中国避暑型气候的地域类型及其时空分布特征

doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.02.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由于中国各地纬度、地形及海陆位置的地域差异,形成了多种多样的避暑型气候。本文采用1993-2012年756个国家基本站和122个辐射站逐日气象数据,基于通用热气候指数(UTCI)模型计算各气象站点的人体感知温度,结合聚类分析方法对避暑型气候的地域类型进行了研究,并对其空间分布、时间变化和舒适特征进行了分析。结果表明：中国避暑型气候主要包括西南高原型、中东部山岳型、东北山地平原型、西北山地高原型和环渤海低山丘陵型5种地域类型;各类避暑型气候具有显著的地域特色：西南高原型避暑气候纬度低、海拔高,太阳辐射较强;中东部山岳型避暑气候地势高、风速大,夏季舒适偏冷;环渤海低山丘陵型避暑气候地势低、湿度大,夏季舒适偏热且舒适度受海风影响明显;西北山地高原型避暑气候温度适宜、天气晴朗,但略显干燥;东北山地平原型避暑气候凉爽、风速不大、辐射不强、湿度适中,综合条件相对优越。从各类避暑型气候夏季人体感知温度的变化来看,环渤海低山丘陵型舒适期较短,其余类型舒适期相对较长,东北山地平原型和西北山地高原型人体感知温度曲线呈良好的单峰对称变化,其余类型大致呈单峰不对称形态。本文不仅丰富了避暑型气候研究的理论成果,而且也可为避暑型旅游资源的开发与规划提供科学依据,进一步指导人们的避暑旅游活动。

关键词: 避暑型气候, 地域类型, 时空分布, 通用热气候指数, 人体感知温度, 中国

Abstract:

Geographical differences in latitude, topography, and distance to the sea lead to a variety of summer comfortable climate types in China. Using daily data from 756 national basic stations and 122 radiation stations in China during 1993-2012, human-perceived temperature is calculated using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). Combined with cluster analysis method, this study analyzed summer comfortable climate types as well as their spatial distribution, temporal variation, and characteristics of comfort. The results show that summer comfortable climate types in China include Southwest Plateau type, Central-Eastern Mountain type, Bohai Hilly type, Northeast Mountain-Plain type, and Northwest Mountain-Plateau type. On the Southwest Plateau, with a low latitude and high altitude, solar radiation is strong; the Central-Eastern Mountain area is comfortable and slightly cold in the summer due to high elevation and wind speed; the Bohai Hilly area is influenced distinctly by the sea breeze and is slightly hot with high humidity; the Northwest Mountain-Plateau has a pleasant temperature and sunny weather although slightly dry. Comparatively, conditions in the Northeast Mountain-Plain are the most favorable because of the cool climate and low wind speed, weak solar radiation, and moderate humidity. Based on the temporal variation of human-perceived temperature during the summer, the comfortable period of the Bohai Hilly is short but the others are relatively long. The human-perceived temperature curves of the Northeast Mountain-Plain and the Northwest Mountain-Plateau areas show a single peak with symmetric distribution while the others present a roughly single peak with asymmetrical shape. The result of this study has further enriched the results of summer comfortable climate research and provides a scientific basis for the development and planning of summer tourist resources. It can also serve as a guide to summer tourism activities.

Key words: summer comfortable climate, regional types, temporal and spatial distribution, Universal Thermal Climate Index, human-perceived temperature, China

陈慧, 闫业超, 岳书平, 孟冰祥, 王喜元. 中国避暑型气候的地域类型及其时空分布特征[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(2): 175-.

Hui CHEN, Yechao YAN, Shuping YUE, Bingxiang MENG, Xiyuan WANG. Types of summer comfortable climate in China and their temporal and spatial distribution[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(2): 175-.

