北京城市街区尺度对居民交通评价的影响

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.04.008

地理科学进展 ›› 2018, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (4): 525-534.doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2018.04.008

北京城市街区尺度对居民交通评价的影响

谌丽¹(), 张文忠^2,^*(), 褚峤³, 王鹏⁴, 李加忠³

1. 北京联合大学应用文理学院,北京 100191
2. 中国科学院可持续发展分析与模拟重点实验室,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京100101
3. 北京清华同衡规划设计研究院有限公司, 北京 100085
4. 深圳市城市空间规划建筑设计有限公司北京分院,北京 100027

收稿日期:2017-07-08 修回日期:2017-08-28 出版日期:2018-04-20 发布日期:2018-04-20
通讯作者: 张文忠
作者简介:
作者简介：谌丽（1985-）,女,四川绵阳人,副教授,研究方向为居住环境研究,E-mail: chenlicas@foxmail.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41601160,4123063);北京市自然科学基金项目(9164027);北京联合大学人才强校优选计划(BPHR2017DZ03)

Impact of block size on residents’ travel appraisal in Beijing

Li CHEN¹(), Wenzhong ZHANG^2,^*(), Qiao CHU³, Peng WANG⁴, Jiazhong LI³

1. College of Arts and Sciences of Beijing Union University, Beijing 100191, China
2.Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
3. Beijing Qsinghua Tongheng Urban Planning & Design Institute, Beijing 100085, China;
4. Beijing Branch, Urban Space Planning and Architectural Design CO., LTD (Shenzhen), Beijing 100027, China

Received:2017-07-08 Revised:2017-08-28 Online:2018-04-20 Published:2018-04-20
Contact: Wenzhong ZHANG
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41601160, No.41230632;Beijing Natural Science Foundation, No.9164027;Premium Funding Project for Academic Human Resources Development in Beijing Union University, No.BPHR2017DZ03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

居民交通出行质量是影响城市宜居性和可持续发展的重大问题,国内越来越多的地理和规划学者开始关注城市建成环境对交通出行方式的影响,尤其是街区尺度成为相关政策的重点,但细化讨论建成环境对居民交通感知的研究尚不多见。本文以北京为例,结合街区尺度等建成环境客观数据与居民交通评价调查主观数据,采用有序多分类逻辑模型探讨街区尺度特征对居民主观交通便捷性评价和交通安全性评价的影响。研究表明：小街区的模式下交叉路口多,易于设置公交站点,有利于提高居民交通便捷性评价,并且避免了大马路带来的交通隐患,对居民的交通安全性评价也有提升作用;容积率、区位、公交站点等对交通评价具有促进作用。最后分析表明,交通评价还与居民自身属性有关,交通建设需充分考虑不同居民的需求及其分布特征。本文的结论可为推行街区制提供理论支持。

关键词: 街区尺度, 交通评价, 交通便捷性, 交通安全性, 北京

Abstract:

Residents' travel convenience and safety are significant concerns for a city's livability and sustainability. Existing transportation research has revealed a strong relationship between urban form characteristics and travel behavior. The rapid urban expansion of many Chinese cities in the past two decades has brought dramatic changes to their urban form and urban fabric. Wide multilane roads, super-long mega street blocks, and increasingly segregated land use are becoming important characteristics of Chinese cities once dominated by narrow allies/streets, tight urban fabric, and mixed-use work compounds, leading to increasing car travel and traffic congestion. Thus, there is a growing interest of scholars in China from geography and planning fields on the impact of urban built environment on travel behavior, especially when block size has become a key focus of urban spatial policymaking. However, little research has investigated urban residents' subjective assessment of their travel environments in China. Using the city of Beijing as a case study, this study took advantage of the latest built environment data and combined them with large scale geo-referenced satisfaction survey data to examine the impact of block size on residents’ travel convenience appraisal and travel safety appraisal. Ordered logit models were used to estimate the effect while controlling for socioeconomic factors. Several findings were generated: (1) Block size varies widely across Beijing. Generally speaking, it increases from the old traditional urban center to peripheral newly-built neighborhoods. But even in the central area, there are also some large blocks that consist of gated universities, hospitals, and other work compounds. The average block size of Beijing is much larger than other international cities. (2) Model results suggest that built environment with small block size could increase the number of road crossings and facilitate public transportation station siting, hence promote residents' travel convenience appraisal. Meanwhile, it could also decrease the travel risk caused by broad main roads, thus increase residents’ travel safety appraisal. (3) Other built environment indicators such as floor area ratio, location, and quantity of public transport stations also significantly influence residents' travel convenience and safety appraisal. (4) Some socioeconomic attributes have significant effects on travel appraisal as well, which indicates that the needs and spatial distribution of different kinds of residents should be taken into account while implementing transport-related policies. The results from the analysis suggest significant impacts that urban block size can exert on residents' travel convenience and safety, indicating the important role that spatial planning can play to help achieve the "green travel" goal promoted in urban China. Evidence generated from this study provides some theoretical support for the national policy of promoting small blocks.

Key words: block size, travel appraisal, travel convenience, travel safety, Beijing

谌丽, 张文忠, 褚峤, 王鹏, 李加忠. 北京城市街区尺度对居民交通评价的影响[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(4): 525-534.

Li CHEN, Wenzhong ZHANG, Qiao CHU, Peng WANG, Jiazhong LI. Impact of block size on residents’ travel appraisal in Beijing[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2018, 37(4): 525-534.

