吕祖宜
, 林耿
中山大学地理科学与规划学院,广州 510275
LV Zuyi, LIN Geng
通讯作者:
收稿日期: 2017-04-12
修回日期: 2017-07-16
网络出版日期: 2017-10-20
版权声明: 2017 《地理研究》编辑部 《地理研究》编辑部
基金资助:
作者简介:
作者简介：吕祖宜（1992- ）,女,广东东莞人,硕士,研究方向为文化地理学。E-mail: lvzuyi_sysu@163.com
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摘要
乡村性一直是西方乡村地理研究的核心。传统认识中的乡村性被认为是一种乡村本身既有的平面化和单向度的性质。然而,在社会现实和学术思潮的后现代转向下,乡村性被置于“后乡村”的语境中进行重新理解,强调了一种多元化和异质性意义上的不断生产和再生产的动态过程。当今,“后乡村”的重构牵涉多元主体、跨越多重尺度、交织流动关系,镶嵌于混杂的过程、话语和实践之中,“混杂性”成为理解日益复杂的乡村性的有益视角。从主体混杂与再物质化、网络混杂与关系乡村、意义混杂与融入现代性三个方面,对近年西方研究关于“后乡村”的混杂性视角进行系统评述,重新解读有关乡村性的认识,并探讨其对国内乡村研究的启示。
关键词：
Abstract
Rurality has always been a central topic of rural studies in the West. Discussions on its definitions have been quite complex, contested and even ambivalent, reflecting recent dramatic changes occurring in rural economies, politics and social cultures. In tradition, rurality has been regarded as a given nature that is self-evident, generalized and one-dimensional. However, with the post-modern transformation of social realities and academic trends, the concept of rurality now focuses on dynamic processes through which diversified and heterogeneous meanings are produced and reproduced. Many scholars have called for a 'post-rural' context from which to understand rural reconstruction in a new era. Just as 'post-modernity' refers to the reflexivity of modernity, the concept of the 'post-rural' has been advanced not to partition phases of rural development, but to realize the reflexive turn occurring in rural studies. The 'post-rural' can be regarded as a 'complex', as multiple actors, events, discourses and practices co-exist and interplay. Hybridity refers to a process of recreation based on the integration of heterogeneous elements together with the elimination of borders between systems. Thus, hybridity is considered to be one of the most useful theoretical perspectives for understanding the essence of rurality in an increasingly complex context. Hence, based on interpretations and analyses of previous literature of the West, this paper proposes a framework on hybridity in 'post-rural' settings based on the following three aspects: (1) hybridity produced by human and non-human actors and trends of rematerialization emphasizing performances and practices in post-rural everyday life; (2) hybridity embedded in fluid networks and relations and dialectical relationships between rurality, globality, and urbanity; (3) hybridity stimulated through rural area's integration into processes of modernization and processes of negotiation occurring between the de-alienation of traditional local cultures and the alienation of modernity. Finally, considering the particularities of the context of rural China, this paper discusses ways in which the perspective of hybridity offers new insights into the studies and practices of Chinese rural reconstruction.
Keywords：
主旨聚焦：基于混杂性视角,分别从主体、网络和意义三个维度解读“后乡村”,拓宽快速转型语境下国内乡村研究的视野,同时为美丽乡村建设和城乡一体化发展等实践提供启示。
乡村性一直是西方乡村地理研究的核心[1,2],有关其定义的讨论复杂多样[3,4],但传统视角通常忽视了乡村的混杂性。最早的功能主义视角根据城乡二元关系中以农业经济为主导的社会空间特征来识别乡村区域,主张利用人口、距离、就业、土地利用等指标来度量乡村性的程度[5-7]。乡村通过人为设定的指标被分类和描述,意味着乡村性是事先“被定义的”;而且,在现代乡村经济和社会功能日益多元化的背景之下,依然通过强调农业来理解乡村性的有效性同样值得推敲[8-10]。政治经济学视角聚焦中宏观的区域、国家乃至全球尺度中的地方联系,从乡村在生产和消费网络中所处的结构位置来阐释乡村的本质和地位。然而,在现代资本积累重构的去空间化作用下,乡村的本土性（locality）被忽视[11-13]。可见,工业时代对乡村性的认识是平面化和单维度的,乡村性被理解成一种乡村本身不证自明的、既定的和绝对的性质。
现实和学术转向等多种因素导致乡村呈现混杂性。20世纪90年代以来,西方乡村的去农业化进程明显加快[14],手工业、零售业、旅游和文化产业等相继兴起,乡村经历了从生产主义到后生产主义[15]、从工业化到后工业化[16]、从生产空间到消费空间[17]的转变。