图/表 7

图1

表1

图2

图3

表2

图4

图5

参考文献 38

1	曹伟宏, 何元庆, 李宗省, 等. 2012. 丽江旅游气候舒适度与年内客流量变化相关性分析[J]. 地理科学, 32(12): 1459-1464.
	[Cao W H, He Y Q, Li Z S, et al.2012. A correlation analysis between climate comfort degree and monthly variation of tourists in Lijiang[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 32(12): 1459-1464.]
2	陈正昌, 程炳林, 陈新丰, 等. 2005. 多变量分析方法: 统计软件应用[M]. 北京: 中国税务出版社.
	[Chen Z C, Cheng B L, Chen X F, et al.2005. Duobianliang Fenxi Fangfa: tongji ruanjian yingyong[M]. Beijing, China: Chinese Tax Press]
3	范业正, 郭来喜. 1998. 中国海滨旅游地气候适宜性评价[J]. 自然资源学报, 13(4): 304-311.
	[Fan Y Z, Guo L X.1998. The climate suitability of tourism at the coastline destinations of China[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 13(4): 304-311.]
4	孔邦杰, 李军, 黄敬峰. 2007. 山地旅游区气候舒适度的时空特征分析[J]. 气象科学, 27(3): 342-348.
	[Kong B J, Li J, Huang J F.2007. Temporal and spatial characteristic analysis of the climatic comfortable index in the mountainous country tourist district[J]. Scientia Meteorologica Sinica, 27(3): 342-348.]
5	刘林山, 张镱锂, 郑度. 2002. 首都圈典型沙区近40余年气候变化特征简析: 以张北、怀来、丰宁3县为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 21(4): 318-326.
	[Liu L S, Zhang Y L, Zheng D.2002. Climate change character in the special sand area of the areas encircling Beijing: a case study on the counties of Zhangbei, Huailai and Fengning[J]. Progress in Geography, 21(4): 318-326.]
6	刘清春, 王铮, 许世远. 2007. 中国城市旅游气候舒适性分析[J]. 资源科学, 29(1): 133-141.
	[Liu Q C, Wang Z, Xu S Y.2007. Climate suitability index for city tourism in China[J]. Resources Science, 29(1): 133-141.]
7	陆林, 宣国富, 章锦河,等. 2002. 海滨型与山岳型旅游地客流季节性比较: 以三亚, 北海, 普陀山, 黄山, 九华山为例[J]. 地理学报, 57(6): 731-740.
	[Lu L, Xuan G F, Zhang J H, et al.2002. An approach to seasonality of tourist flows between coastland resorts and mountain resorts: example of Sanya, Beihai, Mt.Putuo, Mt.Huangshan, and Mt.Jiuhua[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 57(6): 731-740.]
8	马丽君, 孙根年. 2009. 中国西部热点城市旅游气候舒适度[J]. 干旱区地理, 32(5): 791-797.
	[Ma L J, Sun G N.2009. Evaluation of climate comfort index for tourism hot-spot cities in west China[J]. Arid Land Geography, 32(5): 791-797.]
9	马丽君, 孙根年, 康国栋, 等. 2009. 北京旅游气候舒适度与客流量年内变化相关分析[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 23(6): 95-100.
	[Ma L J, Sun G N, Kang G D, et al.2009. Correlative analysis on climate comfortable degree and monthly variations of tourists in Beijing[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 23(6): 95-100.]
10	马丽君, 孙根年, 李馥丽, 等. 2007. 陕西省旅游气候舒适度评价[J]. 资源科学, 29(6): 40-44.
	[Ma L J, Sun G N, Li F L, et al.2007. Evaluation of tourism climate comfortableness in Shaanxi Province[J]. Resources Science, 29(6): 40-44.]
11	马丽君, 孙根年, 李玲芬, 等. 2008. 海口旅游气候舒适度与客流量年内变化相关分析[J]. 资源科学, 30(11): 1754-1759.
	[Ma L J, Sun G N, Li L F, et al.2008. Correlative analysis of climate comfort and monthly variation of tourists in Haikou City[J]. Resources Science, 30(11): 1754-1759.]
12	马丽君, 孙根年, 马彦如, 等. 2011. 30年来西安市气候舒适度变化对旅游客流量的影响[J]. 干旱区资源与环境, 25(9): 191-196.
	[Ma L J, Sun G N, Ma Y R, et al.2011. Impact of climate comfort degree change on the number of tourists in Xi'an for the last 30 years[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 25(9): 191-196.]
13	马丽君, 孙根年, 王洁洁. 2009. 中国东部沿海沿边城市旅游气候舒适度评价[J]. 地理科学进展, 28(5): 713-722.
	[Ma L J, Sun G N, Wang J J.2009. Evaluation of tourism climate comfortableness of coastal cities in the eastern China[J]. Progress in Geography, 28(5): 713-722.]
14	马丽君, 孙根年, 谢越法, 等. 2010. 50年来东部典型城市旅游气候舒适度变化分析[J]. 资源科学, 32(10): 1963-1970.
	[Ma L J, Sun G N, Xie Y F, et al.2010. A study on variations of the tourism climate comfort degree in five typical cities in eastern China during the last 50 years[J]. Resources Science, 32(10): 1963-1970.]
15	马丽君, 孙根年, 杨睿, 等. 2011. 城市气候舒适度与游客网络关注度时空相关分析[J]. 地理科学进展, 30(6): 753-759.
	[Ma L J, Sun G N, Yang R, et al.2011. A correlative analysis of the spatial and temporal relationship between climate comfort degree and tourist network attention for typical cities[J]. Progress in Geography, 30(6): 753-759.]
16	任健美, 牛俊杰, 胡彩虹, 等. 2004. 五台山旅游气候及其舒适度评价[J]. 地理研究, 23(6): 856-862.
	[Ren J M, Niu J J, Hu C H, et al.2004. Tourism climate and evaluation of comfortableness in Wutai Mountain[J]. Geographical Research, 23(6): 856-862.]
