住宿业节能减碳研究进展及启示

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.06.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在全球致力于积极应对气候变化的时代背景下,旅游业已成为许多国家和地区实施经济低碳转型的优势产业、先导产业和窗口产业,而住宿业则在此中发挥着重要的作用。本文从必要性、障碍因素和对策措施3个方面梳理了住宿业节能减碳的相关研究成果,并对住宿业能耗和碳排放核算的方法进行了归纳总结,在此基础上探讨了已有研究存在的不足之处,并指出进一步研究的方向。综述发现：国外相关研究已有一定基础,但住宿业能耗与碳排放的核算方法体系还有待深入探讨;国内对于住宿业节能减碳的必要性、能耗与碳排放核算等也有一些尝试研究,但总体仍相对滞后,缺乏研究的系统性和深度。后续研究应在借鉴国际相关研究经验的基础上,紧扣中国住宿业实情,通过加强对非星级住宿企业的分析以全面把握研究对象,确立能耗和碳排放核算框架、完善核算方法体系,通过分阶段、分类型、分区域核算与分析进一步拓展住宿业节能减碳的研究内容。

关键词: 住宿业, 节能减碳, 能耗, 碳排放, 研究进展

Abstract:

Under the global effort to cope with climate change, tourism has become an important and leading industry for the low carbon transition of economy in many countries and regions. As one of the core branches of the tourism industry, the tourist accommodation sector is playing a key role in this process. This study reviewed the related literature from the following three aspects: the necessity, barriers, and countermeasures of saving energy and reducing the carbon emissions of the accommodation sector. The review found that numerous studies have shown that the energy consumption and carbon emissions of the tourist accommodation sector are very high, and there is a large space for improvements. The review of the barriers and countermeasures for saving energy and reducing carbon emissions in the sector was focused on three main stakeholders: the government, the industry, and customers. At last, we summarized the methods of accounting the energy consumption and carbon emissions of the tourist accommodation sector. Based on this summary, we discussed the drawbacks in the existing research, and pointed out the directions for further research. Generally, some achievements in the research of energy saving and carbon emission reduction of the accommodation sector have been made internatinally, but such research is lagging behind in China. Next, we should carry out the following research based on the international experiences and the actual situation in China. We need to strength the study of energy consumption and carbon emissions of all forms of accommodation services to understand the research subjects comprehensively, determine the measuring framework and indicators in order to establish the accounting system, and extend the research on the topic from doing the subdivision studies in stages, types and regions.

Key words: tourist accommodation industry, energy saving and carbon emission reduction, energy consumption, carbon emissions, research progres

张红霞, 苏勤, 陶玉国. 住宿业节能减碳研究进展及启示[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(6): 774-783.

Hongxia ZHANG, Qin SU, Yuguo TAO. Research progress in energy saving and carbon emission reduction research of the tourist accommodation industry[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 36(6): 774-783.

图/表 3

表1

图1

表2

住宿业碳排放核算的主要方法"

类型	方法概述	适用范围	主要数据来源	优点	缺点	代表性文献
自上而下法	投入产出分析法：基于住宿业能源投入与产出进行碳排放核算	适用于从宏观和整体上估算行业或者区域的总体碳排放状况,无法开展细分住宿类型的相关研究	各国/地区公布的投入产出表	数据收集便捷,可以与国民经济其他行业进行横向对比	难以对不同等级、不同业态的住宿业进行细化分析	高兴等,2007;刘益,2012
	能源消费法'通过剥离出住宿业的能源消耗数据进行碳排放核算		各类能源统计年鉴	操作便捷	能耗剥离系数难以确定	Liu et al2011; 谢园方等,2012
	基于温室气体统计的自上而下法		旅游卫星账户,温室气体统计数据	操作简单,便于动态跟踪监测和比较(唐承财等, 2012)	必须建立能耗和温室气体排放统计平台	G?ssling,2002; Perch-Nielsen,2010
自下而上法	碳足迹理论与方法(LCA)'基于企业能耗、物质消耗、废弃物排放等数据进行住宿产品全生命周期的碳排放核算	适用于从住宿企业个体出发进行碳排放核算,可以进行细分类型核算	住宿企业的能源和物质消耗等数据	核算结果较为精准、全面	操作比较复杂,无法完整收集全生命周期所有数据,难以进行行业间横向对比研究	李鹏等,2010;Filimonau et al, 2011;Yi,2011; Lai,2015;杨璐等,2015
自下而上法	基于单位床位或者单位游客的能耗进行碳排放核算的自下而上法	既可以进行单体住宿企业的测算,也可以进行全行业核算	住宿企业床位数或宾客数、能耗相关数据	适用性较广,方便开展横向和纵向比较研究	数据收集难度较大,合理选择碳排放系数和单位能耗值较为困难,核算结果偏小	G?ssling,2002;Becken,2005;Beccali et al, 2009;石培华等,2011;Lai et al,2012;陶玉国等,2013;沈杨等,2016

表2

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国家或地区	住宿类型	能源消耗/(GJ/a)	碳排放/(Mt/a)	核算年份	资料来源
全球	住宿业	5×10⁸	80.5	2001	G?ssling, 2002
新西兰(加总)	住宿业	2885			Becken et al, 2001
瑞士	非住宅住宿设施(酒店、餐馆、学生宿舍 )	7700		2002	SEA, 2003
中国香港(预测)	住宿业	3.9×10⁶	0.7	2003	Chan, 2002
欧洲	住宿业	1.4×10⁸	>10		CHOSE^a, 2001; Bohdanowicz^b, 2005
中国长三角地区	住宿业		6.6	2011	陶玉国等, 2013