伴随上述过程,本地村民、第二住房拥有者、游客、管理者以及其他新迁入者也不断丰富着乡村的人口结构[18],乡村由此成为一个多主体、多功能、多维度的空间。同时,社会科学领域出现文化转向,社会建构主义兴起。随后,主张差异、网络、联系和流动的后现代主义也开始流行,并被广泛应用于乡村研究。因此,乡村研究进入了“最让人振奋的时期”[19]。乡村不再是僵化的地理实体,也不是城市的附庸,而是通过持续不断的建构和重构得以复兴的空间[20]。
许多学者呼吁用“后乡村”（post-rural）来重新理解快速重构语境中的乡村性[21-23]。如同“后现代性”意味着对现代性真正本质的觉醒[24],引入“后乡村”并不是给乡村发展划分时期,而是强调乡村研究的自省性转向。一方面,“后乡村”反对将乡村性一般化,强调其多样性和差异性。乡村交织着多方空间、社会和权力关系[25,26],依不同的社会空间情景产生不同的意义[27,28],正如Zografos[29]所言,“不仅是有一个‘乡村’,而是有很多‘乡村’”。另一方面,“后乡村”反对将乡村视为一成不变的建构物,关注乡村性被动态生产和再生产的过程,而不是追问其本质[30,31]。“后乡村”开拓了更具开放性的研究前景,为了更好地理解乡村性的复杂性,在认识论上联系化、在方法论上多元化成为了近年来学者们的普遍共识[11,27,32],混杂性视角正是在这种语境中被引入乡村研究。
Mitchell指出,混杂性（hybridity）是创造性的,它在融合异质性要素的基础上生成崭新的事物;混杂性也是辩证的,对固定边界的不断反抗决定了它是一个持续的过程而不仅是结果[33]。混杂性有助于理解当下社会的多元性和不确定性,常被视为反对各种实在论的有力工具,比如用于探讨少数族裔移民群体的后现代主体性混杂[34,35],或诠释全球化跨界流动中的文化混杂效应[36,37]。当将混杂性置于“后乡村”的实际语境中,它便成为一个具有解释力的研究视角。乡村被概念化为一个“混杂的和网络化的空间”（hybrid and networked space）[32,38,39],乡村发展不再取决于单一要素,而是牵涉多元主体、跨越多重尺度、交织流动关系,镶嵌于混杂的社会建构、空间实践和网络互动当中[4,27,40],由此生成的乡村性呈现出一种超越不同要素简单相加、拼贴的混杂状态。具体而言,首先是自然和社会、人类和非人类主体的混杂,多元主体通过非表征的实践展演产生联系,共同形塑了乡村性[41]。第二是乡村本地与全球之间、乡村与城市之间各种物质、非物质要素的流动越来越频繁,空间边界日渐模糊[39],由此触发的网络联系和依赖关系对乡村性产生了结构性重构。第三是随着文化在乡村发展中的作用越来越重要[42],由科技进步催生的现代经济和意识形态,与乡村传统的情感归属、价值认同、习俗规范等协商角力,重构了一种现代与传统、现实与虚拟相混杂的乡村性。本文聚焦“后乡村”语境中的混杂性理论,从主体混杂与再物质化、网络混杂与关系乡村、意义混杂与融入现代性三个视角出发,重新解读有关乡村性的认识,并探讨其对国内乡村研究的启示。
主体重构（reformation of agency）是当今社会科学研究领域的重要话题之一,也是被讨论程度最为广泛的“后乡村”混杂性经典视角,社会与自然、人类与非人类之间的关系得以重新诠释。Latour指出,“现代世界是人类与非人类行动者的集合”[43],经济、社会和技术的进步并不意味着自然的重要性必然下降,相反体现了社会与自然、人类与非人类实体结合得更加紧密的过程。在乡村中,动物、植物、景观、人类、人工制品甚至象征符号之间通过互动共享连结成行动者网络,乡村重构在这种由多元主体组成的网络体系的协同作用下持续进行[32,38,39]。此前,社会建构主义话语下的乡村性以反映社会关系为主,自然只被当做人类存在与活动的背景。主体混杂重申了乡村的自然属性,意识到自然或非人类实体也是乡村重构合法且活泼的主体。此处的“自然”,可以泛指与现代社会相对应的天然世界。Bell以英国汉普郡的Hampshire村为例,发现当地人相信亲近大自然可以远离竞逐经济利益的社会压力,获得一种安全、稳定的身份认同[44];Bonnett以美国为例,发现在越来越多的城市中,男性通过重返乡村自然、参与狩猎等原始活动来重构男子气概[45]。“自然”也可以特指某种非人类景观。Cloke等指出乡村中树冠庞大的树木为村民提供了会面的好去处或逃离日常监视的隐蔽点,树木还经常与特定的回忆和经历相联系,具备了地方生产的功能;果园在人类和非人类主体的共同作用下,建构出特定的经济社会意义[46,47]。由此可见,“自然”亦是一种混杂化的“自然”,自然关系与社会认同、文化意义紧密交缠,非人类主体也是通过与人类主体的联系和互动来共同建构乡村性[43]。
主体混杂视角呼吁了一种再物质化的乡村性[48]。深受社会建构主义影响的乡村性被认为是来源于一系列符号、话语和文本的社会生产[10,30],越来越脱离、甚至是先于地理实体空间而存在[49]。这种认识论虽然有助于探讨乡村性的本质和权力关系,却忽视了乡村的物质维度。Carolan指出,“思想不能离开身体”[50],人们对空间的理解是非表征的,因此更应该关注乡村话语如何在物质条件中被生产,即关注自然和社会、人类与非人类实体之间通过物质关系进行属性交换的混杂过程。Cloke等转向“栖居”（dwelling）概念来进一步理解多元主体物质性的乡村建构[47]。Ingold将“栖居”理论与景观和地方的生产和再生产联系起来,与特指人类的“居住”（living）概念不同,“栖居”意味着人类与非人类的共存,也是主体“在世存有”（being-in-the-world）的方式[51,52]。换言之,乡村是一个“生活世界”（life-world）,乡村性由多元主体通过特定社会空间情境下多样化、具身化的日常生活实践所创造,一种非表征的乡村地理学兴起[53,54]。越来越多学者运用与物质维度相关的研究范式来探讨乡村性,由此促进乡村研究的方法创新和跨学科联系[55]。Latour等的行动者网络理论[43,56,57]兼顾了主体的多元性和关系的物质性,有利于探讨涉及人类、非人类实体,以及本地、国家、全球等不同尺度的利益主体的乡村性。比如,Woods在探讨英国西南部禁止狩猎的乡村政治时,就用这个方法分析代表传统保守主义的农业精英和代表新自由主义的中产阶级,与麋鹿、猎狗、马之间的利益冲突,结论指出乡村性的建构是多元行动者通过网络化的组织联系争夺权力的过程[58]。更多的学者从具象化视角出发,探讨乡村社区的交往互动[59,60]、农业活动与展览[61]、乡村节庆与艺术生产[62,63]、乡村旅游[64,65]和行走[66]等世俗化固定活动中的乡村性展演。虽然乡村主体施展特定展演的能力会受到性别、阶层、年龄、种族等因素的制约,但展演也为主体的反抗和挑战提供可能。比如,在农业机械化的背景下,女性通过使用拖拉机或掌握其他农业技术,在实践中挑战了乡村传统性别分工的刻板印象[61,67]。
主体混杂视角首先承认了自然与社会、人类与非人类主体同等重要,体现了对乡村世界多元行动者的再认识,反对长期以来占主导地位的自然—文化二元论。人类与非人类主体通过相互作用共同形塑乡村性,乡村无需依赖有有区别于城市的人类活动特征才能被识别[68]。第二,物质和行动不再是认识乡村的客体,相反作为一种主体力量得到肯定。带有强烈行动者导向的“后乡村”主体取代劳动力、资本等传统抽象要素,成为当今乡村重构的主要驱动力[42]。第三,非表征的实践展演沟通了乡村的话语领域和物质领域,在主体混杂的基础上叠加了话语乡村和物质乡村的混杂,建构起Halfacree的乡村空间生产三重模型（a three-fold model of rural space）[69]。具象化的乡村实践是生产乡村话语的原料,意义和认同又通过物质实践反作用于乡村空间和社会秩序,成为结构化乡村生活的重要途径[70]。乡村性在这种带有“正反馈”效应的话语和物质的混杂过程中被持续生产,因此将乡村性视为单纯的文化或社会建构的主流观点在认识论上也受到挑战。