17	王胜, 田红, 谢五三, 等. 2012. 近50年安徽省气候舒适度变化特征及区划研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 31(1): 40-45.
	[Wang S, Tian H, Xie W S, et al.2012. A study on variations and comprehensive zoning of climate comfort degree in Anhui Province in the past 50 years[J]. Progress in Geography, 31(1): 40-45.]
18	宣国富, 陆林, 汪德根, 等. 2004. 三亚市旅游客流空间特性研究[J]. 地理研究, 23(1): 115-124.
	[Xuan G F, Lu L, Wang D G, et al.2004. Spatial characteristics of tourist flows in coast resorts: a case study of Sanya City[J]. Geographical Research, 23(1): 115-124.]
19	宣国富, 陆林, 章锦河, 等. 2002. 海滨旅游地居民对旅游影响的感知: 海南省海口市及三亚市实证研究[J]. 地理科学, 22(6): 741-746.
	[Xuan G F, Lu L, Zhang J H, et al.2002. Residents' perception of tourism impacts in coast resorts: the case study of Haikou and Sanya Cities, Hainan Province[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 22(6): 741-746.]
20	闫业超, 岳书平, 刘学华, 等. 2013. 国内外气候舒适度评价研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 28(10): 1119-1125.
	[Yan Y C, Yue S P, Liu X H, et al.2013. Advances in assessment of bioclimatic comfort conditions at home and abroad[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 28(10): 1119-1125.]
21	袁志发, 周静芋. 2002. 多元统计分析[M]. 北京: 科学出版社.
	[Yuan Z F, Zhou J Y.2002. Multivariate statistical analysis[M]. Beijing, China: Science Press.]
22	张狄, 史岚, 缪启龙, 等. 2012. 基于GIS的江苏省旅游舒适度精细化估算与评价[J]. 江苏师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 30(3): 62-67.
	[Zhang D, Shi L, Miao Q L, et al.2012. Fine estimation and evaluation of tourism comfort in Jiangsu Province based on GIS[J]. Journal of Jiangsu Normal University: Natural Science Edition, 30(3): 62-67.]
23	Blazejczyk K, Epstein Y, Jendritzky G, et al.2012. Comparison of UTCI to selected thermal indices[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(3): 515-535.
24	Bröde P, Fiala D, Błażejczyk K, et al.2012. Deriving the operational procedure for the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI)[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(3): 481-494.
25	Bröde P, Krüger E L, Rossi F A, et al.2012. Predicting urban outdoor thermal comfort by the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI: a case study in southern Brazil[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(3): 471-480.
26	Fanger P O.1970. Thermal comfort: analysis and applications in environmental engineering[M]. Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Technical Press.
27	Fiala D, Havenith G, Bröde P, et al.2012. UTCI-Fiala multinode model of human heat transfer and temperature regulation[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(3):429-441.
28	Gagge A P, Stolwijk J A J, Nishi Y.1971. An effective temperature scale based on a simple model of human physiologyical regulatory response[J]. ASHRAE Transactions, 77: 247-272.
29	Havenith G, Fiala D, Błazejczyk K, et al.2012. The UTCI-clothing model[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(3): 461-470.
30	Houghton F C, Yaglou C P.1923. Determining equal comfort lines[J]. Journal of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, 29: 165-176.
31	Jendritzky G, De Dear R, Havenith G.2012. UTCI: why another thermal index[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(3): 421-428.
32	Kampmann B, Bröde P, Fiala D.2012. Physiological responses to temperature and humidity compared to the assessment by UTCI, WGBT and PHS[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(3): 505-513.
33	Lise W, Tolrs J.2002. Impact of climate on tourism demand[J]. Climatic Change, 55(4): 429-449.
34	McArdle B, Dunham W, Holling H E, et al.1947. The prediction of the physiological effects of warm and hot Environments[R]//Renewable Northwest. Renewable northwest project report 47. London, UK: Medical Resource Council: 391.
35	Siple P, Passel C F.1945. Measurements of dry atmospheric cooling in subfreezing temperatures[J]. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 89: 177-199.
36	Thorn E C.1959. The discomfort index[J]. Weathenvise, 12(2): 57-61.
37	Yaglou C P, Minard D.1957. Control of heat casualties at military training centers[J]. American Medical Association Archives of Industrial Health, 16(4): 302-316.
38	Yan Y Y.2005. Climate comfort indices[M]//Oliver J E. Encyclopedia of world climatology. Berlin, Germany: Springer Netherlands: 227-231.

