渭河下游不同类型区农户生活用能排放差异研究

doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.02.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

不同类型农村地区具有不同的能源消费取向,其造成的用能排放也呈明显的区域差异。研究农户生活用能排放分异,对深刻认识区域发展状况、制定合理的区域用能和环境管理政策具有重要意义。本文选取渭河下游临渭区为研究区,通过问卷调查与访谈方式获取基础数据,采用排放系数法测算平原地区、黄土台塬、秦岭山地的农户生活用能排放,利用灰色关联法识别用能排放差异的影响因素,结果发现：①不同类型地区农户生活用能排放差异显著。沼气比例较大的黄土台塬用能排放最低(1850.43 kg),薪柴为主的秦岭山地用能排放最高(2556.68 kg),多元化用能的平原地区排放居中(1863.20 kg)。②生活用能主要污染物CO₂的排放量由平原向台塬、山区依次升高;其余污染物排放量高低,三类地区并无固定顺序：TSP排放秦岭山地居高,固体废弃物排放平原地区居多,这与各类地区主导用能类型相关。③影响用能排放差异的根本原因是区域能源供应能力,亦与区域环境影响下农户特征差异有关,依次为农户年龄结构、文化程度、家庭经济水平和职业结构。

关键词: 农户生活用能, 排放差异, 碳排放, 沼气, 渭河下游

Abstract:

Owning to the vast area and great diversities in natural and economic conditions of China's rural areas, different rural areas have varied energy consumption characteristics, which lead to a clear regional variation of emissions. Exploring emission disparity of rural household energy consumption in different types of areas is important for understanding its regional variation and formulating sound regional development and environmental management policies. Taking the Linwei District, lower reach of the Weihe River as case study area, this research collected data through a household survey as well as interviews, and calculated the emission of rural household energy consumption in different types of regions by emission coefficient method. The gray relational analysis method was used to identify the influencing factors of emission disparities. The results are as follows: (1) The emission of rural household energy use in different types of areas has significant differences. Total emissions of a single household in the plain, loess tableland, and Qinling piedmont areas are 1850.43 kg, 1863.20 kg, and 2556.68 kg, respectively. The loess tableland area where rural households utilize a large portion of biogas has the lowest emission from household energy use, indicating that biogas use is of great benefit to reducing emissions; the Qinling piedmont area has the highest energy-related emission, which shows that more attention should be paid to the daily energy use and emissions of households that use traditional biomass energy primarily and have lower income; the plain area has medium level of emission in the three regions, reflecting that commercial energy increase does not necessarily bring more emissions. (2) As the main pollutant of household energy use, CO₂ emission is lowest in the plain area, higher in the loess tableland area, and highest in the Qinling piedmont area. The three regions ranked differently in terms of other pollutants: the Qinling piedmont area has the highest TSP emission, while solid waste emission mostly come from the plain area. It indicates that emission disparities in different areas are influenced by the dominant energy types. (3) The regional supply capacity of household energy is the fundamental cause of emission disparities. Other influencing factors are related to the characteristics of rural households as determined by the regional environment, including age structure, educational background, economic status, and occupational structure.

Key words: rural household energy consumption, emission disparity, carbon emissions, biogas, lower reach of the Weihe River

朱虹颖, 吴文恒, 杨新军, 张敬飒. 渭河下游不同类型区农户生活用能排放差异研究[J]. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(2): 141-.

Hongying ZHU, Wenheng WU, Xinjun YANG, Jingsa ZHANG. Emission disparity of rural household energy consumption in different types of areas in the lower reach of the Weihe River[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2015, 34(2): 141-.