Murdoch指出,乡村空间是网络效应的集合体,乡村性也是网络化的（networking rurality）[71]。有关网络效应的理解可以追溯到人地系统[72]。传统的人地系统概念强调内部要素的有机关联,以及内外部之间的物质、能量和信息交换,但人类与环境的交互界面仍然是相对清晰的,有别于全球化背景下开放式的复杂网络。20世纪70年代以来,空间和地方的再生产便与全球化、城市化密不可分,跨尺度联系的流变性前所未见,这些过程更适合用网络的隐喻进行表述[73,74],强调结构打破、边界消失、作用机制高度复杂、作用结果高度不确定。如今,世界上大部分乡村地区都在更高程度上参与了人员、资本、制度和文化等要素的全球性流动与分配,加上虚拟网络的普及进一步抹平地域边界,本地和非本地的联系更加紧密,“关系乡村”（relational rurals）的概念由此而来[4]。正如Wylie所言,“关系形塑了空间”[75],复杂的权力关系通过乡村主体的物质实践建构了乡村性;乡村性又沿着全球网络传输扩散,内外力量通过新旧网络关系的时空并置来重塑地方[76]。全球与乡村地方、城市与乡村两组互动是“后乡村”网络混杂视角的焦点。
“关系乡村”的重构实际上是处于节点位置的乡村地方行动者参与全球网络的响应,其结果被Woods概念化为“全球乡村”（global countryside）[77]。“全球乡村”的研究重点在于分析乡村如何自下而上地反馈、回应宏观的经济社会进程。比如,探讨乡村农业生产和性别分工在全球商业链条或粮食供应系统中的变化[78,79]、乡村产业结构在全球经济格局中的重构[80,81]、乡村去农民化进程对现代生产体系的适应[82,83],乡村社会治理根据政策环境作出的调整[84,85]。这些过程表明,全球与乡村地方之间并不只是主导与附属、控制与对抗的二元关系[77],相反,全球性力量和地方性实践在网络中相遇和混杂,创造出新的形式和特征,乡村的意义被重新生产,Brunori称之为乡村的“再地方化”（relocalisation）[86]。基于网络混杂视角来探讨“后乡村”与全球的互动,兼顾了“我者”与“他者”的关系,既关注到乡村与外部的联系,也强调了乡村自身的巩固和重塑,在带有同质化倾向的全球化语境中突出了地方的多元性和差异性[87,88]。
全球化中的城市化将城乡关系带入一种更为复杂的状态。在城乡二元论主导下,乡村性通常被视为都市性的对应物[21]。但在实际中,社会、经济与文化意义的网络和流变往往超越了话语上的分离[4]。城乡连续体（rural-urban continuum）[89]的古典概念意识到城乡的辩证关联,“后乡村”也强调乡村性和都市性相联系,探讨城乡之间的复杂互动[90]。乡村的城市化进程最为明显,表现为乡村服务于城市市场的农业生产、城市非农业经济活动向乡村扩张、城市文化观念和生活方式向乡村渗透等[91-93]。比如,Svendsen以丹麦为例,探讨城市移民和返乡农民为乡村带来的文化城市化[94],他们成立新的居民组织,提倡绿色、积极、共享的社区理念,引入工作坊、绿色空间、历史文化保护等战略,乡村性被打上了城市实践的烙印。城乡混杂也发生在乡村的话语层面。Munkejord在挪威小镇Vadso的研究表明,在村民围绕乡村美好生活的表述中,除了“风光秀丽、节奏轻松、户外活动”等典型乡村要素之外,还增加了“密集聚居地、性别平等、流动性高”等都市性特征[2]。可见,城市化丰富了乡村的日常生活,乡村不只是大众话语中远离现代性的田园牧歌[95]。
“后乡村”的研究范围甚至可以延伸至都市地区。正如Cloke所说,“乡村性的符号和意义从地理空间中解放出来,传播和渗透到更广阔的社会空间中”[19],乡村城市化和城市“乡村化”（ruralization）同时存在[96,97]。尽管目前有关“乡村化”的研究较少,但也不乏有力例证。Woods发现拥有城市地产的英国乡村精英积极参与社会公共事务,乡村权力由此嵌入了城市权力网络[98],更多研究正从关注“乡村地区的政治”（rural politics）转向关注“乡村的政治性”（politics of the rural）。Simone发现传统乡村的社会关系与文化实践依旧形塑着外出打工群体流动的都市生活体验,让他们在剧烈的社会转型中保持一种“本体安全感”（ontological security）[99]。花园城市、城市公园甚至门禁社区园林等都是在城市建成环境中常见的乡村景观要素[100],Jones等称之为“努力把乡村带到都市的实践”[101]。城郊农业生产场所被视为镶嵌于城市内部的乡村性容器[102]。此外,一种周期性的乡村别致（rural chic）在商品消费中流行,表达了城市中产阶级对乡村生活方式的想象和期望[103]。
网络混杂视角首先意味着地域边界的消失和等级尺度的弱化,抹平了以往教条式的对立,转而关注乡村在更广阔的城乡乃至全球经济、社会、文化网络中所处的系统结构和镶嵌关系,对网络嵌入性（embeddedness）[104]的强调为再思考全球与乡村地方、城市与乡村之间的辩证关联提供了新机会。第二,乡村性涉及异质网络关系复杂交织的动态社会生产,乡村空间显然成为了一个充满张力的利益竞技场。正如“后现代”的核心特征是不确定性,“后乡村”作为全球性与地方性、乡村性和都市性之间不断协商与重构的混杂变体,本质上也是高度流动的和不确定的。
第二次世界大战后,各种产业、文化、技术等现代性力量对西方乡村性进行了深刻重塑[105],乡村世界的方方面面都不可避免地发生着结构性改变。实际上,现代化本身就是一个多股力量杂糅的进程[43,106],混杂性视角成为在现代化语境中研究乡村性的必然选择,它提醒我们要关注过去经常被忽略的中间状态,从而捕捉一种现代性与乡土性“新”“旧”融合（a mixing of old and new）的乡村性[38,107]。
现代性效应高度复杂,乡村在不同力量的交织作用下形成了崭新的、进步的但有时候也是被破坏了的人地关系、身份认同和价值观念。发展乡村旅游和文化创意等第三产业加强了乡村的对外接触,村民的主体现代性和集体社区认同都得以提升[108,109],但也可能导致乡村归属感不再植根本土[110]。大量符号化的消费景观取代乡村原生环境和原住社区,使乡村空间呈现马赛克式的混杂图景,本土的连续性和原真性被消解[111,112]。与现代产业相关的土地利用方式和劳动分工模式加速了乡村财富积累,但也挑战了乡村价值体系中的一些质朴原则,大量成员外出工作,改变了“乡村是抚养家庭的好地方”的传统观念[113,114]。公共设施的完善提升了乡村的可达性,缩小了商业发展、日常出行、社会交往的时空限制,但也可能限制老年人群体,形成社会区隔[115]。如今,由互联网所驱动的数字革命成为推动乡村重构的关键力量[116],线上的虚拟网络与线下的社会现实相互转化,生成的乡村性更开放、更具活力、更富于变化。网络信息技术的进步不仅为乡村经济发展、工作休闲、维持公共性等提供了更多选择[117,118],而且积极重构着乡村的主体性,青少年通过网络联系外界、建构社会关系,协商年轻主体的社会身份[119,120];妇女通过掌握相关技术提升决策话语权,重塑新的性别角色[67]。然而,受到客观设施可达性和人群知识、技能、态度等主观因素限制,数字不平衡现象在乡村中普遍存在,可能会增加弱势群体的社会不公[121]。显然,现代性力量就乡村的意义重构而言是一把双刃剑,需要用混杂性视角批判性看待。
