全月球撞击坑识别、分类及空间分布

doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.03.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

撞击坑是月球表面分布广泛的地貌单元,是研究月球的最直接窗口。本文以嫦娥一号卫星获取的遥感影像和DEM,以及国际天文学联合会(IAU)公布的撞击坑名录为基础数据源,以全月球表面撞击坑为研究对象,采用遥感图像处理与专家知识融合的目视解译法确定撞击坑的边界,识别出全月球表面直径大于500 m的撞击坑共计106030个,采用累积频率和与IAU公布撞击坑对比两种方法对目视解译的撞击坑进行精度评价,其识别的总体误差率为10.97%;按照形态特征指标,将全月球撞击坑分为六大类,对比分析了不同类的撞击坑影像及形貌差异性;对全月球撞击坑分类进行统计分析,得出了不同类型撞击坑在月球表面的数量与密度特征及空间分布情况。

关键词: 嫦娥一号, 撞击坑识别, 分类, 分布特征

Abstract:

The most widespread geomorphic units on lunar surface are craters. In this article, we use a remote sensing image and DEM model from the Cang'E-1 satellite as data source to study craters on the lunar surface. First, an integrated procedure that uses a remote sensing image, DEM and its derived products (slope, curvature) to extract the edifice of craters is applied. At a scale of 1: 2500000 edifice boundaries are manually defined by searching for breaks in slope around the base and there are a total of 106030 impact craters identified. Then we present two methods to evaluate the extraction accuracy and cumulative crater frequency. The result shows that the extraction error is less than 12 percent and the cumulative crater frequency curves from both sets of data obtained through these two methods are similar. Second, all the craters are divided into six groups including the ghost, walled plain, ring plain, crater plain, bowl-shaped, and dimple craters based on previous studies. A corresponding interpretation symbol database is established to illustrate the appearance of craters on a digital image. Finally, some statistical data on different types of craters across the lunar surface are generated. Characteristics such as number, density, and spatial distribution are calculated in ArcGIS and SPSS. We find that the bowl-shaped craters are the major type of all the craters and there is a strong inverse correlation between the number of craters and their diameter. The data provided herein is by far the most comprehensive lunar craters data so that it offers an opportunity to systematically study the impact mechanisms, impact effects, and evolutionary history of craters on lunar surface.

Key words: Chang'E-1 satellite, crater classification, detection, spatial analysis

王, 娇, , 程维明, , 周成虎. 全月球撞击坑识别、分类及空间分布[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(3): 330-.

Jiao WANG, Weiming CHENG, Chenghu ZHOU. A global inventory of lunar craters: identification, classification, and distribution[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(3): 330-.

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分类者	撞击坑类型
Baldwin	影子型	废墟型	边界破损	边界模糊	边界清晰
LPL分类	第六类	第五类	第四类	第三类	第二类	第一类
中野繁	周壁平原	山环	环状平原	凹坑平原	凹坑	小凹坑	浅坑	潜坑
小森长生	克拉维型	哥白尼型	阿基米德型	碗形	酒窝
Wood	TYC型	TRI型	SOS型	BIO型	ALC型
Heiken	撞击盆地(亚3类)	复杂撞击坑(亚5类)	简单撞击坑
StÖffler	撞击盆地	复杂撞击坑	简单撞击坑
何姝珺	月海残留型	复杂型	同心环型	中央隆起型	平底型	碗型	简单型

探测器	国家	数据类型	分辨率	投影	说明
嫦娥一号	中国	全月球三线阵摄影测量数字高程模型(DEM)	500 m	简单圆柱	是由嫦娥一号探测器CCD立体相机获取的前视、下视和后视影像数据,经三线阵数字摄影测量处理制作而成。模型的高程基准为半径为1737.4 km的正球体,表面采用均地极轴坐标系。高程中误差120 m,平面中误差192 m。
嫦娥一号	中国	全月球正射影像图	120 m	简单圆柱	使用嫦娥一号分辨率为500 m的数字高程模型,对立体相机的下视CCD影像数据进行正射校正后制作而成。图幅覆盖180°W~180°E,90°N~90°S,平面定位中误差为192 m。

撞击坑直径/km	矢量化数量/个	所占比例/%	IAU直径/km	矢量化直径/km	误差/km	误差率/%	总体误差/km	总体误差率/%
0.5~2	14261	13.45	1.17	1.46	0.29	24.79	15.51	10.97
2~18	77046	72.66	9.25	6.85	2.40	25.95
18~34	8663	8.17	25.43	24.00	1.43	5.62
34~113	4989	4.71	57.66	56.65	1.01	1.75
113~604	1009	0.95	199.36	199.69	0.33	0.17
>604	62	0.06	1160.25	1072.66	87.59	7.55

撞击坑类型	特征描述	撞击坑类型	特征描述
月海残留型撞击坑	科迪勒尔(Montes Cordillera),直径963.5 km,位置17.5°S、81.6°W,形成年代久远,边界几乎辨认不清,坑底平坦且部分被熔岩填充,坑壁、坑底有二次撞击坑散布。	特大复杂型撞击坑	施罗丁格尔(SchrÖdinger),直径312 km,位置75.0°S、132.4°EW,典型的多峰环撞击坑,坑底平坦且保存有熔岩流动的痕迹,坑壁、坑底有二次撞击坑散布。
大环状平原型撞击坑	黑尔(Hale),直径83 km,位置74.2°S、90.8°E,有多层梯壁,坑口边界呈圆角不规则形,有广阔平坦的坑底,有中央峰。	中等凹坑平原型撞击坑	阿尔弗拉德纳斯(Alfraganus),直径20 km,位置5.4°S、19.0°E,坑口接近圆形,坑浅,坑壁窄,内侧斜坡较陡且光滑,坑底平坦、面积较大,坑壁和坑底的分界线明显。
小规模碗型撞击坑	卡萨图斯(Casatus C),直径17 km,位置72.2°S、30.2°W,坑口光滑,无坑壁较光滑且新鲜,上抬呈碗型,坑壁与坑底之间没有明确的分界,连成一体。	微状酒窝型撞击坑	散布于月海区,像柔软的沙面上用指头压出的形状。

撞击坑类型	直径范围/km	数量/个	百分比/%	空间密度/万km²	总密度/万km²
月海残留型	>604	62	0.06	0.02	27.9
特大复杂型	113~604	1009	0.95	0.27
大环状平原型	34~113	4989	4.71	1.31
中等凹坑平原型	18~34	8663	8.17	2.28
小规模碗型	2~18	77046	72.66	20.28
微状酒窝型	0.5~2	14261	13.45	3.75