图/表 13

图1

表1

表2

表3

表4

表5

图2

图3

表6

表7

表8

图4

图5

参考文献 30

1	曹国良, 张小曳, 王丹. 2005. 中国大陆生物质燃烧排放的污染物清单[J]. 中国环境科学, 25(4): 389-393.
	[Cao G L, Zhang X Y, Wang D.2005. Inventory of atmospheric pollutants discharged from biomass burning in China continent[J]. China Environmental Science, 25(4): 389-393.]
2	陈冲影, 姚春生, 黎明. 2012. 中国农村生活用能及其碳排放分析(2001-2010)[J]. 可再生能源, 30(4): 121-127.
	[Chen C Y, Yao C S, Li M.2012. Analysis of rural residential energy consumption and its carbon emission in China, 2001-2010[J]. Renewable Energy Resources, 30(4): 121-127.]
3	邓聚龙. 1985. 灰色系统理论的关联空间[J]. 模糊数学, (2): 1-10.
	[Deng J L.1985. Relational space for grey systems[J]. Fuzzy Mathematics, (2): 1-10.]
4	冯玲, 吝涛, 赵千钧. 2011. 城镇居民生活能耗与碳排放动态特征分析[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 21(5): 93-100.
	[Feng L, Lin T, Zhao Q J.2011. Analysis of the dynamic characteristics of urban household energy use and carbon emissions in China[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 21(5): 93-100.]
5	国家统计局. 2011. 中国能源统计年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社.
	[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2011. China energy statistical yearbook[M]. Beijing, China: China Statistics Press.]
6	梁育填, 樊杰, 孙威, 等. 2012. 西南山区农村生活能源消费结构的影响因素分析: 以云南省昭通市为例[J]. 地理学报, 67(2): 221-229.
	[Liang Y T, Fan J, Sun W, et al.2012. The influencing factors of rural household energy consumption structure in mountainous areas of Southwest China: a case study of Zhaotong City of Yunnan Province[J]. Acta Geographica sinica, 67(2): 221-229.]
7	林而达, 李玉娥. 1998. 全球气候变化和温室气体清单编制方法[M]. 北京: 气象出版社.
	[Lin E D, Li Y E.1998. Quanqiu qihou bianhua he wenshi qiti qingdan bianzhi fangfa[M]. Beijing, China: China Meteorological Press.]
8	刘思峰, 党耀国, 方志耕. 2004. 灰色系统理论及其应用[M]. 北京: 科学出版社.
	[Liu S F, Dang Y G, Fang Z G.2004. Huisexitong lilun jiqi yingyong[M]. Beijing, China: Science Press.]
9	马丽, 夏建新. 2009. 内蒙古通辽地区农牧民生活用能现状及驱动力研究[J]. 资源科学, 31(12): 2101-2109.
	[Ma L, Xia J X.2009. A study on current situations and driving forces about energy use of daily life for farmers and herdsmen of Tongliao region in Inner Mongolia[J]. Resources Science, 31(12): 2101-2109.]
10	牛云翥, 牛叔文, 张馨, 等. 2013. 家庭能源消费与节能减排的政策选择[J]. 中国软科学, (5): 45-55.
	[Niu Y Z, Niu S W, Zhang X, et al.2013. Policy options on fuel use, energy conservation and emission reduction in household sector[J]. China Soft Science, (5): 45-55.]
11	陕西省统计局, 国家统计局陕西调查总队. 2013. 陕西统计年鉴[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社.
	[Shaanxi Provincial Bureau of Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics Shaanxi Survey Corps. 2013. Shaanxi statistical yearbook[M]. Beijing, China: China Statistics Press.]
12	师华定, 齐永青, 刘韵. 2010. 农村能源消费的环境效应研究[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 20(8): 148-153.
	[Shi H D, Qi Y Q, Liu Y.2010. Research of environmental effects about rural energy consumption[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 20(8): 148-153.]
13	舒娱琴. 2012. 中国能源消费碳排放的时空特征[J]. 生态学报, 32(16): 4950-4960.
	[Shu Y Q.2012. Spatiotemporal characteristics of carbon emissions from energy consumption in China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 32(16): 4950-4960.]
14	王长波, 张力小, 栗广省. 2011. 中国农村能源消费的碳排放核算[J]. 农业工程学报, 27(S1): 6-11.