“后乡村”的意义混杂还体现在现代性的异化作用和乡土性的去异化作用在日常生活场域的融合中。现代性不仅代表进步和自由,还伴随着个体原子化、金钱至上、工具理性、劳动异化、消费异化、传统割裂、意义消解等[122,123]。后现代性的自省转向重新强调社会主体的能动性和创造性,具备了协商和抵抗社会经济现实的可能[124]。在“后乡村”的剧变过程中,虽有不少传统乡土文化逐渐式微,但并不代表乡村在现代性面前就是被动、脆弱的。相反,传统的自然经济、社会关系、价值观念和习俗规范依旧富有弹性,在很多方面协商着现代化的潮流,使现代性与乡土性之间的关系从二元对立转向相互融合。日常生活实践作为行之有效的分析工具被广泛应用于实证研究中。Lefebvre虽认为,现代性把日常生活异化成平庸的、重复的、无意义的实践[125],但他和de Certeau也意识到普通大众在日常生活中具有巨大的去异化潜力[126]。Laegran关注苏格兰乡村地区依托ICT技术在家工作的人群,分析他们如何通过日常生活空间的隔离、时间的灵活分配和道德义务的坚守来协商现代工作角色和传统家庭角色的关系[127],这个过程被称为对现代性的“驯化”（domestication）。科罗拉多山区度假旅游的发展与设施移民的激增冲击着乡村的社会文化基础,表现为物理空间的隔离导致交往异化、隐私和独居的追求消解邻里关系和集体原则、法律和契约取代互惠互利和灵活协商成为解决分歧的主要途径;然而,牧民也可以运用日常的地方知识和社会网络进行资源联合,缓解与外来者的紧张关系,维护自身合法权益[128]。重拾传统节庆也是村民通过特定文化事件追寻延续性、抵抗现代性的重要途径,Winchester等以南澳大利亚Lobethal的圣诞灯会为例,发现村民在筹备和庆祝节日的仪式中重获了情感归属,重建了精神共同体,挽回了乡村剧变造成的认同冲击和意义断裂[63]。可见,基于日常生活实践的场域来解读现代性和乡土性的关系,有助于将一种意义混杂融合的乡村性予以呈现。
意义混杂视角聚焦乡村的社会文化与日常生活层面,强调乡村性是一种积极与消极效应共存、现实与虚拟相互转化、现代与传统既破又立的混合生产。“后乡村”不再片面地被“前现代”“落后”等习惯性话语所定义[21],相反,传统社会文化的生命力被重新承认。在该视角下,乡村性通过社会主体的日常生活实践被诠释,体现了对大众日常生活创造力与能动性的再认识。社会主体在乡村剧变的过程中主动地选择、适应并重塑多元生活方式、身份认同与文化定位,丰富了乡村生活世界的体验,在响应、协商甚至抵抗现代化进程带来的不确定性和去根性[124]等方面发挥积极作用。
在乡村快速重构的背景下,乡村性不再是单一向度和稳定不变的概念,而是一个意义多元、动态变化而且充满不确定性的过程。这种“后乡村”的自省性转向在著名乡村地理学者Paul Cloke主编的《乡村视野》（Country Visions）[41]一书的封面中可见端倪。图1中,动物和植物、人类和景观的拼凑,暗含了乡村重构主体的混杂性,鸟头人身的形象更是生动地揭示了人类与自然的紧密结合;象征生命的染色体沿着复杂交错的网络传输扩散,寓意乡村节点的要素特征在跨尺度网络中混杂和流动;整体观之,画面被一种超现实、甚至有些阴森古怪的气氛所笼罩,折射出“后乡村”是一个充满价值冲突、异化和危机的空间。因此,再认识“后乡村”的关键在于承认其混杂性,关注乡村性基于特定社会空间情景的主体、网络和意义重构,而不是追求其定义和本质。需要强调的是,以上三方面的混杂性在现实的乡村中并不是相互独立的,而是相互促进、共同建构的。“后乡村”的重构往往是多个混杂过程交错、重叠、共同作用的结果,从而衍生了一种更高程度上混杂化的、富有张力和生命力的乡村多元复合体（complex）[38]。
中国语境中的乡村性也是一个流变和混杂的概念。在全球化、工业化和城市化不断推进的背景下,中国乡村的空间形态、产业结构、人口结构、社会组织和传统文化等方面在过去数十年间经历了急剧转型[129-131]。虽然中国乡村的现代化进程起步较晚,与基本已完成现代化的西方乡村处于不同的发展阶段;然而,发达国家的乡村发展理念通常是全球流通的,加上中国乡村日益向全球化进程敞开,中西乡村重构轨迹多少也有相似之处,西方乡村性的研究思路也有助于中国语境的研究[132]。“后乡村”混杂性的理论视角对于阐释中国乡村所经历的千差万别的剧烈重构、理解富有中国特色的乡村性而言具有重要启示。
在主体混杂方面,角媛梅等有关云南梯田文化景观的研究表明,哈尼梯田是哈尼族文化与自然环境相互协调、适应的结果,并且基于这种认识挖掘背后的社会文化关系[133,134]。孙九霞等探讨民族村寨和周庄古镇等乡村旅游地的空间生产,指出乡村地方从“本体空间”转向“构建空间”[135,136],当地资源环境的基础性地位被强调,并与政府、精英、企业、村民等异质性人类主体共同组成行动者网络,继而在动态变化的权力关系中实现乡村景观特质的演进[137]和美丽乡村建设[138]。上述研究均带有“后乡村”主体重构的意味,以往作为人类活动底板的空间景观要素正逐渐从边缘走向核心,但目前该视角在国内相关研究中的应用仍然较少,与乡村性的新认识也存在一定差异,自然或其他非人类实体在大多数情况下依旧被视为无生命的、被动的客体。
在网络混杂方面,改革开放后日益增加的政治、经济和文化开放性将乡村本土暴露于内外联动的关系之中,不少实证研究已经有意识地运用联系性思维来探讨乡村对全球化和城市化的响应：比如,在乡村的空间转型方面,强调生产、生活和生态比例的平衡、人类与自然环境的和谐共生、政府主导和村民自发的联合[139,140];在乡村经济引擎重塑方面,强调内部竞争优势和外部市场需求相结合、微观家庭生计选择与宏观工业化进程相呼应[141,142]。在带有同质化倾向的全球化进程中,中国乡村重构的波动性和复杂性十分明显[130],未来研究更应该突出中国乡村性的特殊性：农业仍然是国内许多乡村地区重要的经济社会基础,研究要着眼于可持续和专业化农业生产的实现,而且目光不能局限于国内的粮食安全形势,还要联系国际市场的供需网络[143];长期以来,土地所有权和户籍的双轨制导致城乡之间存在较大的社会和空间分异,研究需要辩证思维,关注城乡之间物质流、资金流、信息流的互动和整合[144];在国家政策较大程度地介入乡村发展的宏观背景下[130],研究更要挖掘自下而上复兴乡村的能动性;集体产权和再分配机制在经历快速变革的乡村中得以延续[145],研究应突出集体主义制度对于增强乡村弹性、维持乡村活力的优越性。
在探讨中国乡土社会与现代性的融合时,意义混杂视角否定“中国乡村在现代城市化语境下将逐渐走向消亡”“村落的终结”等简单论调[146,147]。虽然以全球资本和市场经济为核心的现代性逻辑在很大程度上改写了中国乡村原有的社会文化基础,但以血缘、地缘、信仰、习俗等为主要特征的传统文化仍然具有不可忽视的力量。Chung以广州市郊的新乡村为例,探讨从建国初期就延续下来的自给自足和集体系统在乡村经历股份制改革、村改居和户籍更改等进程中的作用[148]。研究发现,在城市化制度变革的时代,村民仍然坚持乡村传统的特色实践,从而维系了相对封闭的社区系统,重申了地方依附,也保持了去农业化后依旧亲密的人地关系。可见,乡村性并没有被现代性话语所粗暴终结;相反,传统的文化实践与新的生活经历相互交织,呈现出更立体化的乡村发展图景。如今,日新月异的网络信息技术已经成为中国许多地方乡村重构的结构性因素[149]。吴昕晖等以广州里仁洞村为例,提出以淘宝为代表的电商经济推动着“全球乡村”新兴经济体的形成,使中国乡村以全新的地位嵌入全球市场格局[150]。Lin等以揭阳军埔村为例,探讨淘宝经营实践对村民的价值观念、情感认同、时间和空间体验等日常生活方面的重构,结论提出了一种现代性异化与本土性守护相混、网络生成的控制及激发的自由相杂的乡村性[151]。可知,网络信息技术开启了一个乡村混杂的崭新语境,值得深入探讨。
总言而之,强调多元、动态、碎片的“后乡村”混杂性视角体现了后现代主义对乡村性的理解,不仅有助于在复杂的乡村转型过程中把握一种更接近真实状态的乡村性,而且启示中国在美丽乡村建设和城乡一体化发展的规划、决策和推进过程中,需要全面考虑到乡村多元主体的利益关系和能动作用、乡村作为节点与全球网络的联系、乡村传统文化在现代化过程中的传承和发展等问题。
致谢：感谢华东师范大学叶超教授有关Country Visions封面的见解对本文的启发。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Interpreting Rurality: Multidisciplinary Approaches . |
