北京市外来人口集聚型城中村流动人口职住分离研究

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.04.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

居住和就业是居民日常生活的主要内容,随着中国城市化进程加快,城市中低收入群体的职住分离现象正得到越来越多的关注。本文采用人口集聚指数、GIS空间分析及Logit回归分析等方法,利用北京市“六普”及实地调研数据,来获取外来人口集聚型城中村流动人口通勤及职住特征,并对影响因素进行分析。结果表明：①北京流动人口集中于城市拓展区,呈“环状圈层”分布特征。②近郊城中村流动人口通勤距离普遍较长,职住分离较明显,相应通勤时间也较长;远郊城中村流动人口通勤距离较短,以就地工作为主,由于远离城市核心区,公共服务设施的可达性较差。③家庭就业人数、未成年及老人数、住京时长、收入、受教育程度、行业、交通工具选择等对其通勤距离具有显著影响。上述结论可为研究城市弱势群体工作居住空间结构、制定城市规划等提供参考。

关键词: 通勤, 流动人口, 职住分离, 城中村, 北京

Abstract:

Homemaking and work are the most important contents of the daily activities of residents. With the accelerated process of urbanization in China, the separation between jobs and residential location of urban low-income groups is getting increasingly more attention. Based on the population concentration index, GIS spatial analysis, and Logit regression analysis methods, and using Beijing's sixth census data and the urban village survey data collected in 2015, we examined the characteristics of the floating population in commuting and the job-housing path, and analyzed the influencing factors. The analysis results show that the distribution of the floating population in Beijing is concentrated in the urban expanded area, and presents a "ring circle" distribution pattern. The floating population of suburban villages usually has a long commuting distance and an obvious separation of workplace and residence, and the corresponding commuting time is long. The floating population of outer suburban villages has a shorter commuting distance and works near their homes, but these places are far away from the urban core area, and accessibility to public service facilities is poor. The number of employed, young, and old members of household, duration of residence in Beijing, income, education level, profession, and means of transportation have significant impacts on commuting distance. The results can provide a reference for understanding the job-housing space structure of the marginalized population in the city and for urban planning.

Key words: commuting, floating population, job-housing mismatch, urban village, Beijing

郑承智, 张旺锋, 武炳炎, 梁博. 北京市外来人口集聚型城中村流动人口职住分离研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(4): 416-425.

Chengzhi ZHENG, Wangfeng ZHANG, Bingyan WU, Bo LIANG. Job-housing mismatch of floating population in urban villages of Beijing[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 36(4): 416-425.

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变量		样本量	样本比例/%	平均通勤距离/m	平均通勤时间/min
性别	女性	227	36.32	4092	42.0
性别	男性	398	63.68	4264	41.8
婚姻状况	已婚	383	61.28	3470	40.3
婚姻状况	未婚	242	38.72	5359	44.3
户籍	城市	113	18.08	4846	44.1
户籍	农村	512	81.92	4059	41.4
文化程度	小学以下	26	4.16	1311	38.8
	初中	162	25.92	2549	38.7
	高中	178	28.48	3142	39.7
	大学专科/本科	256	40.96	6266	45.8
	硕士及以上	3	0.48	5187	33.3
年龄/岁	≤20	20	3.20	1947	40.5
	(20~30]	380	60.80	4825	42.8
	(31~40]	160	25.60	3867	41.4
	(41~50]	60	9.60	2085	38.7
	>50	5	0.80	1903	30.0
月收入/元	≤2000	36	5.76	5483	44.4
	(2000~4000]	222	35.52	2921	39.6
	(4000~6000]	238	38.08	4755	42.7
	(6000~8000]	77	12.32	4204	41.6
	>8000	52	8.32	6242	46.3
家庭就业人数	1	193	30.88	4033	42.5
	2	373	59.68	4247	41.3
	3	36	5.76	4386	43.1
	4个以上	23	3.68	4596	43.9
家庭未成年人及老人人数	0	364	58.24	5071	43.3
	1	164	26.24	3094	38.8
	2	47	7.52	2565	40.6
	≥3	50	8.00	3049	42.6
家庭规模/人	1	119	19.04	4471	43.1
	2	237	37.92	5103	42.8
	3	158	25.28	3423	40.6
	≥4	111	17.76	3096	40.5
来京时间/年	≤1	78	12.48	4421	42.1
	(1~3]	204	32.64	4380	40.9
	(3~5]	131	20.96	3601	40.9
	(5~10]	145	23.20	4027	43.0
	>10	67	10.72	4957	43.9
工作行业	批发零售业	120	19.20	2981	39.9
	住宿餐饮业	107	17.12	2370	36.4
	交通运输业	40	6.40	4730	38.8
	居民服务业	97	15.52	4687	44.5
	信息传输、计算机服务业和软件业	71	11.36	7714	47.7
	其他	190	30.40	4332	43.3
就业次数	1	277	44.32	3993	40.5
	2	179	28.64	4577	43.4
	[3~4]	131	20.96	3694	42.4
	>4	38	6.08	5708	43.2
交通工具	步行/自行车/电动车	299	47.84	2195	36.2
	公交车/地铁	284	45.44	6266	47.6
	私家车/出租车	42	6.72	4527	43.8
总体		625	100.00	4202	41.9

采样点	平均距离/m	平均时间/min	所处位置
沙河	12053	52.9	六环外
南小街	1195	36.9	南四五环间
房村	915	37.2	南五六环间
西冉村	3074	45.5	西四五环间
分钟寺	4490	43.1	南三四环间
廖公庄	4211	48.3	西四五环间
南桥	4742	47.2	南四环
横街子	3373	40.0	东四五环间
孛罗营	1492	37.8	东五环西侧
石各庄	4138	46.7	东五环东侧
黑桥	4326	43.9	东北五环
十里河	3078	38.1	南三环东路
马驹桥	3975	33.1	南六环
吕家营	4064	41.8	南四环

变量名	选项	Logit模型检验结果(N=625)
变量名	选项	估计值	Wald检验	显著性
家庭就业人数		+0.203	4.875	0.027
家庭未成年人及老人人数		-0.203	5.135	0.023
来京时间/年	≤1	-0.656	10.224	0.001
	2	-0.517	7.155	0.007
	3	-0.509	8.702	0.003
	[4~5]	-0.583	12.633	0.000
	(5~10]	-0.459	8.522	0.004
	>10	0.000^*
文化程度	小学及以下	-1.474	5.388	0.020
	初中	-1.117	3.403	0.065
	高中	-1.091	3.270	0.071
	大学专科/本科	-0.740	1.530	0.216
	硕士及以上	0.000^*
月收入/元	≤2000	-0.002	0.000	0.994
	（2000~4000]	-0.328	3.758	0.053
	(4000~6000]	-0.191	1.429	0.232
	(6000~8000]	-0.372	4.070	0.044
	>8000	0.000^*
工作行业	批发零售业	+0.092	0.517	0.472
	住宿餐饮业	-0.028	0.040	0.841
	交通运输业	+0.385	4.357	0.037
	居民服务业	+0.241	3.393	0.065
	信息传输、计算机服务业和软件业	+0.380	6.156	0.013
	其他	0.000^*
交通方式	步行/自行车/电动车	-0.697	15.946	0.000
	公交车/地铁	+0.042	0.177	0.813
	私家车/出租车	0.000^*