3,较低=2,低=1
		C₁₀农户务工年总收入	高=5,较高=4,一般=3,较低=2,低=1
		C₁₁家庭经济水平	上等水平=5,中等偏上=4,中等=3,中等偏下=2,低水平=1
	B₃环境效益	C₁₂农业生产中肥料使用类型	堆肥=4,人禽粪便=3,化肥=2,不施肥=1
		C₁₃农业生产中病虫害处理方式	生物技术防治=4,人工处理=3,喷洒农药=2,其他方式=1
		C₁₄农业生产中地膜处理方式	回收利用=3,焚烧=2,随意丢弃=1

农户类型	样本量	经营行为	生产行为	投入行为	从业行为
传统农户	142	土地闲置、撂荒或转包转租,剩余口粮田细碎化经营	以大田作物种植为主	农业生产中劳动力、土地、资本、技术等要素投入少	从事非农生产为主且兼业化行为普遍
生产大户	44	土地转入,适度规模化经营	大面积经济作物和大田作物种植	农业生产中劳动力投入强度大,生产技术、农机械等资本投入高	专业化的农业生产,逐渐向职业农民转变
合作社农户	64	土地折资入股,适度规模化经营	以经济作物种植为主	以土地或劳动力加入合作社,合作社进行统一的技术、资本等要素投入	从事农业生产为主,有兼业化行为

准则层(B)	准则层权重(w)	指标层(C)	指标权重(w_j)	传统农户	生产大户	合作社农户
B₁	0.4090	C₁	0.094 4	1.642 9	3.636 4	2.562 5
		C₂	0.034 1	1.112 2	1.818 2	1.312 5
		C₃	0.026 1	3.734 7	4.727 3	4.687 5
		C₄	0.056 3	1.102 0	1.636 4	1.000 0
		C₅	0.020 8	1.010 2	1.000 0	1.687 5
		C₆	0.080 5	2.377 6	3.272 7	2.937 5
		C₇	0.096 8	3.102 0	4.818 2	3.875 0
B₂	0.3408	C₈	0.085 0	2.030 6	3.454 5	4.062 5
		C₉	0.102 4	1.734 7	4.272 7	3.625 0
		C₁₀	0.081 7	2.918 4	2.272 7	3.000 0
		C₁₁	0.071 7	2.785 7	2.818 2	3.187 5
B₃	0.2502	C₁₂	0.087 2	1.806 1	2.909 1	3.187 5
		C₁₃	0.128 3	1.326 5	3.454 5	3.187 5
		C₁₄	0.034 7	1.244 9	1.181 8	1.000 0

响应状态	传统农户	生产大户	合作社农户
空间利用效率	0.8652	1.3714	1.1120
经济效益	0.7884	1.1189	1.1902
环境效益	0.3709	0.7379	0.7216
综合评价结果	2.0245	3.2282	3.0237