降水和植被变化对径流影响的尺度效应——以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区为例

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.08.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

自黄土高原退耕还林还草政策实施以来,在水源涵养功能明显提升的同时径流显著减少,导致该区域出现了水源涵养服务与水供给服务间的权衡问题。为探究径流减少的原因,进而为不同空间尺度的生态系统服务权衡提供支撑,本文分析了陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区2006-2011年降水和植被变化对径流影响的尺度效应。结果表明：研究区域内汛期降水量呈现出由东南向西北逐渐减少的空间分异特征;在研究时段内,植被恢复效果明显,近8成地区植被覆盖状况得到了改善,尤其是植被覆盖较差的地区恢复效果更为显著;在各子流域中,降水与径流间呈现出显著的正相关性,二者的相关系数随着子流域面积的增加而增大,表现出明显的尺度效应。随着子流域面积增大,15°以上土地比例增加,陡坡植被覆盖类型趋于均一化,具有显著截流功能的林地呈现减少趋势是尺度效应形成的主要原因。NDVI与径流的相关性不显著,二者的相关系数随着子流域面积变化的规律性不强,植被对径流影响没有明显的尺度效应。

关键词: NDVI, 降水, 径流, 尺度效应, 权衡, 黄土丘陵沟壑区

Abstract:

Water conservation capability of the loess plateau increased significantly since the Grain for Green project started. At the same time, the amount of runoff significantly reduced, resulting in the question of how to balance the water conservation needs and the need for water supply in the region. In order to explore causes of the runoff reduction and provide support for balancing different needs for water at different scales, the variation of precipitation and vegetation as well as the scale effect of its impact on runoff in northern Shaanxi loess hilly-gully region during 2006 to 2011 were examined. The results show that: Precipitation of flood season gradually reduced from southeast to northwest in the study area. During the research period, vegetation restored significantly, nearly 80% of vegetated area was improved, especially in areas with poor vegetation conditions. Precipitation and runoff had significant positive correlation. With the increase of sub-watershed area,the correlation of precipitation and runoff increased, which shows a clear scale effect. The main reason was that land use structure above 15° of slope changed along with the spatial scale—vegetation types at steep slope tended to be homogenous and forest that has significant water conservation function decreased along with the increase in sub-watershed area. The correlation between NDVI and runoff was neither significant nor forming a clear relationship with the area of sub-watersheds, therefore the scale effect of vegetation influence on runoff was not obvious.

Key words: NDVI, precipitation, runoff, scale effect, tradeoff, loess hilly-gully region

丁婧祎, 赵文武, 王军, 房学宁. 降水和植被变化对径流影响的尺度效应——以陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(8): 1039-1051.

DING Jingyi, ZHAO Wenwu, WANG Jun, FANG Xuening. Scale effect of the impact on runoff of variations in precipitation/vegetation： taking northern Shaanxi loess hilly-gully region as an example[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(8): 1039-1051.