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Challenging discourses on rurality: Women and men immigrants' constructions of the good life in a rural town in northern Norway .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00415.x URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
Abstract This article examines the content and distinct characteristics of lay discourses on rurality and reflects on how these are related to hegemonic popular and academic/professional discourses on the rural. Based on three months of empirical fieldwork doing serial in-depth interviews with in-migrants from 17 households in the small town of Vads03 in Finnmark, Northern Norway, the article shows that Vads03 is constructed as an idyll with elements such as a beautiful landscape, outdoor activities, safety, an easy life and pleasant pace, similar to lay representations of the rural idyll in the UK. However, the in-migrants defy the label, ‘rural’, adding ‘urban’ elements such as a clustered settlement, café latte society, gender equality and high mobility to their constructions of Vads03. Hence, the good life in Vads03 is constructed as a combination of rural and urban elements. This challenges the ability of central hegemonic discourses on rurality, based on an underlying rural–urban dichotomy, to make sense of everyday life in Vads03. Thus, the article argues for the need to analyse everyday life in rural settings in terms of the social production of multiple meanings that consider rurality and urbanity as interrelated, rather than opposed.
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Rural lifestyles: Material opportunity, cultural experience, and how theory can undermine policy .https://doi.org/10.2307/144523 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Rural geographies are often discounted as marginal to mainstream interests. In part this is because the rural is conflated with agricultural, and thereby is of significant but only minority interest; in part it is because rural geographers tend to be theory importers rather than theory exporters. This marginality is now changing, as rural life becomes variously the object of desire for increasing numbers of people in the Western world, and as critical rural geographies make use of political-economic and sociocultural theories to address issues of nature-society relations and discursive transformations of central concern to human geography as a whole. This paper uses the experience of undertaking a major research project on rural life-styles in England to address a number of such issues. I discuss how the notion of "problems" in rural life have been theorized and researched to date, focusing on the metaphor of "deprivation" as a key but unchallenging bridge between academic and policy discourses about the rural. Using research findings from a major survey of rural life-styles, I argue that both normative accounts of how opportunities are structured in rural areas and qualitative accounts of how rural life is experienced are crucial in a critical interpretation of changing rural life-styles. I suggest important methodological and interpretative implications of using this twin approach. Finally, I record the relations between researchers and the policymaking agencies that sponsored the research, noting how sociocultural emphases on difference are discordant with the simpler unitary narratives of problems preferred by such agencies, and how findings of different rural experiences are vulnerable to a response based on the politics of individual responsibility.