人体感知温度/°C	人体感觉	人体感知温度/°C	人体感觉
>46	极热	0~9	凉
38~46	很热	-13~0	较冷
32~38	热	-27~-13	冷
26~32	较热	-40~-27	很冷
9~26	舒适	<-40	极冷

类型指标	气象指标
类型指标	气温/℃	湿度/%	风速/(m·s^-1)	太阳辐射/(W·m^-2)
西南高原型	24.3	47.7	5.0	1114.7
中东部山岳型	22.7	68.2	9.8	927.2
东北山地平原型	26.0	49.7	5.4	929.2
西北山地高原型	26.5	34.2	6.1	971.4
环渤海低山丘陵型	26.6	70.4	6.4	862.7

[1]	陈卓, 梁宜, 金凤君. 基于陆路综合交通系统的中国城市网络通达性模拟及其对区域发展格局的影响[J]. 地理科学进展, 2021, 40(2): 183-193.
[2]	姜宛贝, 刘卫东, 刘志高, 韩梦瑶. 中国化石能源燃烧碳排放强度非均衡性及其演变的驱动力分析[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(9): 1425-1435.
[3]	胡国建, 陆玉麒. 基于企业视角的城市网络研究进展、思考和展望[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(9): 1587-1596.
[4]	朱晟君, 黄永源, 胡晓辉. 多尺度视角下的产业价值链与空间升级研究框架与展望[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(8): 1367-1384.
[5]	杜欣儒, 路紫, 李仁杰, 董雅晴, 高伟. 中国枢纽机场时间延误成本估算与航线影响分析及中美比较[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(7): 1160-1171.
[6]	周国华, 张汝娇, 贺艳华, 戴柳燕, 张丽. 论乡村聚落优化与乡村相对贫困治理[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(6): 902-912.
[7]	谭雪兰, 蒋凌霄, 王振凯, 安悦, 陈敏, 任辉. 地理学视角下的中国乡村贫困——源起、进展与展望[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(6): 913-923.
[8]	刘小鹏, 程静, 赵小勇, 苗红, 魏静宜, 曾端, 马存霞. 中国可持续减贫的发展地理学研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(6): 892-901.
[9]	孙娜, 张梅青. 基于高铁流的中国城市网络结构特征演变研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(5): 727-737.
[10]	杜德林, 王姣娥, 王祎. 中国三大航空公司市场竞争格局及演化研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(3): 367-376.
[11]	周美君, 李飞, 邵佳琪, 杨海娟. 气候变化背景下中国玉米生产潜力变化特征[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(3): 443-453.
[12]	孙才志, 阎晓东. 基于MRIO的中国省区和产业灰水足迹测算及转移分析[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(2): 207-218.
[13]	韩炜, 蔡建明. 乡村非农产业时空格局及其对居民收入的影响[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(2): 219-230.
[14]	温媛媛, 赵军, 王炎强, 王玉纯, 王建邦. 基于MOD16的山西省地表蒸散发时空变化特征分析[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(2): 255-264.
[15]	李晓丽, 宋伟轩, 吴威, 马雨竹. 基于跟踪调查的北京城市空间感知研究——以中国科学院大学硕士研究生为例[J]. 地理科学进展, 2020, 39(2): 276-285.