图/表 9

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变量		样本量	百分比/%	变量		样本量	百分比/%
年龄	30岁以下	1673	43.42	出行方式	步行	714	18.53
	30~49岁	1885	48.92		自行车/电动车	641	16.64
	50岁以上	295	7.66		公共交通	2001	51.93
性别	女性	2011	52.19		私家车	497	12.90
性别	男性	1842	47.81	家庭月收入	3000元以下	247	6.41
未成年子女	有	1619	31.96	家庭月收入	3000~5000元	757	19.65
未成年子女	无	568	14.74	5000~10000元		1293	33.56
住房面积(均值)/m²		74.71		10000~20000元	1260		32.70
到CBD的距离(均值)/km		10.63		20000以上	296		7.68

环域	平均街区长度/m
二环以内	366
二环至三环	404
三环至四环	470
四环至五环	565
五环外	619

		非常不满意	比较不满意	一般	比较满意	非常满意	总体均值
交通便捷性评价	样本	18	209	1713	1681	232	3.49
交通便捷性评价	比例/%	0.47	5.42	44.46	43.63	6.02	3.49
交通安全性评价	样本	99	726	1680	1173	156	3.15
交通安全性评价	比例/%	2.58	18.94	43.82	30.59	4.07	3.15

变量		模型Ⅰ			模型Ⅱ			模型Ⅲ
变量		系数		Z值		系数	Z值	系数	Z值
实体环境	街区尺度	-0.041^***	-5.1		-0.035^***	-4.28		-0.024^***	-2.86
	交叉路口				0.007^***	2.7
	公交车站							0.013^***	5.47
	地铁站							0.135^***	3.55
	容积率	0.078^*	1.78		0.048	1.07		-0.011	-0.24
	到CBD的距离	-0.029^***	-4.35		-0.022^***	-3.11		-0.027^***	-3.88
出行方式	（以步行为参照）
	自行车/电动车	-0.333^***	-3.16		-0.329^***	-3.12		-0.362^***	-3.42
	公共交通	-0.455^***	-5.3		-0.452^***	-5.26		-0.472^***	-5.47
	私家车	-0.486^***	-4.07		-0.481^***	-4.02		-0.498^***	-4.15
社会经济属性	年龄（以30岁以下为参照）
	30~49岁	-0.012	-0.18		-0.012	-0.18		-0.036	-0.53
	50岁及以上	0.235^*	1.93		0.218^*	1.78		0.172	1.4
	女性（以男性为参照）	-0.017	-0.27		-0.017	-0.27		-0.022	-0.36
	未成年子女（以无子女家庭为参照）	-0.042	-0.46		-0.045	-0.5		-0.023	-0.25
	收入（以3000元以下为参照）
	3000~5000元	0.145	1.01		0.145	1.01		0.156	1.09
	5000~10000元	0.638^***	4.63		0.633^***	4.59		0.615^***	4.43
	10000~20000元	0.638^***	4.53		0.634^***	4.51		0.614^***	4.35
	20000元以上	0.781^***	4.43		0.782^***	4.43		0.782^***	4.41
	住房面积	-0.002^*	-2.24		-0.002^**	-2.14		-0.002^**	-2.09
/cut1		-5.802			-5.510			-5.412
/cut2		-3.192			-2.901			-2.802
/cut3		-0.298			-0.007			0.107
/cut4		2.512			2.809			2.948
r²		0.026		0.026			0.032

变量		模型Ⅰ			模型Ⅱ			模型Ⅲ
变量		系数.		Z值		系数.	Z值	系数.	Z值
实体环境	街区尺度	-0.016^**	-2.18		-0.015^**	-1.98		-0.012^**	-1.58
	交叉路口				0.001	0.59
	公交车站							0.002	0.78
	地铁站							0.098^***	2.67
	容积率	-0.01	-0.23		-0.016	-0.37		-0.032	-0.73
	到CBD的距离	0.003	0.48		0.005	0.66		0.007	1.02
出行方式	（以步行为参照）
	自行车/电动车	-0.071	-0.7		-0.07	-0.69		-0.082	-0.81
	公共交通	-0.234^***	-2.88		-0.234^***	-2.87		-0.244^***	-2.99
	私家车	-0.172	-1.5		-0.171	-1.49		-0.184	-1.61
社会经济	年龄（以30岁以下为参照）
属性	30~49岁	-0.099	-1.53		-0.099	-1.52		-0.108	-1.66
	50岁及以上	-0.082	-0.69		-0.086	-0.72		-0.099	-0.83
	女性（以男性为参照）	0.062	1.03		0.062	1.03		0.06	1
	未成年子女（以无子女家庭为参照）	-0.324^***	-3.69		-0.325^***	-3.7		-0.316^***	-3.59
	收入（以3000元以下为参照）
	3000~5000元	-0.019	-0.14		-0.019	-0.14		-0.012	-0.09
	5000~10000元	0.209	1.59		0.208	1.58		0.203	1.54
	10000~20000元	0.226^*	1.68		0.226^*	1.68		0.219	1.63
	20000元以上	0.274	1.61		0.274	1.61		0.277	1.63
	住房面积	0.002^***	3.19		0.002^***	3.22		0.003^***	3.3
/cut1		-3.625			-3.564			-3.488
/cut2		-1.278			-1.218			-1.14
/cut3		0.67			0.731			0.812
/cut4		3.213			3.274			3.357
r²		0.006			0.006			0.007

北京城市街区尺度对居民交通评价的影响

Impact of block size on residents’ travel appraisal in Beijing

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