城市化进程对氮循环格局及动态的影响研究进展

doi:10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.06.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氮循环是全球生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分,随着城市化进程的不断加快,高强度的人类活动和城市景观格局的改变不仅影响了氮的循环过程,而且加重了氮污染的程度,对城市生态环境造成了严重的影响。城市尺度的氮循环研究不仅是全球关注的氮研究热点,而且也是城市生态学和城市地理学研究的前沿。本文基于城市生态系统的氮循环特征,综述了城市化进程对城市氮污染物来源、沉降、输移和累积影响研究的国内外大量研究成果,介绍了卫星遥感、稳定同位素、物质流模型等分析方法在城市氮循环研究中的应用,针对未来几十年活性氮增加可能带来的不利影响,提出对活性氮的减缓策略,以有效抑制活性氮对环境的影响。未来城市氮循环研究需要开展长期系统监测、深化城市氮循环机理研究、创新研究范式和研究方法,并将研究成果与城市规划和城市发展研究相结合,提升城市氮管理能力。

关键词: 城市雾霾, 氮循环, 氮收支, 城市生态系统, 城市化

Abstract:

Nitrogen (N) cycle has been poorly characterized in urban ecosystems. In China, urbanization is an important process that alters urban ecosystem and urban nitrogen biogeochemical cycle. Human activities have more than doubled the nitrogen inputs to urbanized areas, and the sources, magnitude, spatiotemporal patterns, and drivers of N fluxes have been mediated by human activities. The imbalance of nitrogen cycle has far exceeded the safe limits of urban sustainable development in some urban areas in China. The urbanized areas are facing a series of environmental problems induced by excessive emission and deposition of reactive nitrogen. Urban smog is becoming very serious in a large number of Chinese cities. However, owing to the limited knowledge on the role of humans in the N biogeochemical cycle and the complexity and uncertainty of urban ecosystems, ecological research of nitrogen emission, deposition, transformation, removal, and retention in urban areas is relatively weak. Thus, comprehensively quantifying changes of nitrogen cycle in urbanized areas and understanding the effects of human activities, such as urbanization and economic development, on the variations of reactive nitrogen fluxes, have been a crucial topic in urban ecological research. This article reviews the state-of-the-art research in this field on the basis of comparison and analysis of Chinese and international studies. The problems exist in current research were summarized and future areas of research aiming at a much improved understanding of the scope of the anthropogenic N problem are discussed. With serious nitrogen pollution and environmental effects in urban areas, it is essential to carry out a long-term study of nitrogen flux and nitrogen budget to investigate the problem of nitrogen imbalance. It is necessary to think beyond the control of pollutant emissions and approach the issue and solution from an urban planning perspective and conduct comprehensive studies to understand the variation of nitrogen input and output trends and driving mechanisms.

Key words: urban smog, nitrogen cycle, nitrogen budget, urban ecosystem, urbanization

高群, 余成. 城市化进程对氮循环格局及动态的影响研究进展[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(6): 726-738.

Qun GAO, Cheng YU. A review of urbanization impact on nitrogen cycle[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(6): 726-738.

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21世纪以来国内外城市尺度城市发展的氮循环影响研究工作"

研究区域	研究内容	研究方法	文献来源
美国亚利桑那凤凰城(CAP)	城市生态系统氮收支平衡	质量平衡法	Baker et al, 2001
美国马里兰巴尔的摩市（LTER）	城市流域生态系统氮通量和持留	质量平衡法	Groffman et al, 2004
瑞典斯德哥尔摩市	基于模拟不同城市发展情景产生的氮负荷提出城市空间扩展方向	水文学模型模拟	Jansson et al, 2007
法国巴黎市	氮流在城市食物消费中的流动情况	物质流分析	Barles, 2007
加拿大多伦多市	氮流在城市食物消费中的流动情况	物质流分析	Forkes, 2007
美国亚利桑那凤凰城(CAP)	城市大气氮沉降空间格局特征	干湿沉降采样及统计分析	Lohse et al, 2008
中国惠州市	与人类活动有关的氮流在环境系统和人类生产生活系统的状况	物质流分析	Ma et al, 2008
中国贵阳市	城市大气氮沉降空间格局特征	氮稳定同位素分析	刘学炎等, 2009
中国大杭州区域(GHA)	城乡复杂系统内氮循环状况	物质流分析	Gu et al, 2009
中国南昌市	城市化对森林氮循环的影响	离子树脂采样及统计分析	Chen et al, 2010
中国北京都市区	城市地区净人类活动氮累积研究	氮输入输出清单	Han et al, 2011
中国大上海地区(GSA)	城市化对城乡区域氮流动及其驱动力的影响	物质流分析	Gu et al, 2012
美国佛罗里达彭萨科拉市	城市景观特征影响河口氮负荷	景观指数分析	Yang, 2012
中国厦门市	城市发展过程中食物氮消费的变化	物质流分析	于洋等, 2012
中国北京市	城市化对土壤氮循环的影响	土壤理化性质分析	陈帅等, 2012
中国北京都市区	城市生态系统地表水氮污染和来源识别	氮稳定同位素分析	Ren et al, 2014
中国北京都市区	大都市地区的快速增长与在食品生产消费体系中氮磷的流动变化关系	物质流分析	Ma et al, 2014
巴西里约热内卢市	大城市发展对相邻地区生态系统氮循环的影响	降雨采样及统计分析	De Souza et al, 2015

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