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| [4] |
Rural . |
| [5] |
An index of rurality for England and Wales .https://doi.org/10.1080/09595237700185041 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Cloke P. J. (1977) An index of rurality for England and Wales, Reg. Studies 11, 41鈥46. Rurality is defined in terms of selected discriminating variables, from which an index of rurality is formulated using principal components analysis. Distributions of four classifications of rurality are presented and both problematical remote rural areas and those suffering extreme urban pressure are identified. Data generated by the index formulation is found to be both a useful tool for studies involving comparison or contrast between rural areas, and an aid to the possible standardisation of planning solutions in areas with similar problems. An insight is also offered into patterns of rural change and the changing nature of rurality itself.
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| [6] |
Changing patterns of urbanization in rural areas of England and Wales .https://doi.org/10.1080/09595237800185551 URL PMID: 12262814 摘要
Cloke P.J. (1978) Changing patterns of urbanisation in rural areas of England and Wales, 1961–1971, Reg. Studies 12, 603–617. Data generated by the construction of indices of rurality for 1961 and 1971 are used to describe the manifestations of rural change over this period. Particular emphasis is paid to processes of urbanisation but ‘ruralisation' trends are also monitored. Analysis of inter-index change suggests some underlying uniformities in the processes of rurality dynamics over time. A cyclic or spiral model of rural change is proposed and both present and projected movements on the cycle are examined. Finally, practical applications of the cyclic model, both in terms of planning processes and in the understanding of rurality trends, are outlined.
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| [7] |
Rurality in England and Wales 1981: A replication of the 1971 index .https://doi.org/10.1080/09595238600185271 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
ABSTRACT Cloke P. and Edwards G. (1986) Rurality in England and Wales 1981: a replication of the 1971 index, Reg. Studies 20, 289--306. In a previous issue of Regional Studies a methodology for an index of rurality was developed using principal components analysis on selected variables reflecting rural or non-rural characteristics in 1971. The results of this indexation procedure represented a rudimentary classification of different levels of rurality, but have been widely used by various rural researchers. This paper replicates the 1971 index using 1981 data. Problems concerning changing administrative boundaries and units, changing census format, and indeed the changing nature of rurality itself are fully discussed. However, these limitations are overcome sufficiently to permit the construction of a 1981 index at the post-1974 district level. The 1981 results are compared with the 1971 distribution of rurality at the district scale, and spatial changes in rurality classification illustrated.
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| [8] |
Towards an understanding of gender and capital in constituting biotechnologies in agriculture .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00417.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract A compelling body of international literature now exists on the political economy of biotechnology. This work has used capital as a lens through which to view the increasing economic importance of biotechnologies to the agricultural sector. It has, however, given little attention to gender. The purpose of this article is to argue for the significance of gender in studies of agricultural biotechnology, that is, to posit that it is not just capital, but the intersection between capital and gender that informs the application, creation and regulation of agricultural biotechnologies.
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| [9] |
Gender and Rurality .
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| [10] |
Locality and social representation: Space, discourse and alternative definitions of the rural .https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(93)90003-3 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
ABSTRACT There is currently a debate taking place in the ‘rural’ literature concerning the fundamental issue of the definition of ‘the rural’. Two main conventional approaches to this issue are to define the rural in either descriptive or socio-cultural terms. However, both can be criticized from a theoretical standpoint for adopting an inadequate conceptualization of space. As a result, there is an increasing but problematic tendency to try to define the rural in terms of a distinctive type of locality. However, there is yet another means of definition, which has been somewhat neglected in the literature. This alternative can best be approached from an understanding of the theory of social representations and the contrasting discourses of academics and non-academics. A modified version of the theory enables us to define the rural in terms of the disembodied cognitive structures which we use as rules and resources in order to make sense of our everyday world, through both discursive and non-discursive actions. Moreover, in an increasingly post-modern era it can be argued that such an ‘immaterial’ definition may be assuming dominance over its locality-based alternative.
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| [11] |
Understanding the use of rural space: The need for multi-methods .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2003.12.005 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
Although the late 1990s saw increasing use of qualitative data in rural studies and a turn towards issues such as identities and the construction of rurality, many rural researchers still rely on a range of different methods and use both qualitative and quantitative data. However, the challenge of combining quantitative and qualitative data and using different methods is a theme not often dealt with in rural studies, at least not explicitly. This paper (re-)turns the attention to implications of using various methods and combining different types of data for studying a subject matter called ‘the use of rural space’. It concerns both physical land use and the practice and values of individual actors influencing the land use. We emphasise interplay between methodology and philosophy throughout the research process and argue for using multi-methods without compromising the integrity of the different methods. The methodological approach is a combined study of practice and values of individual actors. Two examples—one concerning Senegalese pastoralists’ livelihoods and their use of mobility and one concerning landowners’ location of field afforestation in Denmark—illustrate how the approach facilitates quite different studies of both practice and values and how quantitative and qualitative data can be combined in a non-eclectic way.
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| [12] |
Sustaining unsustainability: Sausages, actant networks and the Australian beef industry . In: Lockie S, Pritchard P. |
| [13] |
Research on the geography of agricultural change: Redundant or revitalized? .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.1999.tb00101.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Summary Future research directions for agricultural geography were the subject of debate in Area in the late 1980s, and the subsequent application of political economy ideas undoubtedly revived interest in agricultural research. This paper argues that agricultural geography contains greater diversity than the dominant political economy discourse would suggest. It reviews ‘other’ areas of agricultural research such as policy, post- productivism, people, culture and animals, presenting future suggestions which should ensure that agricultural research continues revitalized rather than redundant into the next millennium.
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| [14] |
Changing ruralities, changing landscapes: Exploring social recomposition using a multi-scale approach .https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(03)00006-8 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Changes in agricultural practices have led to declines in the farming population and significant changes within the landscape. Paradoxically, many rural areas are recording significant demographic growth. Given the extent of rural areas experiencing these changes, little attention has been devoted to the relationship between rural migration processes and landscape developments. Therefore, the various rural dynamics resulting from these phenomena merit closer investigation. Moreover, we should explore these complex processes at scales where they are most evident. Through the multi-scale research approach used in this study, these processes are investigated in their regional, local, and domestic contexts. As shown by regional typological outlines, the great diversity of the rural areas indicates an increasing dissociation between the agricultural and socio-demographic trajectories. From our local-scale study, changes in lot occupation revealed new residential settlement patterns induced by an influx of in-migrants. Specific landscape characteristics seem to be a determining force shaping these population flows. At the same time, these population movements have dissimilar influences on evolving landscape dynamics. With the exception of isolated agricultural abandonment trajectories, migrant relocation does not seem to affect specific local-scale land use development. However, it is significantly associated with individual domestic practices. These practices are indicative of the migrant's identity in the rural landscape; further, they suggest specific values for the landscape's qualitative dimensions. These emerging urban and non-farming interests in rural landscapes challenge planning policies to guide the landscape's evolution for the benefit of its “producers” and “consumers”.
