地理科学进展 ›› 2014, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (10): 1289-1299.doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.10.001

• •    下一篇

交通网络与城市结构研究——理论框架与中美两国实证案例

王法辉1(), 刘瑜2, 王姣娥3   

  1. 1. 美国路易斯安那州立大学地理与人类学系,巴吞鲁日 70803,美国
    2. 北京大学遥感与地理信息系统研究所,北京 100871
    3. 中国科学院区域与可持续发展分析与模拟重点实验室,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
  • 出版日期:2014-10-25 发布日期:2014-10-25
  • 作者简介:

    作者简介:王法辉(1967-),男,湖北天门人,教授,博士,研究方向为GIS应用及交通地理,E-mail:fwang@lsu.edu

  • 基金资助:
    中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所秉维优秀青年人才基金项目(2011RC201);国家自然科学基金项目(40928001,41271386);中国科学院资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室开放研究基金项目

Transport networks, intraurban structure and system of cities: a Sino-US comparative perspective

Fahui WANG1(), Yu LIU2, Jiaoe WANG3   

  1. 1. Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, USA
    2. Institute of Remote Sensing & Geographical Information Systems, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
    3. Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
  • Online:2014-10-25 Published:2014-10-25

摘要:

本文从城市体系和城市内部两个尺度上总结交通网络与城市结构之间的关联。通过中美两国城市的实证案例,从交通网络和交通流的视角,提出了一个城市体系结构和城市内部结构研究的理论框架。其中城市的有序性是其共同理论的出发点,包括城市规模体系和城市内部人口密度空间分布的有序性,其在很大程度上决定了人类居行的空间分布模式。可采用交通网络位置决定区位优劣,从而影响城市兴衰(城际尺度)、地价高低、人口疏密(市域尺度)和出行模式等加以理论解释。城市体系分布的有序性、城市内部结构的规律性、城市间以及城市内交通网络的拓扑特征,共同影响了微观层面个体的时空间移动以及群体层面的交通流分布,从而为链接微观与宏观两个尺度的地理环境影响奠定了基础。

关键词: 城市内和城市间尺度出行, 城市位序规模分布, 城市人口密度方程, 交通网络, 中心性, 中美实证案例

Abstract:

This article provides an overview of research on interaction between transport networks and human settlements from both the interurban and intraurban perspectives. Case studies from the US and China are cited to examine the commonalities and differences between them. In the interurban context, the regularity of systems of cities is represented in the popular rank-size model; and in the intraurban context, the regularity of urban structure is exemplified in the negative exponential density function. Both can be explained by the configuration of transportation networks that shapes the variability of location. Among other approaches, multiple centrality indices (for example, degree, closeness, betweenness, and straightness), developed from the space syntax theory and the complex network science, capture the location advantages across space. While several studies have examined the spatial patterns of centrality shaped by the railway and highway networks in China, one study explicitly confirmed the strong association between city sizes and centrality values based on the air transport network in China. There is a rich body of literature on the association of centrality and land use intensity in an interurban setting with an ample of case studies on cities in the United States and China. A case study in the United States shows that the variation of centrality indices explains the urban population density pattern better than the urban economic model. Recent work strives to identify what land use (or specific economic activity) values one type of centrality over others. For instance, a case study on commercial activities in Changchun indicates that specialty stores value various centralities most, followed by department stores, supermarkets, consumer product stores, furniture stores, and construction material stores; and specialty stores favor closeness most, department stores and supermarkets prefer betweenness, and consumer product stores value straightness most. Furthermore, based on a case study in China, the air passenger traffic flows between cities reflect the gravitations of cities by a particular transport mode, nodal attractions in cities reconstructed from the reverse gravity model are generally in line with their population sizes, and the analysis helps reveal the complimentary roles of multiple transportation modes in the growth or decline of cities. Based on another case study in Shanghai, the spatio-temporal patterns of intraurban traffic flows, detected from the location aware devices (LAD), reflect the underlying distinctive land uses. The study shows the great potential of using mobility data collected from LAD to model the rapid urban land use change in China and to help design meaningful policy intervention to mitigate traffic congestion. In summary, the interdependence between human settlements and transport networks offers a common thread integrating the traditional division of inter- and intra-urban studies. The Sino-US comparative examinations have important implications for public policy and urban planning practice in China and beyond.

Key words: interurban and intraurban study, rank-size model, exponential urban population density function, transport network, centrality index, Sino-US comparative study

中图分类号: 

  • F293.35