	[Wang C B, Zhang L X, Li G S.2011. Carbon emission accounting from rural energy consumption in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 27(Sl): 6-11.]
15	王萍, 段英豪, 尹凯. 2013. 山东省农村能源消费的碳排放核算与分析[J]. 能源环境保护, 27(4): 53-56.
	[Wang P, Duan Y H, Yin K.2013. Carbon emission accounting and analysis of energy consumption in rural areas of Shandong Province[J]. Energy Environmental Protection, 27(4): 53-56.]
16	王铮, 朱永彬. 2008. 我国各省区碳排放量状况及减排对策研究[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 23(2): 109-115.
	[Wang Z, Zhu Y B.2008. Study on the status of carbon emission in provincial scale of China and countermeasures for reducing its emission[J]. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 23(2): 109-115.]
17	渭南市人民政府. 2013. 渭南年鉴[M]. 西安: 西安出版社.
	[People's Government of Weinan City. 2013. Weinan yearbook[M]. Xi'an, China: Xi'an Press.]
18	虞江萍, 崔萍, 王五一. 2008. 我国农村生活能源中SO2、NOX及TSP的排放量估算[J]. 地理研究, 27(3): 547-555.
	[Yu J P, Cui P, Wang W Y.2008. Estimation on SO2, NOx and TSP emissions from energy consumption for non-production purpose in rural areas of China[J]. Geographical Research, 27(3): 547-555.]
19	曾静静, 张志强, 曲建升, 等. 2012. 家庭碳排放计算方法分析评价[J]. 地理科学进展, 31(10): 1341-1352.
	[Zeng J J, Zhang Z Q, Qu J S, et al.2012. Analysis and evaluation of methods for household carbon emissions calculation[J].Progress in Geography, 31(10): 1341-1352.]
20	张馨, 牛叔文, 赵春升, 等. 2011. 中国城市化进程中的居民家庭能源消费及碳排放研究[J]. 中国软科学, (9): 65-75.
	[Zhang X, Niu S W, Zhao C S, et al.2011. The study on household energy consumption and carbon emissions in China's urbanization[J]. China Soft Science, (9): 65-75.]
21	张艳. 2013. 生活方式对开封城市家庭采暖碳排放的影响[J]. 地理科学进展, 32(7):1072-1081.
	[Zhang Y.2013. Lifestyle's impact on carbon emissions from urban housholds' space heating: a case study of Kaifeng City[J]. Progress in Geography, 32(7):1072-1081.]
22	Abu-Madi M, Rayyan M A.2013. Estimation of main greenhouse gases emission from household energy consumption in the West Bank, Palestine[J]. Environmental Pollution, 179: 250-257.
23	Akorede M F, Hizam H, Ab Kadir M Z A, et al.2012. Mitigating the anthropogenic global warming in the electric power industry[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5): 2747-2761.
24	Bond T C, Streets D G, Yarber K F, et al.2004. A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 109(14): 1-43.
25	Chen Y, Zhu Y L.2011. Analysis on the environmental effect of renewable energy consumption by rural residents in daily life in China: from the perspectives of carbon emissions[J]. Energy Procedia, 5: 1642-1646.
26	Kessel D G.2000. Global warming-facts, assessment, countermeasures[J]. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 26(1-4): 157-168.
27	Liang L, Wu W L, Lal R, et al.2013. Structural change and carbon emission of rural household energy consumption in Huantai, northern China[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28: 767-776.
28	Wang X H, Feng Z M.2004. Biofuel use and its emission of noxious gases in rural China[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 8(2): 183-192.
29	Zhang J, Ge S, Bai Z P.2001. The boiler briquette coal versus raw coal: Part II: energy, greenhouse gas, and air quality implications[J]. Journal of Air and Waste Management Association, 51(4): 534-541.
30	Zhang L X, Wang C B, Bahaj A S.2014. Carbon emissions by rural energy in China[J]. Renewable Energy, 66: 641-649.