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| [15] |
Migration, rurality and the post-productivist countryside . In: Boyle P, Halfacree K. |
| [16] |
Vers Un Rural Postindustriel: Rural et Environnement dans Huit Pays Européens . |
| [17] |
Socio-cultural representations of greentrified Pennine rurality .https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(01)00014-6 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper examines the processes of change in two ‘rural’ environs of Hebden Bridge, West Yorkshire, associated with the in-migration and consumption practices of relatively affluent households. In doing so, we address the knowledge gap identified by Phillips (J. Rural Studies 9 (1993) 123) relating to the gentrification of rural locations. The term ‘rural greentrification’ is suggested to emphasise the varying cultural predilections of in-migrant households in the consumption of ‘green’ spaces. More specifically, a geography of greentrification is identified in the locale, which encompasses two socio-spatial relationships: ‘village’and ‘remote’. These are interpreted as distinct constructions of rural ‘habitus’ and thus exemplify the significance of Hebden Bridge as a special place, where the multiple appeals and meanings of different representations of greentrified Pennine rurality enable cultural and social differentiation. The findings reaffirm the value of viewing the rural as a socio-cultural construct, tied to place and time, which is specific to individuals and social groups.
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| [18] |
The Differentiated Countryside . |
| [19] |
Country backwater to virtual village? Rural studies and the 'cultural' turn .https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(97)00053-3 URL [本文引用: 2] |
| [20] |
Prospects of rural areas in an enlarged Europe .https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(94)90048-5 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper is an attempt to look into the future of the rural areas of Europe, on the basis of a set of assumptions regarding community enlargement, continued gradual integration and a relatively stable European and global political environment. In the agricultural sphere continued reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), environmental issues, the intensification and new uses for surplus land are discussed. The complexities of recent rural population and employment trends are recognised and it is suggested that in many areas diversification has already taken place, often without support from deliberate diversification policies. The paper concludes by noting the current rise in interest in rural development policy throughout Europe, and highlighting some of the conflicts between alternative visions of the way forward.
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| [21] |
Rural studies: Modernism, post-modernism and the 'post-rural' .https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(93)90053-M URL [本文引用: 3] |
| [22] |
Rurality and post-rurality . In: Kitchi. R, Thrift N.
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| [23] |
Signs of the post-rural: Marketing myths of a symbolic countryside .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0435-3684.1998.00030.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Geography is currently in the midst of reinterpreting the 'rural'. There are calls within tourism studies, rural geography and cultural geography for further investigation into the new meanings represented in rural places, their emergent rural identities, and the need to take postmodernism and the construction of the rural more seriously. This paper presents a critical interpretation of the format, content and signs used to represent, commodify and promote as countryside a landscape adjacent to the eastern coast of Lake Huron in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. Following a brief review of the place promotion literature and the postmodern cultural context of contemporary tourism, the socio-semiotic approach employed in the analysis is explained. Using 210 pieces of printed place promotional material, gathered at tourist information booths along a provincially designated tourist route, the slogans, logos (icons), and place myths used to differentiate the rural from the urban are identified, and their role in constructing, commodifying and marketing a symbolic countryside is made clear. It is argued that the tourist landscape signified in the promotional material is a symbolic cultural landscape that draws upon dominant Anglo-American ideals of the countryside to give identity to the material landscape. The advertising discourse is thus a symbolic space where an imaginary, mythical countryside is situated; here the 'rural' is commodified and sustained by 'uneasy pleasures': the tensions created between a consumer's willing suspension of disbelief and their knowledge of an advertiser's persuasive intentions. These signs of the 'post-rural' constitute a 'rural' that is a transferable brand name free-floating signifier sed to give meaning, value and character to any place commodity in need of a marketable identity.
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| [24] |
Intimations of Postmodernity . |
| [25] |
Neglected rural geographies: A review .https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(92)90077-J URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Colin Ward's The Child in the Country [1990, Bedford Square Press, London (2nd Edn)] is discussed, and it is suggested that Ward provides an intriguing window on the geographies of rural children both as structured ‘from without’ and as experienced ‘from within’. His account here chimes with the emerging sensitivity of social-cultural geographers to the ways in which space and place are entangled in the lives of all manner of ‘other’ human groupings, children included, and new possibilities are hence opened up for reflection and research in rural geography (in particular) and rural studies (in general).
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| [26] |
Social Constructivism and the Philosophy of Science .https://doi.org/10.1086/429057 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Social Constructivism and the Philosophy of Science - 2000, Page 149 by André Kukla. Read Social Constructivism and the Philosophy of Science now at Questia.
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| [27] |
Relational rurals: Some thoughts on relating things and theory in rural studies .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.01.011 URL [本文引用: 3] 摘要
This paper considers how shifts within the social sciences towards conceptualising spatiality in relational terms have unfolded in rural studies in particular ways over the past decade or so. A period in which networks, connections, flows and mobility have all established themselves as compelling conceptual frames for research, the rural has increasingly been recast in relational terms as a multi-authored and multi-faceted space, constituted through local-global interconnections and their place specific, sometimes contested, manifestations. In this way, the multiple meanings of the rural continues to be a focus of critical concern, as are the implications ‘of’ and ‘in’ rural spaces for some of the major issues currently being faced by governments and citizens around the world; including climate change and food security. Apprehending the complexity of the rural in these terms, we argue, requires not only thinking space relationally, but at the same time being epistemologically relational or theoretically pluralist. That is, recognising the co-constituent production of rural space through material and discursive phenomenon, processes and practices, and thus the value of existing theoretical resources (social constructionism, political and economic materialism) in relation with the critical and rigorous appraisal of ‘new’ concepts and ideas to better comprehend rural space in its multidimensional complexity and particularity. To this end, we identify Cindi Katz's notion of ‘countertopography’ as a promising conceptual and methodological addition to the rural scholar's toolkit insofar as it attends to a politics of location and differentation in relation to global processes. We conclude our discussion by sketching out possible objects of countertopographical analysis for understanding ongoing processes of change in rural space(s).
