智慧城市视角下城市洪涝模拟研究综述

doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.04.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

智慧城市是城市发展的新兴模式。然而,近年来频发的城市洪涝给智慧城市的管理和发展带来了严峻的挑战。暴雨洪涝模拟是城市防洪减灾的关键技术之一,也是智慧城市风险应急管理中重要的决策支持依据。本文首先分析了智慧城市以及智慧水务的内涵,探讨了智慧城市发展和管理对于城市洪涝模拟新的需求;在此基础上梳理了智慧城市发展给城市洪涝模型带来的新的数据支撑;面向智慧城市应急管理决策,对比分析了3种现有的水文模型方法,认为在智慧城市大数据和技术的支持下,基于物理基础的分布式模型是未来城市洪涝模拟的主流发展方向。最后,探讨了建立城市洪涝模型的建模机制、尺度、基础数据库的建立、更新和管理、地表与地下管网模拟并重等关键问题,分析认为精细化、与RS和GIS技术融合、注重时空过程和智慧服务是智慧城市背景下城市洪涝模拟发展的必然趋势。

关键词: 城市洪涝, 基础地理数据, 洪涝模型, 智慧城市, 应急决策支持

Abstract:

Smart city is the emerging pattern of city development. However, in recent years, frequent urban floods have brought serious challenges to the management and development of smart cities. Urban flooding simulation is not only one of the key technologies of city flood control and mitigation, but also an important decision support tool for smart city disaster risk and emergency management. This article first indicates the connotation of smart city and smart water, and analyzes the new requirements of smart city development and management on urban flood inundation models. Second, it discusses the newly available data support of urban flood simulation models brought by the development of smart cities, and compares three existing hydrological models from the perspective of city emergency management decision-making. Third, this article points out that under the support of big data and technology of smart cities, the hydraulic-based distributed urban flood simulation models have a promising prospect in application. By analyzing the development of urban flood simulation models, we conclude that micro-level simulation, integration with remote sensing and GIS technologies, and emphasis on spatiotemporal process of flood inundation and smart service are the inevitable trend of development of urban flood simulation models.

Key words: urban flood, basic geographic data, flood simulation model, smart city, emergency response decision support

刘勇, 张韶月, 柳林, 王先伟, 黄华兵. 智慧城市视角下城市洪涝模拟研究综述[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(4): 494-504.

Yong LIU, Shaoyue ZHANG, Lin LIU, Xianwei WANG, Huabing HUANG. Research on urban flood simulation: a review from the smart city perspective[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(4): 494-504.

图/表 1

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模型名称/类型	地形划分单元	汇流算法	模型输入	模型输出	构建难易程度	计算效率	能否模拟积水过程
SWMM/水文模型 (Gironás et al, 2010)	子汇水区	非线性水库	降雨数据,DEM,土壤属性,土地利用,详细的管网数据	管道水位流速的时空演化,节点的积水体积变化	一般	快	否
二维水动力模型 (解以扬等, 2005)	无结构不规则网格	圣维南方程	降雨数据,DEM,土地利用,详细的管网数据	径流的时空演化过程	难	慢	能
RFSM/简化模型 (Lhomme et al, 2008)	基于地形划分的影响区域(impact zones)	计算影响区域自身的淹没,多余的水量通过最低点流入相邻的影响区域	DEM,影响区域最低点位置,入流总体积	最终淹没范围	一般	快	否
FCDC/简化模型 (Zhang, Wang et al, 2014)	三角网格	搜索洪水连接点,低于水面高程的区域被淹没	DEM,水面高程或者洪水体积,进入点位置	最终淹没范围	一般	快	否
LISFLOOD-FP/简化模型(Bates et al, 2000)	DEM网格	简化的圣维南方程	降雨数据,DEM,入流曲线,河道参数,时间步长	径流的时空演化过程	一般	较快	能
CA模型(Ghimire et al, 2013)	DEM网格	基于坡度和水力学方程计算元胞间的交换水量	降雨数据,DEM,时间步长	径流的时空演化过程	容易	较快	能

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