图/表 12

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

图11

参考文献 72

1	艾宁, 魏天兴, 朱清科. 2013. 陕北黄土高原不同植被类型下降雨对坡面径流侵蚀产沙的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 27(2): 26-30.
	[Ai N, Wei T X, Zhu Q K.2013. The effect of rainfall for runoff-erosion-sediment yield under the different vegetation types in Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi Province[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 27(2): 26-30.]
2	白建军, 白江涛, 王磊. 2014. 2000-2010年陕北地区植被 NDVI 时空变化及其与区域气候的关系[J]. 地理科学, 34(7): 882-888.
	[Bai J J, Bai J T, Wang L.2014. Spatio-temporal change of vegetation NDVI and its relations with regional climate in northern Shaanxi Province in 2000-2010[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 34(7): 882-888.]
3	陈燕. 2001. 不同空间尺度DEM坡度转换图谱研究: 以在黄土高原的试验为例[D]. 西安: 西北大学.
	[Chen Y.2001. DEM slope transformation maps in different space scale: take experiment in Loess Plateau as an example[D]. Xi'an, China: Northwest University.]
4	董晓辉, 姚治君, 陈传友. 2007. 黄河源区径流变化及其对降水的响应[J]. 资源科学, 29(3): 67-73.
	[Dong X H, Yao Z J, Chen C Y.2007. Runoff variation and responses to precipitation in the source regions of the Yellow River[J]. Resources Science, 29(3): 67-73.]
5	傅伯杰, 陈利顶, 王军, 等. 2003. 土地利用结构与生态过程[J]. 第四纪研究, 23(3): 247-255.
	[Fu B J, Chen L D, Wang J, et al.2003. Land use structure and ecological processes[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 23(3): 247-255.]
6	傅伯杰, 邱扬, 王军, 等. 2002. 黄土丘陵小流域土地利用变化对水土流失的影响[J]. 地理学报, 57(6): 717-722.
	[Fu B J, Qiu Y, Wang J, et al.2002. Effect simulations of land use change on the runoff and erosion for a gully catchment of the loess plateau, China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 57(6): 717-722. ]
7	傅伯杰, 徐延达, 吕一河. 2010. 景观格局与水土流失的尺度特征与耦合方法[J]. 地球科学进展, 25(7): 673-681.
	[Fu B J, Xu Y D, Lv Y H.2010. Scale characteristics and coupled research of landscape pattern and soil and water loss[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 25(7): 673-681.]
8	高光耀, 傅伯杰, 吕一河, 等. 2013. 干旱半干旱区坡面覆被格局的水土流失效应研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 33(1): 12-22.
	[Gao G Y, Fu B J, Lv Y H, et al.2013. The effect of land cover pattern on hillslop soil and water loss in the arid and semi-arid region: a review[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 33(1): 12-22.]
9	郭忠升, 邵明安. 2003. 半干旱区人工林草地土壤旱化与土壤水分植被承载力[J]. 生态学报, 23(8): 1640-1647.
	[Guo Z S, Shao M A.2003. Soil water carrying capacity of vegetation and soil desiccation in artificial forestry and grassland in semi-arid regions of the Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23(8): 1640-1647.]
10	何斌, 黄承标, 秦武明, 等. 2009. 不同植被恢复类型对土壤性质和水源涵养功能的影响[J]. 水土保持学报, 23(2): 71-94.
	[He B, Huang C B, Qin W M, et al.2009. Effect of different vegetation restoration types on soil properties and water conservation function[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 23(2): 71-94.]
11	胡良军, 邵明安, 杨文治. 2004. 黄土高原土壤水分的空间分异及其与林草布局的关系[J]. 草业学报, 13(6): 14-20.
	[Hu L J, Shao M A, Yang W Z.2004. Relationship between vegetation spatial collocations and soil moisture spatial heterogeneities in the Loess Plateau area[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 13(6): 14-20.]
12	李春晖, 杨志峰. 2004. 黄河流域NDVI时空变化及其与降水/径流关系[J]. 地理研究, 23(6): 753-759.
	[Li C H, Yang Z F.2004. Spatio-temporal changes of NDVI and their relations with precipitation and runoff in the Yellow River Basin[J]. Geographical Research, 23(6): 753-759.]
13	李双双, 延军平, 万佳. 2012. 近10年陕甘宁黄土高原区植被覆盖时空变化特征[J]. 地理学报, 67(7): 960-970.
