国内外社会空间分异测度研究综述

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.07.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

社会空间分异作为一个具有社会性及空间性的概念,其测度研究直接关系到隔离等级划分的合理性和有效性。本文根据不同历史时期空间分异测度研究所关注的视角,将社会空间分异测度研究分为早期萌芽阶段、多维度群体评估阶段、空间转向阶段、多模型多视角阶段等4个阶段,介绍了社会空间分异测度指标在各阶段的演变特点和主要测度指标,并对其中26个主要指数进行比较和分类,阐述各指数的适用范围和优缺点。分析国内社会空间分异相关研究现状,指出其存在多维度指标使用较少且多为实证性研究,空间分异测算方法缺少理论基础的不足。移动互联网和社交网络空间快速发展,对社会空间分异的测算方法提出新的要求;基于地理位置信息的个人行为空间交互数据和基于虚拟网络的赛博空间交互数据,为社会空间分异研究提供了新的研究视角。

关键词: 社会空间分异, 测度算法, 分异指标, 综述

Abstract:

Social spatial segregation is a concept of sociality and spatiality. Its measurement directly impacts the validity of the classification of segregation degrees. According to the different focuses of spatial segregation research through its development, the author divides social spatial segregation study into the following stages: the beginning from the 1950s to the 1970s; the multi-dimensional group assessment stage in the 1980s; switching to a spatial focus in the 1990s; multi-modeling and multi-perspective period in the 2000s to date. This review introduces the main features of different approaches, the social background against which the developments occurred, and the main measurement indices and models of each stage. Socio-spatial segregation research started relatively late in China. It can be divided into an early embryonic stage from the 1980s to the 1990s and the vigorous development stage from 2000 to present. Socio-spatial segregation research in China involved mostly empirical studies with aspatial measures of segregation, which cannot solve the modifiable areal unit problem beyond the census tract and thus made little theoretical contribution to the ongoing debates. Segregation research often used more traditional segregation indices, lacking multi-dimensional spatial-correction segregation methods. The papers reviewed were not based on previous research and cross-fertilization did not seem to occur. As a result, a unified paradigm has not appeared. The rapid development of mobile Internet and social network space in the past few years put forward new demands to the social spatial segregation calculation method. On the other hand, location-based personal behavioral data and virtual network-based cyberspace interactive data provide a new perspective for socio-spatial segregation study .

Key words: social spatial segregation, measurement, segregation index, review

石恩名, 刘望保, 唐艺窈. 国内外社会空间分异测度研究综述[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(7): 818-829.

Enming SHI, Wangbao LIU, Yiyao TANG. A review of social spatial segregation measurements[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(7): 818-829.

图/表 4

表1

图1

表2

表3

社会空间分异指数属性表"

名称	原提出者	空间均匀性维度/空间接触性维度	是否具有空间性	测度尺度(总体测度/ 局域测度)	模型对象数目	备注
基尼系数	Gini, 1921	均匀性	非空间性	总体(G)	双变量	原始指标
P*指数	Bell, 1954	接触性	空间性	总体(G)	双变量	原始指标,也称孤立指数
差异性指数	Duncan, 1955	均匀性	非空间性	总体(G)	双变量	原始指标
阿特金森指数	Atkinson, 1970	均匀性	非空间性	总体(G)	双变量	原始指标
锡尔系数	Theil, 1972	均匀性	非空间性	总体(G) /局域(L)	多变量	原始指标
D(m)指数	Morgan, 1975	均匀性	非空间性	总体(G)	多变量	对差异性指数基于多群体的修正
DBI指数	Jakubs, 1981	均匀性	空间性	总体(G)	双变量	基于距离修正的差异性指数,简写DBI
MDBI指数	Morgan, 1983a	均匀性	空间性	总体(G)	双变量	交替式距离修正差异性指数,是对DBI进行的修正
SD	Morgan, 1983a	均匀性	空间性	总体(G)	双变量	空间差异性指标,对D指数的修正
DPxx指数	Morgan, 1983a	均匀性	空间性	总体(G)	双变量	基于距离衰减修正的P*指数
IC₂指数	Morgan, 1983b	接触性	空间性	总体(G)	双变量	原始指标,对称空间隔离指数
SP指数	White, 1983	接触性	空间性	总体(G)	双变量	原始指标,空间接近指数
ACO指数	Massey, 1988	均匀性	空间性	总体(G)	双变量	原始指标,绝对聚集指数
D(adj.)指数	Morrill, 1991	均匀性	空间性	总体(G)	双变量	基于邻域矩阵修正的差异性指数
D(w)指数	Wong, 1993	均匀性	空间性	总体(G)	双变量	在基于周长修正的D(adj.)指数
D(s)指数	Wong, 1993	均匀性	空间性	总体(G)	双变量	基于周长和面积比进行修正的D(adj.)指数
SD(m)指数	Wong, 1998	均匀性	空间性	总体(G)	多变量	对于SD基于多群体的修正
G(m)多群体基尼系数	Reardon, 1998	均匀性	非空间性	总体(G)	多变量	对基尼系数基于多群体的修正
S指数	Wong, 1999	均匀性	空间性	总体(G)	多变量	交叉变异椭圆
SP(m)指数	Grannis, 2002	接触性	空间性	总体(G)	多变量	对White提出的SP基于多群体的修正
SH_i指数	Wong, 2002	均匀性	空间性	局域(L)	双变量	基于领域单元人口混合修正的熵系数
Moran'I指数	Dawkins, 2004	均匀性	空间性	总体(G)/局域(L)	双变量	原始指标,空间自相关指数
S_i指数	Wong, 2004	接触性	空间性	局域(L)	多变量	用于计算局域性的接近性维度
P ?*指数	Reardon, 2004	接触性	空间性	局域(L)	双变量	通过积分计算的平均邻域权重代替距离衰减效应的P指数
D ?*指数	Reardon, 2004	均匀性	空间性	局域(L)	双变量	通过积分计算的平均邻域权重代替距离衰减效应的D指数
SBD指数	O'Sullivan,2007	均匀性	空间性	局域(L)	多变量	基于核密度估算的空间隔离测量

表3

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维度名称	各维度隔离指数
均匀性维度	差异性指数、基尼系数、信息熵、阿特金森指数
接触性维度	接触性指数P*、η²指数
集中性维度	δ指数、相对集中指数
集群性维度	绝对聚集指数、空间接近指数、距离衰减隔离指数
中心性维度	相对中心指数、绝对中心指数

阶段	指标	特点
早期萌芽阶段	差异性指数、信息理论指数、锡尔系数、接触性指数P^*、基尼指数、阿特金森指数	简单、易计算
多维度群体评估阶段	η²指数、δ指数、相对集中指数、绝对聚集指数、空间接近指数、距离衰减隔离指数、相对中心指数、绝对中心指数	多维度、多指标、多群体
空间转向阶段	D(adj.)指数、D(w)指数、基于椭圆计算测度	对前期指数进行空间和边界修正,引入空间权重矩阵和GIS工具
多模型多视角阶段	D ?指数、P ?指数、核密度估算测度、计算机模拟、行为空间路径测度、社会网络测度	多元化、计算机模拟

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