地学计算的研究进展与问题分析

doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2009.04.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对西方地学计算的起源、概念、知识体系以及存在争议的问题进行了概括地介绍和评述。地理计算的发展动因在于探索空间复杂性的需要，发展源流则在于计算科学，技术主线可以归结为：计算机科学→计算科学→计算地理学→地理计算科学。地理计算与地理信息系统(GIS)具有密切关系，需要运用定量地理学的全套工具，横跨自然、人文两大领域，可望成为一个全新的知识领域，甚至有可能发展出一种新的研究范式。地理计算科学在西方发展迅速，但也存在一些令人不安的问题，其中之一便是缺乏知识建构的核心。由于地理计算具有超越地理学的意向和趋势，本文建议以计算地理学为主体之一，以“利用模型寻求理解”为原则，建立一个相对收敛的知识体系。

关键词: 计算科学；计算地理学；地理计算；GIS；定量地理学；空间复杂性

Abstract:

This paper is devoted to introducing the concept and ideas of GeoComputation (GC) to Chinese geographers. GC is regarded as the application of computationally intensive approaches based on high performance computing to solving geographical problems and to explaining geographical phenomena. One of the origins of GC is linked to computational science with a principle of the use of models to gain understanding. GC includes all the tools of quantitative geography, but it is not the development of quantitative geography. GC was covered in some GIS books, but it is not another name for GIS. In addition to the greater computational efficiency and fuzziness provided by computational intelligence technologies, GC can improve the quality of study results by using computationally intensive methods to reduce the number of assumptions and eliminate the irrelevant simplifications imposed by computational constrains. A problem is that we don’t know what ‘core GeoComputation’ is. In order to make the diverse research efforts on GC convergent, we should have computational geography become the principal part of GC, which seems to exceed the limit of geography.

Key words: computational science； computational geography； GeoComputation； GIS； quantitative geography； spatial complexity

陈彦光1|罗静2. 地学计算的研究进展与问题分析[J]. 地理科学进展, 2009, 28(4): 481-488.

CHEN Yanguang1, LUO Jing2. On Development and Problems of GeoComputation[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2009, 28(4): 481-488.

参考文献

[1] Longley P A. Foundations//Longley P A, Brooks S M, McDonnell R, et al. Geocomputation: A Primer. Chichester: John Wiley, 1998: 3-15.

[2] Couclelis H. Geocomputation in context //Longley P A, Brooks S M, McDonnell R, et al. Geocomputation: A Primer. Chichester: John Wiley, 1998: 17-29.

[3] Atkinson P, Martin D. GIS and GeoComputation. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2000.

[4] Openshaw S, Abrahart R J. GeoComputation. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2000.

[5] Fischer M M, Leung L. Geocomputational Modelling:Techniques and Applications. Berlin/New York: Springer, 2001.

[6] Diappi L. Evolving Cities: Geocomputation in Territorial Planning. Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate, 2004.

[7] Atkinson P M, Foody G M, Darby S E, et al. GeoDynamics. London: CRC Press, 2005.

[8] 刘妙龙，李乔，罗敏．地理计算：数量地理学的新发展．地球科学进展,2000，15(6)：679-683.

[9] 刘妙龙，李乔．从数量地理学到地理计算学：对数量地理方法的若干思考．人文地理，2000，15(3)：13-16.

[10] 毛政元，李霖． The developing tendency of quantitative geography：GeoComputation．华中师范大学学报:自然科学版. 2003，37(1)：111-114.

[11] 陈彦光．地理数学方法：从计量地理到地理计算．华中师范大学学报: 自然科学版. 2005，39(1)：113-119/125.

[12] 薛领，杨开忠，沈体雁．基于agent的建模：地理计算的新发展．地球科学进展，2004，19(2)：305-311.

[13] 陈彦光．分形城市系统：标度、对称和空间复杂性．北京：科学出版社，2008.

[14] Yeh A G-O, Li X. Error propagation and model uncertainties of cellular automata in urban simulation with GIS//Atkinson P M, Foody G M, Darby S E, et al. GeoDynamics. London: CRC Press, 2005.