	[Li S S, Yan J P, Wan J.2012. The spatial-temporal changes of vegetation restoration on Loess Plateau in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(7): 960-970.]
14	刘海猛, 石培基, 周俊菊, 等. 2013. 石羊河中游径流损耗特征及其影响因素[J]. 地理科学进展, 32(1): 87-94.
	[Liu H M, Shi P J, Zhou J J, et al.2013. Characteristics and influencing factors of runoff consumption in the midstream of Shiyang river[J]. Progress in Geography, 32(1): 87-94.]
15	刘晓燕, 刘昌明, 杨胜天, 等. 2014. 基于遥感的黄土高原林草植被变化对河川径流的影响分析[J]. 地理学报, 69(11): 1595-1603.
	[Liu X Y, Liu C M, Yang S T, et al.2014. Influences of shrubs-herbs-arbor vegetation coverage on the runoff based on the remote sensing data in Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 69(11): 1595-1603.]
16	刘欣欣, 陈楠, 朱海金. 2013. 基于DEM的坡度精度研究[J]. 人民黄河, 35(2): 131-133.
	[Liu X X, Chen N, Zhu H J.2013. Study of the accuracy of slop based on grid digital elevation model (DEM)[J]. Yellow River, 35(2): 131-133.]
17	刘引鸽. 2007. 陕北黄土高原降水的变化趋势分析[J]. 干旱区研究, 24(1): 49-55.
	[Liu Y G.2007. Analysis on the change trend of precipitation in north Shaanxi province in the Loess Plateau[J]. Arid Zone Research, 24(1): 49-55.]
18	罗伟祥, 白立强, 宋西德, 等. 1990. 不同覆盖度林地和草地的径流量与冲刷量[J]. 水土保持学报, 4(1): 30-35.
	[Luo W Q, Bai L Q, Song X D, et al.1990. Runoff and scouring amount in forest and grass land with different cover rate[J]. Acta Conservations Soil et Aquae Sinica, 4(1): 30-35.]
19	吕一河, 傅伯杰. 2001. 生态学中的尺度及尺度转换方法[J]. 生态学报, 21(12): 2096-2105.
	[Lv Y H, Fu B J.2001. Ecological scale and scaling[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 21(12): 2096-2105.]
20	马明国, 王建, 王雪梅. 2006. 基于遥感的植被年际变化及其与气候关系研究进展[J]. 遥感学报, 10(3): 421-431.
	[Ma M G, Wang J, Wang X M.2006. Advance in the Inter-annual variability of vegetation and its relation to climate based on Remote Sensing[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 10(3): 421-431.]
21	綦俊谕, 蔡强国, 蔡乐, 等. 2011. 岔巴沟、大理河与无定河水土保持减水减沙作用的尺度效应[J]. 地理科学进展, 30(1): 95-102.
	[Qi J Y, Cai Q G, Cai L, et al.2011. Scale effect of runoff and sediment reduction effects of soil and water conservation measures in Chabagou, Dalihe and Wudinghe basins[J]. Progress in Geography, 30(1): 95-102.]
22	齐清, 李传荣, 许景伟, 等. 2005. 沙质海岸不同植被类型土壤水源涵养功能的研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 19(6): 102-105.
	[Qi Q, Li C R, Xu J W, et al.2005. Study on water conservation capacity of different vegetation types in sandy sea coastal area[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 19(6): 102-105.]
23	邱扬, 傅伯杰. 2004. 异质景观中水土流失的空间变异与尺度变异[J]. 生态学报, 24(2): 330-337.
	[Qiu Y, Fu B J.2004. Spatial variation and scale variation in soil and water loss in heterogeneous landscape: a review[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 24(2): 330-337.]
24	孙佳佳,于东升,史学正, 等. 2010. 植被叶面积指数与覆盖度定量表征红壤区土壤侵蚀关系的对比研究[J]. 土壤学报, 47(6): 1060-1066.
	[Sun J J, Yu D S, Shi X Z, et al.2010. Comparison of between LAI and VFC in relationship with soil erosion in the red soil hilly region of South China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 47(6): 1060-1066.]
25	孙睿, 刘昌明, 朱启疆. 2001. 黄河流域植被覆盖度动态变化与降水的关系[J]. 地理学报, 56(6): 667-672.
	[Sun R, Liu C M, Zhu Q J.2001. Relationship between the fractional vegetation cover change and rainfall in the Yellow River Basin[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 56(6): 667-672.]
26	汤国安, 杨勤科, 张勇, 等. 2001. 不同比例尺DEM提取地面坡度的精度研究: 以在黄土丘陵沟壑区的试验为例[J]. 水土保持通报, 21(1): 53-56.
	[Tang G A, Yang Q K, Zhang Y, et al.2001. Research on accuracy of slope derived from DEMs of different map scales[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 21(1): 53-56.]
27	谭勇, 王长如, 梁宗锁, 等. 2006. 黄土高原半干旱区林草植被建设措施[J]. 草业学报, 15(4): 4-11.
