资源环境耗损过程评价方法及其应用

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2017.03.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

资源环境承载能力监测预警中一项重要的内容就是资源环境耗损过程的变化趋势测度。本文从资源消耗、环境损坏和生态质量变化角度出发,提出了一种基于资源环境耗损的过程评价方法,即通过计算水土资源消耗、水气环境污染以及生态质量变化,测度资源环境耗损指数,刻画资源环境耗损趋势,并在京津冀地区开展了试评价。研究结果表明：①该评价方法以资源环境耗损变化为基础,力图客观反映区域资源环境变化趋势,从科学架构出发,结合数据可获得性和实际可操作性,综合得出一种科学合理且简单易行的评价方法,有利于资源环境耗损过程评价在全国推广。②试评价结果显示,京津冀地区水土资源利用效率提高趋势明显,近80%的区县处于资源利用高效率类别;污染物排放强度总体呈现下降趋势,但仍然有33%的区县污染物排放处于高强度状态;以林草覆盖率表征的生态质量处于逐步降低状态,年均降低速率约为1.2%。③从指标组合关系上看,水土资源利用效率同时趋于良好的县占比最高(100个,约50%);效率趋势相异的区县较少(62个),其中土地资源利用效率趋差而水资源利用效率趋良的区县个数最少(18个)。污染物排放强度变化的指标组合呈现两极分化特征。京津冀地区资源环境耗损趋缓型和加剧型评价单元数量对比为6:1,市辖区的耗损加剧程度比县略严重。

关键词: 资源环境耗损, 过程评价, 资源环境承载力, 评价方法, 京津冀地区

Abstract:

Establishing the mechanism of monitoring and early-warning of resource and environmental carrying capacity is an innovative work of comprehensively deepening reforms in China. An important approach to analyze resource and environmental carrying capacity is to measure the trend of resource and environmental depletion. Based on the three perspectives of resource consumption, environmental damage, and ecological quality change, this study developed an evaluation method of resource and environmental depletion and carried out a trial evaluation in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The results show that the developed method is effective to objectively reflect the changing trend of resource and environmental conditions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Trial evaluation shows that in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, water and soil resource use efficiency is becoming better, 80% units are in the type of high efficiency. Pollutant emission intensity continued to decline in the past decade, but there are also 33% units staying in the type of high intensity. The overall ecological quality is in a state of gradual decline and the average annual rate of decline is 1.2%. From the perspective of indicators combination, units whose water and soil resources utilization efficiency increase at the same time have the largest number. The combination of pollutant emission intensity presents polarization characteristics. Resource and environmental consumption is more intensive in city areas than that in the counties.

Key words: resource and environmental depletion, process evaluation, resource and environmental carrying capacity, evaluation method, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

余建辉, 张文忠, 李佳洺. 资源环境耗损过程评价方法及其应用[J]. 地理科学进展, 2017, 36(3): 350-358.

YU Jianhui, ZHANG Wenzhong, LI Jiaming. Evaluation method of resource and environmental depletion and application[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 36(3): 350-358.

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概念层	类别层	指标层	指标数据
资源环境耗损指数	资源利用效率变化	城镇土地资源利用效率变化农村土地资源利用效率变化水资源利用效率变化能矿资源利用效率变化	单位GDP建设用地面积变化率单位GDP耕地面积变化率单位GDP用水量变化率单位GDP标准煤耗变化率
	污染物排放强度变化	水污染物排放强度变化大气污染物排放强度变化固体废弃物排放强度变化	单位GDP化学需氧量（COD）排放强度变化率单位GDP二氧化硫（SO₂）排放强度变化率单位GDP固体废弃物排放强度变化率
	生态质量变化	林草质量变化湿地质量变化物种多样性变化气候适宜度变化	林草覆盖变化率湿地面积变化率物种丰富度变化率年平均气温变化率

概念层	类别层	指标层(关键指标)	数据层
资源环境耗损指数	资源利用效率变化	土地资源利用效率变化(建设用地)	10年年均变化率
	资源利用效率变化	水资源利用效率变化(用水量)	10年年均变化率
	污染物排放强度变化	水污染物排放强度变化(COD)	10年年均变化率
	污染物排放强度变化	大气污染物排放强度变化(SO₂)	10年年均变化率
	生态质量变化	林草覆盖率变化	10年年均变化率

指标	类别	指向	阈值标准
资源利用效率变化	低效率类	变化趋差	两类效率变化指标均低于全国平均水平
资源利用效率变化	高效率类	变化趋良	除上述情况外的其他情况
污染物排放强度变化	高强度类	变化趋差	两类强度变化指标均高于全国平均水平
污染物排放强度变化	低强度类	变化趋良	除上述情况外的其他情况
生态质量变化	低质量类	变化趋差	林草覆盖率年均变化率低于全国平均水平
生态质量变化	高质量类	变化趋良	林草覆盖率年均变化率不低于全国平均水平

资源环境耗损指数	污染物排放强度变化	资源利用效率变化	生态质量变化	区县个数	占比/%
加剧型	低强度类	低效率类	低质量类	7	23.3
	高强度类	低效率类	低质量类	4	13.3
	高强度类	低效率类	高质量类	10	33.3
	高强度类	高效率类	低质量类	9	30.0
	合计			30	100.0
趋缓型	低强度类	低效率类	高质量类	20	11.6
	低强度类	高效率类	低质量类	33	19.1
	低强度类	高效率类	高质量类	75	43.4
	高强度类	高效率类	高质量类	45	26.0
合计				173	100.0

区域类别	土地面积	年末总人口	第二产业增加值	年末单位从业人员数	固定资产投资
加剧型地区占比/%	11.9	22.0	23.2	18.1	18.0
趋缓型地区占比/%	88.1	78.0	76.8	81.9	82.0