基于遥感数据的叶尔羌河流域水文过程模拟与分析

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.06.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在西北荒漠-绿洲生态系统中,山区水循环对下游水资源管理具有重要作用。为了准确地理解高寒山区水文过程,以降水、温度和潜在蒸散发的遥感数据为模型输入,建立叶尔羌河流域的MIKE SHE模型。根据模型输出,从径流、积雪和蒸散发三方面探讨了流域的水文过程。结果表明：经校正后的遥感产品在叶尔羌河流域的水文模拟中取得了良好的应用效果,出山口卡群站日径流的效率系数达0.71,相关系数达0.85。河道的年平均径流深为146.66 mm,其中稳定的基流补给占21.3%。流域的年平均降雪231 mm,占总降水的74%左右;73.9%的融雪发生在7-9月,积雪主要分布于5000 m以上区域。蒸散发以7-9月中低山区植被覆盖良好的针叶林和草地为主。选用合适的方法对遥感数据进行验证和率定,有助于提高对资料缺失的高寒山区流域水文过程的认识。对不同水文要素进行分析验证,可更准确地理解水资源的转化、储存方式及其时空分布,以便为下游水资源管理提供依据。

关键词: 水文模型, 水文过程, 遥感数据, 叶尔羌河流域

Abstract:

In the desert-oasis ecology system of northwest China, water cycle in the mountain region is very important for the water resources management in downstream regions. To accurately understand the hydrological processes in high altitude and cold mountainous areas, a MIKE SHE model was applied to the Yarkant River Basin based on the remote sensing data of precipitation, temperature, and potential evapotranspiration, and the hydrological processes were analyzed based on the simulated outputs of runoff, snow, and evapotranspiration. The results suggest that the corrected remote sensing data are suitable for hydrological modeling of the Yarkant River Basin. At the Kaqun station, Nash efficiency coefficient and correlation coefficient are 0.71 and 0.85 at the daily scale. The annual mean stream runoff was 146.66 mm, among which base flow was 21.3%. The annual mean snowfall was 231 mm, which accounted for 74% of precipitation; 73.9% of the snowmelt occurred in July to September, and the snow storage is primarily distributed in the elevation zone above 5000 m. The evapotranspiration mainly occurred in the mid-low mountains covered by vegetation in June to September. The satellite data processed by appropriate methods are useful for the hydrological study in high-cold alpine catchments; multiple hydrological components could improve the understanding of water resources’ transition, storage, and distribution, which will contribute to the water resource management in the downstream regions.

Key words: hydrological model, hydrological processes, remote sensing data, Yarkant River Basin

刘蛟, 刘铁, 黄粤, 包安明. 基于遥感数据的叶尔羌河流域水文过程模拟与分析[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(6): 753-761.

Jiao LIU, Tie LIU, Yue HUANG, Anming BAO. Simulation and analysis of the hydrological processes in the Yarkant River Basin based on remote sensing data[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 36(6): 753-761.

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数据	来源	分辨率	提供参数
DEM	SRTM	90 m×90 m	地形、流域边界、河网水系
土地利用	基于2010年Landsat TM的解译	.shp 文件	地表的植被覆盖类型
土壤类型	HWSD	500 m×500 m	土壤类型及其属性
降水	TRMM 3B42 V6	0.25°×0.25°	日值的降水量
温度	MODIS 11C1	0.05°×0.05°	日值的平均地表温度
潜在蒸散发	FEWS NET Data Portal	0.5°×0.5°	日值的潜在蒸散发量
积雪覆盖	MODIS 10A2	500 m×500 m	8天的最大积雪覆盖面

站点	D_r	D_w	D_{w_0.3}	R_raw	R_cor	PRE_TRMM	PRE_TRMM._cor	PRE_OBS
塔什库尔干	0.54	0.75	0.95	0.26	0.56	210.95	111.03	94.57
皮山	0.15	0.88	0.99	0.36	0.67	40.25	49.46	54.28

月份	总降水/mm	降雪/mm	融雪/mm	储雪变化/mm	地表径流/mm	基流/mm	实际蒸散发/mm
3~5月	76.03	62.33	32.24	15.33	12.87	5.04	32.56
6~8月	145.57	88.90	112.74	-29.49	75.45	13.68	59.73
9~11月	40.55	32.68	7.34	17.39	22.26	8.71	22.12
12~次年2月	47.49	47.03	0.24	43.41	4.73	3.94	4.32
年平均	309.64	230.93	152.56	46.64	115.30	31.36	118.72