	[Tan Y, Wang C R, Liang Z S, et al.2006. Measures for forest and grass vegetation construction in semi-acid areas on the Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 15(4): 4-11.]
28	王宏, 李晓兵, 李霞, 等. 2007. 基于NOAA NDVI和MSAVI研究中国北方植被生长季变化[J]. 生态学报, 27(2): 504-515.
	[Wang H, Li X B, Li X, et al.2007. The variability of vegetation growing season in the northern China based on NOAA NDVI and MSAVI from 1982 to 1999[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinca, 27(2): 504-515.]
29	王朗, 傅伯杰, 吕一河, 等. 2010. 生态恢复背景下陕北地区植被覆盖的时空变化[J]. 应用生态学报, 21(8): 2109-2116.
	[Wang L, Fu B J, Lv Y H, et al.2010. Spatio-temporal variations of vegetation cover in northern Shaanxi Province under the back ground of ecological restoration[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 21(8): 2109-2116.]
30	王麒翔, 范晓辉, 王孟本. 2011. 近50年黄土高原地区降水时空变化特征[J]. 生态学报, 31(19): 5512-5523.
	[Wang Q X, Fan X H, Wang M B.2011. Precipitation trends during 1961-2010 in the Loess Plateau region of China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 31(19): 5512-5523.]
31	王闰平, 陈凯. 2006. 中国退耕还林还草现状及问题分析[J]. 水土保持研究, 13(5): 188-192.
	[Wang R P, Chen K.2006. Analysis of the situation and problems in reverting farmland to forests and grassland in China[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 13(5): 188-192.]
32	王毅荣. 2005. 黄土高原植被生长期旱涝对全球气候变化响应[J]. 干旱区地理, 28(2): 161-166.
	[Wang Y R.2005. Response of droughts or water loggings in the Loess Plateau in China to global climate change[J]. AridZone Research, 28(2): 161-166.]
33	韦红波, 李锐, 杨勤科. 2002. 我国植被水土保持功能研究进展[J]. 植物生态学报, 26(4): 489-496.
	[Wei H B, Li R, Yang Q K.2002. Research advances of vegetation effect on soil and water conservation in China[J]. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 26(4): 489-496.]
34	邬建国. 2000. 景观生态学概念与理论[J].生态学杂志, 19(1): 42-52.
	[Wu J G.2000. Landscape ecology-concepts and theories[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 19(1): 42-52.]
35	信忠保, 余新晓, 甘敬, 等. 2009. 黄河中游河龙区间植被覆盖变化与径流输沙关系研究[J]. 北京林业大学学报, 31(5): 1-7.
	[Xin Z B, Yu X X, Gan J, et al.2009. Vegetation restoration and its effects on runoff and sediment yield in Hekouzhen-Longmen section of the middle reaches of Yellow River[J]. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 31(5): 1-7.]
36	徐宪立, 马克明, 傅伯杰, 等. 2006. 植被与水土流失关系研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 26(9): 3137-3143.
	[Xu X L, Ma K M, Fu B J, et al.2006. Research review of the relationship between vegetation and soil loss[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26(9): 3137-3143.]
37	杨磊, 卫伟, 莫保儒, 等. 2011. 半干旱黄土丘陵区不同人工植被恢复土壤水分的相对亏缺[J]. 生态学报, 31(11): 3060-3068.
	[Yang L, Wei W, Mo B R, et al.2011. Soil water deficit under different artificial vegetation restoration in the semi-arid hilly region of the Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 31(11): 3060-3068.]
38	姚雪玲, 傅伯杰, 吕一河. 2012. 黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面尺度土壤水分空间变异及影响因子[J]. 生态学报, 32(16): 4961-4968.
	[Yao X L, Fu B J, Lv Y H.2012. Spatial patterns of soil moisture at transect scale in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32(16): 4961-4968.]
39	易浪, 任志远, 张翀, 等. 2014. 黄土高原植被覆盖变化与气候和人类活动的关系[J]. 资源科学, 36(1): 166-174.
	[Yi L, Ren Z Y, Zhang C, et al.2014. Vegetation cover, climate and human activities on the Loess Plateau[J]. Resources Science, 36(1): 166-174.]
40	于国强, 李占斌, 李鹏, 等. 2010. 不同植被类型的坡面径流侵蚀产沙试验研究[J]. 水科学进展, 21(5): 593-599.
	[Yu G Q, Li Z B, Li P, et al.2010. Effects of vegetation types on hillslope runoff-erosion and sediment yield[J]. Advances in Water Science, 21(5): 593-599.]