[15] MacMillan W. Epilogue. In: Geocomputation: A Primer, edited by Longley P A, Brooks S M, McDonnell R, MacMillan W. Chichester, Sussex: John Wiley, 257-264.

[16] Gahegan M. What is geocomputation? Transactions in GIS, 1999, 3: 203-206.

[17] Stevenson D. Science, computational science, and computer science: At a crossroads. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, 1994, 37: 85-96.

[18] Stevenson D. How goes CSE? Thoughts on the IEEE CS workshop at Purdue. IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, 1997, 4(2): 49-54.

[19] Sameh A. An auspicious beginning. IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, 1995, 2(1): 1, 96.

[20] O’Leary D P. Teamwork: Computational science and applied mathematics. IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, 1997, 4: 13-18.

[21] Armstrong M P. Geography and computational science. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2000, 90(1): 146-156.

[22] Openshaw S. Computational human geography: Towards a research agenda. Environment and Planning: A. 1994, 26: 499-505.

[23] Longley P A, Goodchild M F, Maguire D J, et al. Geographic Information Systems and Science. Chichester/New York: Wiley, 2001.

[24] Rees P, Turton I. Geocomputation: Solving geographical problems with new computing power (Guest editorial). Environment and Planning: A, 1998, 30: 1835-1838.

[25] GeoComputation
[C/OL].(2008-9)
[2009-3-20].http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoComputation.

[26] Turton I, Openshaw S. High-performance computing and geography: Developments, issues, and case studies. Environment and Planning: A, 1998, 30: 1839-1856.

[27] Openshaw S. Neural network, genetic, and fuzzy logic models of spatial interaction. Environment and Planning: A, 1998, 30: 1857-1872.

[28] Fischer M M. Computational neural networks: A new paradigm for spatial analysis. Environment and Planning A, 1998, 30: 1873-1891.

[29] Diplock G. Building new interaction models by using genetic programming and supercomputer. Environment and Planning: A, 1998, 30: 1893-1904.

[30] Burrough P A. Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

[31] Dobson J E. Automated geography. The Professional Geographer, 1983, 35: 135-143.

[32] Openshaw S, Charlton M E, Wymer C, et al. A Mark I Geographical analysis machine for the automated analysis of point data sets. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 1987, 1: 335-358.

[33] Fotheringham A S. Trends in quantitative method Ⅱ: Stressing the computational. Progress in Human Geography, 1998, 22: 283-292.

[34] 孔云峰．论地理信息系统概念与内涵的演变．地球信息科学，2004，6(2)：6-11.

[35] Dobson J E. The geographic revolution: A retrospective on the age of automated geography. The Professional Geographer, 1993, 45: 431-439.

[36] Openshaw S. Building Automated Geographical Analysis and Explanation Machine//Longley P A, Brooks S M, McDonnell R, et al. Geocomputation: A Primer. Chichester: John Wiley, 1998: 95-115.

[37] Fotheringham A S, Brunsdon C, Charlton M. Geographically Weighted Regression: The Analysis of Spatially Varying Relationships. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2002.

[38] Gould P. Letting the data speak for themselves. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1981, 71(2): 166-176.

[39] Openshaw S, Openshaw C. Artificial Intelligence in Geography. Chichester:Wiley,1997.

[40] Batty M, Couclelis H, Eichen M. Editorial: Urban systems as cellular automata. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 1997, 24: 159-164.

[41] Fischer M M. Spatial Analysis and GeoComputation. Berlin: Springer, 2006.

[42] 王铮，隋文娟，姚梓璇，等．地理计算及其前沿问题．地理科学进展，2007，26(4)：1-10.

[43] 李霖，应申，朱海红．地理计算原理与方法．北京：测绘出版社，2008.

[44] Murgante B, Borruso G, Lapucci A. GeoComputation and Urban Planning . New York: Springer, 2009.

[45] 陈彦光，刘继生．地理学的主要任务与研究方法：从整个科学体系的视角看地理科学．地理科学，2004，24(3)：257-263.

[46] Openshaw S. Towards a more computationally minded scientific human geography. Environment and Planning：A, 1998, 30: 317-332.