华北地区水循环与水资源安全:问题与挑战

doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2002.06.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 华北缺水及其日趋严重的生态环境变化是中国首要解决的问题之一。目前,由于山区与平原径流明显减少和过量开发水资源,造成了地下水漏斗加深、平原区河道干涸、湖泊湿地萎缩、地表和地下水污染等生态环境恶化问题,严重影响到华北地区水资源安全,已引起党和国家的高度重视。本文以海河流域为重点对象,通过国内外学科前沿进展综述,指出华北地区缺水及其导致的生态环境恶化问题背后的自然和人文因素作用与发展演化的背景,强调高强度人类活动作用下的水循环基础研究的重要性,提出华北地区水资源安全的水循环基础与应用问题研究的若干建议与思考。研究自然和人类活动双重作用下的华北地区水循环过程,水体运动与污染物质输移及其与生态环境演变耦合机制,阐明华北地区"河道断流,水体污染,湿地消失,地下水枯竭"的成因规律,特别是人类活动的驱动分量,提出生态环境修复的理论基础,不仅对变化环境下流域水环境演变的地学基础科学前沿研究有重大的学术价值,而且对中国可持续发展和社会进步具有重要的战略意义。

关键词: 华北地区, 生态环境变化, 水安全, 水循环, 水资源

Abstract: The issue of water shortage and related eco environmental degradation in the North China is one of the major emergency problems in China. As runoff generated from mountain area is significantly decreased and water resources are over developed, serious water and eco environmental problems have arisen, such as drying up of river system, ground water decline, lake & wetland degradation, and water pollution in plain area, etc. It has been shown, that in the case of Haihe River Basin, among the total rivers of 10000 km, the rivers of 4000 km have been turned to be seasonal rivers. Comparing with the situation in the beginning of 1950s, the wetland area within the Basin has decreased from 10000 km 2 to 1000 km 2 at present. The area with over extraction of groundwater covers nearly 90000 km 2, or 70% of the plain areas. Comparing with that of the end of 1950s, the accumulated over extracted groundwater is 90 billion m 3. Water and soil loss area in mountainous region is 110000 km 2, or two thirds of the mountainous region. The sandstorms induced by desertification are endangering Beijing and other cities. Thus, the problems of water shortage and related eco environmental issues in North China have become the most significant issues to impact sustainable development in this very important region that is political, cultural and economic center of China. This paper addresses these emergent issues by the case study of Haihe River Basin in North China. The new advantage in international study on water and background causing these problems from natural change and particular human activity are analyzed. Key points are addressed in four aspects: (a) the study of the water cycle process impacted by high intensity human activity, a process which is quite different from that in natural water cycle, (b) water utilization related to new economic partner change, such as saving water model, (c) study on eco hydrology, and interaction of water and ecology impacted by climate change and human activity, and (d) reasonable water allocation that includes Water Diversion from South to North and saving water issue in local areas. Several suggestions of both study on the water cycle, which is a very important base of water security in North China, and study on application of water resources and eco environmental rehabilitation are proposed. These key issues will benefit to both advantage of water science and sustainable developing in China.

Key words: ecological change, North China, water cycle, water resources, water security

中图分类号:

TV213

夏军. 华北地区水循环与水资源安全:问题与挑战[J]. 地理科学进展, 2002, 21(6): 517-526.

XIA Jun . A Perspective on Hydrological Base of Water Security Problem and Its Application Study in North China[J]. PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY, 2002, 21(6): 517-526.

参考文献

[1] 　施雅风.华北地区水资源合理开发利用[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1990.

[2] 　何凡能,王国.海河流域河流季节化对地下水及生态环境的影响[J].地理科学进展,2001,20(3).

[3] 　王志民,任宪韶,郭宏宇.面向21世纪的海河水利[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,2000.

[4] 　吴凯,唐登银,谢贤群.淮海平原典型区域的水问题和水管理[J].地理科学进展,2000,19(2).

[5] 　夏军,谈戈.全球变化与水文科学新的进展与挑战[J].资源科学,2002,24(3).

[6] 　IU GG,V o lum e A and B.XX II General A ssem b ly of In ternational U n ion of Geodesy and Geop hysics[M].B irm ingham U K,1999.18-30.

[7] 　高彦春,王长耀.水文循环的生物圈方面(BA HC计划)研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2000,19(2).

[8] 　Rodda J.W h ither W o rld W ater?[J]W ater R esou rces Bu lletin,1995,31(2).

[9] 　夏军.水文学科发展与思考[J].中国科学基金,2000,14(5).

[10] 　夏军,朱一中.水资源安全度量:水资源承载力的研究与挑战[J].自然资源学报,2002,17(3).

[11] 　陈家琦,王浩.水资源学概论[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1996.126.

[12] 　李秀彬.土地利用变化的解释[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(3).

[13] 　Baird A J,W ilby R L.ECO 2H YDROLO GY:P lan ts and w ater in terrestrial and aquatic environm en ts,1999.[赵文智,王根绪译.生态水文学:陆生环境、水生环境与水分的关系[M].北京:海洋出版社,2002.]

[14] 　许新宜,王浩,甘弘.华北地区宏观经济水资源规划理论与方法[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,1997.

[15] 　刘昌明,魏忠义.华北平原农业水文及水资源.北京:科学出版社,1986.

[16] 　钱正英,张光斗.中国可持续发展水资源战略研究(综合报告及各专题报告)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2001.

[17] 　陈志恺.管好、用好、保护好有限的水资源[J].水问题论坛,1996,2.

[18] 　刘昌明等.土壤-作物-大气界面水分过程与节水调控[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.

[19] 　吴险峰,刘昌明.流域水文模型研究的若干进展[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(4).

[20] 　陈家琦.现代水文学发展的新阶段——水资源水文学[J].自然资源学报,1986,1(2):46-53.

[21] 　Chen J Q,X ia J.Facing the challenge:barriers to su stainab le w ater resou rces developm en t in Ch ina[J].H y d rolog ica l S cience J ou rna l,1999,44(4):507-516.

[22] 　X ia J un,T ackeuch i K.Barriers to su stainab le m anagem en t of w ater quan tity and quality[J].Guest ed itors f orS p ecia l Issue,H y d rolog ica l S cience J ou rna l,1999,44(4):503-505.

[23] 　朱一中,夏军,谈戈.关于水资源承载力理论与方法的研究[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(2).

[24] 　沈振荣等.水资源科学试验与研究——大气水、地表水、土壤水、地下水相互转化关系[M].中国科学技术出版社,1992.

[25] 　H uang G H,X ia J.Barriers to su stainab le w ater quality m anagem en t[J].J.of E nv ironm en ta l M anag em en t,2001,61(1).

[26] 　张国良主编.21世纪中国水供求[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社.

[27] 　杨晓光,陈阜,宋冬梅等.华北平原农业节水实用措施试验研究[J].地理科学进展,2000,19(2).

[28] 　傅国斌.引黄灌区节水灌溉分区与节水途径初探[J].地理科学进展,2000,19(2).

[29] 　金凤君.华北平原城市用水问题研究[J].地理科学进展,2000,19(1).

[30] 　贾绍凤.工业用水零增长的条件分析——发达国家的经验[J].地理科学进展,2001,20(1).