41	于国强, 李占斌, 裴亮, 等. 2012. 不同植被类型下坡面径流侵蚀产沙差异性[J]. 水土保持学报, 26(1): 1-5, 11.
	[Yu G Q, Li Z B, Pei L, et al.2012. Difference of runoff-erosion-sediment yield under different vegetation type[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 26(1): 1-5, 11.]
42	张宝庆, 吴普特, 赵西宁. 2011. 近 30a 黄土高原植被覆盖时空演变监测与分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 27(4): 287-293.
	[Zhang B Q, Wu P T, Zhao X N.2011. Detecting and analysis of spatial and temporal variation of vegetation cover in the Loess Plateau during 1982-2009[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 27(4): 287-293.]
43	张光辉, 梁一民. 1996. 植被盖度对水土保持功效影响的研究综述[J]. 水土保持研究, 3(2): 104-110.
	[Zhang G H, Liang Y M.1996. A summary of impact of vegetation coverage on soil and water conservation benefit[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 3(2): 104-110.]
44	张建军, 纳磊, 董煌标, 等. 2008.黄土高原不同植被覆盖对流域水文的影响[J]. 生态学报, 28(8): 3597-3605.
	[Zhang J J, Na L, Dong H B, et al.2008. Hydrologyical response to changes in vegetation covers of small watersheds on the Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 28(8): 3597-3605.]
45	张亭亭, 张建军, 郭敏杰, 等. 2014. 北洛河流域不同地貌和植被类型区径流演变特征及控制因素[J]. 水土保持学报, 28(4): 78-84.
	[Zhang T T, Zhang J J, Guo M J, et al.2014. Trend of streamflow and its controlling factor under the regional vegetation restoration in Beiluo river basin[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 28(4): 78-84.]
46	张文帅. 2014. 陕甘宁黄土高原区NDVI变化及其在土地利用变化检测中的适宜性[D]. 杨凌: 中国科学院大学.
	[Zhang W S.2014. NDVI change and its suitability in land use change detection on Loess Plateau in Shaan-Gan-Ning region[D]. Yangling, China: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.]
47	张志强, 王盛萍, 孙阁, 等. 2006. 流域径流泥沙对多尺度植被变化响应研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 26(7): 2356-2364.
	[Zhang Z Q, Wang S P, Sun G, et al.2006. Runoff and sediment yield response to vegetation change at multiple scales: a review[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 26(7): 2356-2364.]
48	赵牡丹, 汤国安, 陈正江, 等. 2002. 黄土丘陵沟壑区不同坡度分级系统及地面坡谱对比[J]. 水土保持通报, 22(4): 33-36.
	[Zhao M D, Tang G A, Chen Z J, et al.2002. Slope classification systems and their slope spectrum in hill and gully area of the Loess Plateau[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 22(4): 33-36.]
49	赵文武, 傅伯杰, 陈利顶. 2002. 尺度推绎研究中的几点基本问题[J]. 地球科学进展, 17(6): 905-911.
	[Zhao W W, Fu B J, Chen L D.2002. Some fundamental issues in scaling[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 17(6): 905-911.]
50	赵文武, 傅伯杰, 陈利顶, 等. 2004. 黄土丘陵沟壑区集水区尺度土地利用格局变化的水土流失效应[J]. 生态学报, 24(7): 1358-1364.
	[Zhao W W, Fu B J, Chen L D, et al.2004. Effects of land-use pattern change on soil and water loss at the catchment scale in the hilly and gully area of the loess plateau of China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 24(7): 1358-1364. ]
51	Appels W M, Bogaart P W, Van der Zee S E A T M.2011. Influence of spatial variations of microtopography and infiltration on surface runoff and field scale hydrological connectivity[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 34(2): 303-313.
52	Bi H X, Liu B, Wu J, et al.2009. Effects of precipitation and landuse on runoff during the past 50 years in a typical watershed in Loess Plateau, China[J]. International Journal of Sediment Research, 24(3): 352-364.
53	Chang H J, Jung I W.2010. Spatial and temporal changes in runoff caused by climate change in a complex large river basin in Oregon[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 388(3-4): 186-207.
