诗歌中物候记录的基本特征及用于历史气候重建的处理方法

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.04.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

历史物候记录对过去气候变化研究弥足珍贵。诗歌作为历史文献的重要体裁之一,其中的历史物候记录已得到了一定程度的整编和利用。但对诗歌物候记录的特征和处理方法仍缺乏系统的梳理和探讨。本文首先介绍了诗歌中物候记录的内容、特征及其在季节指示和反映农时中的应用,发现诗歌中的物候记录主要包括动物物候、植物物候和周期性气象、水文现象等3种,并呈现出距今越近,经济、社会越发达,记录越多的时空特点。然后,从物候记录筛选、物种鉴别、物候事件发生时间识别、物候期确定等方面总结了历史气候研究中诗歌物候记录的处理方法：①从诗歌的创作背景、文学成分、地理环境分异规律和人为影响等几个方面进行筛选,以保证其中物候记录的有效性;②区分古今动、植物名差异,并将物种鉴定到种;③针对年、月、日缺记的不同情况,依据物候规律和背景资料确定物候事件的发生时间;④根据现代物候观测标准,对诗歌中的文字描述进行归类定级,确定所包含的物候期。以期为诗歌物候记录的提取及其在历史气候研究中的应用提供理论和方法上的借鉴。

关键词: 诗歌, 历史物候, 历史气候变化, 记录提取, 气候重建

Abstract:

Phenological records in historical documents have been proved to be of unique value for studies on past climate change. As a literary genre, poetry includes abundant phenological records that have been extracted and applied to a certain extent. However, the features of phenological records from poems and their processing methods need to be further summarized and discussed systematically. This article first introduces the contents, characteristics, and applications in indicating seasons and reflecting farming season of phenological records from poems. The phenological records in poems can be divided mainly into three categories, namely phenological information of plants, phenological information of animals, and seasonality of meteorological or hydrological events. Relatively more data are found in poems from recent dynasties and developed regions. Four key processing methods of phenological records from poems — data sieving, species identification, chronology recognition, and phenophases definition — are discussed: (1) phenological records extracted from poems need to be sieved based on the background of poems, the usage of rhetorical devices, the rule of territorial differentiation, and the disturbance of factitious factors; (2) modern and ancient names of plants and animals should be distinguished and the species of plants and animals should be identified; (3) phenological dates need to be converted into accurate dates according to phenological law and background information; and (4) phenophases ought to be defined according to the semantics of description in the poems on the basis of modern phenological observation methods. By summarizing and discussing these key issues, this article aims to provide a reference in both theory and method for the extraction and application of phenological records from poems for the reconstruction of past climate.

Key words: poetry, historical phenology, past climate change, record extraction, climate reconstruction

刘亚辰, 方修琦, 陶泽兴, 戴君虎. 诗歌中物候记录的基本特征及用于历史气候重建的处理方法[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(4): 483-490.

Yachen LIU, Xiuqi FANG, Zexing TAO, Junhu DAI. Basic features of phenological records in poetry and their usage for reconstructing past climate change[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 36(4): 483-490.

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季节	物候现象	诗歌举例
春季	杨柳发芽	“垂柳万条丝,春来织别离”^a、“万条垂下绿丝绦······二月春风似剪刀”^b、“红酥手,黄滕酒,满城春色宫墙柳”^c
春季	燕始见	“新燕弄初调,杜鹃竞晨鸣”^d、“几处早莺争暖树,谁家新燕啄春泥”^e、“春色遍芳菲,闲檐双燕归”^f
夏季	蝉初鸣	“林鹊初改调,林中夏蝉鸣”^g、“微月初三夜,新蝉第一声”^h、“六月初七日,江头蝉始鸣”ⁱ
夏季	荷花盛开	“燎沉香,消溽暑······水面清圆,一一风荷举”^j、“毕竟西湖六月中·····映日荷花别样红”^k、“荷叶五寸荷花娇······相到薰风四五月”^l
秋季	菊花盛开	“春兰兮秋菊,长无绝兮终古”^m、“待到秋来九月八,我花开后百花杀”ⁿ、“故园三径吐幽丛······尽借篱落看秋风”^o
秋季	雁离去	“金河秋半虏弦开,云外惊飞四散哀”^p、“何处秋风至,萧萧送雁群”^q、“今年寒到江乡早,未及中秋见雁飞”^r
冬季	梅花盛开	“秋桂月中藏影,冬梅雪里飘香”^s、“地暖犹闻桂,冬深未见梅”^t、“一枝梅笑破严冬,残腊新春气候参”^u
冬季	初雪	“凄凄岁暮风,翁聆经日雪”^v、“岁暮阴阳催短景,天涯霜雪霁寒宵”^w、“帘外雪初飘,翠幌香凝火未消”^x

	现代名称	古代名称^*
动物	四声杜鹃(Cuculus micropterus)	鸤鸠、子规、杜宇
	黑枕黄鹂(Oriolus chinensis)	仓庚、商庚、楚雀、黄鸟
	家燕(Hirundo rustica)	玄鸟、乙鸟、鸾鸟、天女、乌衣
	草蝉(Mogannia conica)	蜩、复育、蜺、齐女
植物	莲(Nelumbo nucifera)	芙蕖、芙蓉、菡萏
	芦苇(Phragmites australis)	芦、苇、蒹葭
	杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii)	山石榴、映山红、山踯躅
	木瓜(Chaenomeles sinensis)	木李、榠楂、蛮楂

物候期	文字描述
展叶始期	“绿叶发华滋”^a、“柳丝长,桃叶小”^b等
展叶盛期	“桃之夭夭,其叶蓁蓁”^c、“接天莲叶无穷碧”^d等
芽开放期	“漏泄春光有柳条”^e、“二月初惊见草芽”^f等
开花始期	“分林蔽殿槿初红”^g、“竹外桃花两三枝”^h等
开花盛期	“上苑梅香雪里矫”ⁱ、“牡丹偏自占春风”^j等
开花末期	“桃花细逐杨花落”^k“桃花欲落柳条长”^l等
果实脱落开始期	“更逢晴日柳含烟”^m、“满街杨柳绿丝烟”ⁿ等