项目	CO₂/(kg/kgce)	N₂O/(g/kgce)	CH₄/(g/kgce)	NO_X/(g/kgce)	SO₂/(g/kgce)	TSP/(g/kgce)	固体废物/(kg/kgce)
秸秆	2.357	0.136	6.200	2.439	1.002	14.178	*
薪柴	2.515	0.141	3.625	1.226	1.103	10.508	*
玉米芯	2.357	0.136	6.200	2.439	1.002	14.178	*
蜂窝煤	2.857	0.044	0.029	2.633	26.331	1.821	0.382
煤炭	2.772	0.044	4.008	2.633	26.331	1.821	0.532
电能	3.900	0.057	5.723	2.116	25.793	2.548	*
液化气	1.849	0.003	0.029	1.371	0.0004	*	*
沼气	1.600	0.003	0.029	0.941	0.882	*	*

项目	秸秆	薪柴	玉米芯	蜂窝煤	煤炭	电能	沼气	液化气
折标煤系数	0.529	0.571	0.500	0.68	0.714	0.123	0.714	1.714
折算单位	kgce/kg	kgce/kg	kgce/kg	kgce/块	kgce/kg	kgce/度	kgce/m³	kgce/kg

特征指标	平原地区	黄土台塬	秦岭山地	临渭区
调研样本比重/%	34.48	25.43	40.09	100
平均年龄	44.24	44.83	45.96	45.06
文化程度	2.83	2.57	2.34	2.57
户均人口	4.10	4.08	4.24	4.15
人均收入/元	7608.23	6075.52	5856.80	6508.08
人均耕地/hm²	0.107	0.093	0.053	0.083
人均用能支出/元	393.10	280.21	215.39	295.71

特征指标	地区	秸秆	薪柴	玉米芯	蜂窝煤	煤炭	电能	沼气	液化气
最小值 /kgce	平原	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	7.40	0.00	0.00
	台塬	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	7.76	0.00	0.00
	山地	0.00	214.13	0.00	0.00	0.00	7.38	0.00	0.00
最大值 /kgce	平原	595.13	1713.00	255.00	272.00	952.00	177.10	83.80	68.56
	台塬	529.00	1713.00	153.00	204.00	357.00	110.70	301.60	51.40
	山地	1428.30	2569.50	89.30	226.67	178.50	147.60	209.50	43.40
标准差 /kgce	平原	88.95	438.39	61.79	65.14	153.75	29.71	14.03	9.08
	台塬	120.62	336.81	30.11	55.50	42.99	23.38	95.60	14.09
	山地	209.05	489.62	19.59	53.92	54.87	43.85	38.36	9.88
均值 /kgce	平原	16.95	388.19	63.82	62.81	87.87	41.90	3.49	10.19
	台塬	50.03	457.33	36.23	39.00	15.08	47.31	68.51	7.26
	山地	58.07	812.60	26.52	25.32	10.07	38.91	12.41	4.67
变异系数	平原	5.25	1.13	0.97	1.04	1.75	0.71	4.02	0.89
	台塬	2.41	0.74	0.83	1.42	2.85	0.49	1.40	1.94
	山地	3.60	0.60	0.74	2.13	5.45	1.13	3.09	2.12

项目	秸秆	薪柴	玉米芯	蜂窝煤	煤炭	电能	沼气	液化气	总量
平原地区	39.95	976.30	150.42	179.45	243.58	163.41	5.58	18.85	1777.54
黄土台塬	117.91	1150.19	85.40	111.44	41.80	184.50	109.62	13.41	1814.27
秦岭山地	136.87	2043.69	62.51	72.34	27.90	151.76	19.86	8.63	2523.56
临渭区	96.99	1440.47	100.04	120.76	109.86	163.85	36.16	13.50	2081.64