54	Chen H S, Shao M A, Li Y Y.2008. Soil desiccation in the Loess Plateau of China[J]. Geoderma, 143(1-2): 91-100.
55	Descroix L, Viramontes D, Vauclin M, et al.2001. Influence of soil surface features and vegetation on runoff and erosion in the Western Sierra Madre (Durango, Northwest Mexico)[J]. Catena, 43(2): 115-135.
56	Dungan J L, Perry J N, Dale M R T, et al.2002. A balanced view of scale in spatial statistical analysis[J]. Ecography, 25(5): 626-640.
57	Hammad A H A, BØrresen T, Haugen L E.2006. Effects of rain characteristics and terracing on runoff and erosion under the Mediterranean[J]. Soil and Tillage Research, 87(1): 39-47.
58	Huza J, Teuling A J, Braud I, et al.2014. Precipitation, soil moisture and runoff variability in a small river catchment (Ardèche, France) during HyMeX Special Observation Period 1[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 516 330-342.
59	Kim J W, Onda Y, Kim M S, et al.2014. Plot-scale study of surface runoff on well-covered forest doors under different canopy species[J]. Quaternary International, 344: 75-85.
60	Kirkby M J, Bracken L J, Shannon J.2005. The influence of rainfall distribution and morphological factors on runoff delivery from dryland catchments in SE Spain[J]. Catena, 62(2-3): 136-156.
61	Lei H M, Yang D W, Huang M Y.2014. Impacts of climate change and vegetation dynamics on runoff in the mountainous region of the Haihe River basin in the past five decades[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 511: 786-799.
62	Mao D H, Wang Z M, Luo L, et al.2012. Integrating AVHRR and MODIS data to monitor NDVI changes and their relationships with climatic parameters in Northeast China[J]. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 18: 528-536.
63	Mayor Á G, Bautista S, Bellot J.2011. Scale-dependent variation in runoff and sediment yield in a semiarid Mediterranean catchment[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 397(1-2): 128-135.
64	Onema J M K, Taigbenu A E.2009. NDVI-rainfall relationship in the Semliki watershed of the equatorial Nile[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 34(13-16): 711-721.
65	Peters D P C, Bestelmeyer B T, Turner M G.2007. Cross-scale interactions and changing pattern-process relationships: consequences for system dynamics[J]. Ecosystems, 10(5): 790-796.
66	Shi H, Shao M A.2000. Soil and water loss from the Loess Plateau in China[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 45(1): 9-20.
67	Stow D, Daeschner S, Hope A, et al.2003. Variability of the seasonally integrated normalized difference vegetation index across the north slope of Alaska in the 1990s[J]. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 24(5): 1111-1117.
68	Wang G X, Liu G S, Li C J.2012. Effects of changes in alpine grassland vegetation cover on hillslope hydrological processes in a permafrost watershed[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 444-445: 22-33.
69	Wu J G.2004. Effects of changing scale on landscape pattern analysis: scaling relations[J]. Landscape Ecology, 19(2): 125-138.
70	Yang L, Wei W, Chen L D, et al.2012. Response of deep soil moisture to land use and afforestation in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 475: 111-122.
71	Zhang X, Yu G Q, Li Z B, et al.2014. Experimental study on slope runoff, erosion and sediment under different vegetation types[J]. Water Resources Management, 28(9): 2415-2433.
72	Zhao X N, Huang J, Wu P T, et al.2014. The dynamic effects of pastures and crop on runoff and sediments reduction at loess slopes under simulated rainfall conditions[J]. Catena, 119: 1-7.

程度	NDVI变化趋势	程度	NDVI变化趋势
严重退化	Slope≤-0.0150	轻微改善	0.0009<Slope≤0.0075
中度退化	-0.0150<Slope≤-0.0075	中度改善	0.0075<Slope≤0.0150
轻微退化	-0.0075<Slope≤-0.0009	明显改善	Slope>0.0150
基本不变	-0.0009<Slope≤0.0009

[1]	杨涛, 陈海, 刘迪, 张行, 史琴琴. 黄土丘陵沟壑区乡村社区恢复力时空演变及影响因素研究——以陕西省米脂县高渠乡为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2021, 40(2): 245-256.
[2]	张灵, 张俊, 杜良敏, 高雅琦. 长江上游降水对三峡水库蓄水关键月入库流量的影响[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(7): 1117-1125.
[3]	孙赫, 苏凤阁. 雅鲁藏布江流域多源降水产品评估及其在水文模拟中的应用[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(7): 1126-1139.
[4]	胡庆芳, 曹士圯, 杨辉斌, 王银堂, 李伶杰, 王立辉. 汉江流域安康站日径流预测的LSTM模型初步研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(4): 636-642.
[5]	李伶杰, 王银堂, 胡庆芳, 刘勇, 刘定忠, 崔婷婷. 基于时变权重组合与贝叶斯修正的中长期径流预报[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(4): 643-650.
[6]	孙锐,陈少辉,苏红波. 2000—2016年黄土高原不同土地覆盖类型植被NDVI时空变化[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(8): 1248-1258.
[7]	周玉科. 青藏高原植被NDVI对气候因子响应的格兰杰效应分析[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(5): 718-730.
[8]	马冰滢, 黄姣, 李双成. 基于生态-经济权衡的京津冀城市群土地利用优化配置[J]. 地理科学进展, 2019, 38(1): 26-37.
[9]	徐明, 石玉立, 王彬. 高分辨率青藏高原历史月降水数据重建[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(7): 923-932.
[10]	张芳芳, 郑永宏, 潘国艳, 袁帅, 孔繁希, 起永东, 王丹. 神农架地区树轮δ¹⁸O序列的气候指示意义[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(7): 946-953.
[11]	刘希林. 全球视野下崩岗侵蚀地貌及其研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(3): 342-351.
[12]	朱艳欣, 桑燕芳. 青藏高原降水季节分配的空间变化特征[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(11): 1533-1544.
[13]	温小洁, 姚顺波, 赵敏娟. 基于降水条件的城镇化与植被覆盖协调发展研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(10): 1352-1361.
[14]	江颖慧, 焦利民, 张博恩. 城市地表温度与NDVI空间相关性的尺度效应[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(10): 1362-1370.
[15]	赵文武, 刘月, 冯强, 王亚萍, 杨思琪. 人地系统耦合框架下的生态系统服务[J]. 地理科学进展, 2018, 37(1): 139-151.