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| [28] |
Discourses of rurality: Loose talk or social struggle? .https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(95)00046-1 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper is critical of the existing usage of ‘rural’ and ‘rurality’. It does not simply dismiss the terms as either irrelevant, wrong, or as a chaotic conception. The paper attempts to plot the implications, and account for the existence, of a multiplicity of meanings of the term ‘rurality’. Rather than adjudicating on the ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ use of the term it is suggested that the disputation over the use and meaning of the term ‘rurality’ demonstrates the rupture of sign and signification that has been discussed in debates concerning ideology and hegemony, and more recently post-structuralism. The paper argues in favour of a productive dialogue between Gramscian notions of political struggle and post-structuralist concerns with language and meaning. It is suggested that a more adequate explanation of social change should be sensitive to the multiple discourses that constitute our ‘reality’ (‘urban’ or ‘rural’), and the resources that are mobilised in their favour.
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| [29] |
Rurality discourses and the role of the social enterprise in regenerating rural Scotland .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.04.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Social enterprises are businesses with primarily social objectives that reinvest their surplus in the community rather than seeking to maximise profit for shareholders. However, there is a debate regarding the drivers and the role of the social enterprise, the outcome of which is expected to have serious implications for the future of the institution [Brady, C., 2003. Social Enterprise development and the Role of the Social Economy in Scotland. CBS Network, Edinburgh]. A ‘reformist’ view supports the position that social enterprises are simple extensions of existing economic systems, whereas a ‘radical’ stance sees them as the embodiment of an alternative vision of running local economies. Development Trusts (DTs) are social enterprises that focus on community regeneration. Our research explored DT stakeholder views regarding the role of DTs in regenerating rural Scotland. Using Q methodology [Barry, J., Proops, J., 1999. Seeking sustainability discourses with Q methodology. Ecological Economics, 28, 337–345], we drew on ‘rurality’ discourses [Frouws, J., 1998. The contested redefinition of the countryside. An analysis of rural discourses in The Netherlands. Sociologia Ruralis 38(1), 54–68] expressed by DT stakeholders in order to investigate how these discourses informed their views. Radical positions were mostly associated with a hedonist rurality discourse and were split into three sub-discourses, whereas reformist positions mostly reflected a utilitarian rurality discourse. There was consensus between discourses in rejecting a primary DT contribution to rural regeneration by substituting state and local authority functions in rural Scotland. Results suggest that stakeholders prefer that DTs develop their own agendas and activity rather than try to substitute unsuccessful state or local authority provision of rural services. Social enterprise strategies and support policies promoting a service-providing role for DTs in rural Scotland should consider this issue if they are to avoid stakeholder objection and contribute to the success of DTs in becoming active vehicles of rural regeneration.
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| [30] |
Who is rural? Or, how to be rural: Towards a sociology of the rural . In: Marsde. T, Lowe P, Whatmore S.
The hypothesis is put forward that a specific concept or category of 'the rural' has evolved. This occurred in the 1920s and 1930s in a manner specific to each country, although in all cases there was an attempt to reformulate both the relationship between town and country and the definition of agriculture, as a result of the changes facing the countryside and its inhabitants. The concept of th...
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Transition culture: Politics, localities and ruralities .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.04.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Despite its high profile Transition culture is only beginning to receive academic attention. This paper contributes to this by locating Transition culture within a rural studies frame, highlighting the significance of rurality to Transition culture and reflecting on the nature of its politics. Drawing on interviews with Transition activists the paper explores these questions by focussing on Transition culture in practice. It connects activists' accounts and descriptions of Transition with debates about the changing meanings of rurality, the increasingly co-constituted relationship between rural and urban spaces and with the changing forms of political action which have been identified as radical and as post-political. The paper argues that Transition culture can be seen as a convergence of rural-urban values and practices. It suggests that this is possible because of Transition culture's avoidance of an explicitly political agenda, its reliance on more consensual driven concepts such as community and, related to this, its post-political orientation.
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Co-constructing the countryside: Hybrid networks and the extensive self . In: Clok. P. Country Visions. |
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Nation and Narration . |
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New ethnicities . In: Donal. J, Rattansi A. |
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Borderlands: La Frontera . |
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Networking rurality: Emergent complexity in the countryside . In: Clok. P, Marsden T, Mooney P.https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608016.n12 URL [本文引用: 4] |
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Rural geography: Blurring boundaries and making connections .https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132508105001 URL [本文引用: 3] 摘要
A number of commentaries and articles have been published in recent years reflecting on the nature, history and practice of rural geography. The introspective mood follows a period in which rural geography has been widely considered to have been resurgent, but indicates concerns about the unevenness of progress in rural geography, and about the readiness of the subdiscipline to address new challenges. This article, the first of three progress reports on rural geography, focuses on attempts within these interventions to rethink the boundaries of rural geography and its connections with other fields of study. First, it examines renewed debates on the definition and delimitation of the rural, including efforts to rematerialize the rural. Second, it considers the rejuvenation of work on rural-urban linkages, including concepts of city regions, exurbanization and rurbanity. Third, it discusses the interdisciplinary engagement of rural geographers, including collaboration with physical and natural scientists.
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| [40] |
New rural territories: Regulating the differentiated rural spaces .https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(97)00041-7 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Taking the differentiating countryside as a major feature of rural spatial change, this paper explores some of the key development spheres which are influencing the process of differentiation with reference to the British case. Combinations of local and non-local networks, supply chains and regulatory systems incorporate different rural spaces. Four particular development spheres: mass food markets, quality food markets, agriculturally related changes and rural restructuring implicate, in their different combinations, the different rural spaces. This analytical framework raises some important concerns for the governance of differentiating rural space in its regional context. In particular, it suggests that notions of integration and holism of rural spaces will be difficult to achieve; and that governance and regulation becomes highly variable according to the relative significance of local/non-local networks. In conclusion, the implications of the analysis are examined in relation to the growing rural development policy discourse. This suggests the need for more regionally and spatially orientated policy which is more customized to the internal and external conditions different regional-rural spaces experience.
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Differentiating countryside: Social representations and governance patterns in rural areas with high social density: The case of Chianti, Italy .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.10.001 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
One of the key factors for the success of development strategies in rural areas is the setting up of appropriate governance patterns, whose main outcome is a fluid communication between public and private organisations and an effective integration of objectives and policies. Through a ‘post-rural’ approach, this paper aims to analyse an attempt to reconfigure patterns of governance taking place in a well-known rural area, the Chianti (Tuscany, Italy). The Chianti can be considered as a typical example of a post-rural area, characterised by a highly complex civil society, with a large number of organisations representing their constituencies’ interests, which strongly characterise the local social and economic processes. In this area wine is the most important industry, both for its weight in terms of added value and employment but also for the multiplier effects that its reputation has on the overall economy, and local wine elites have historically had a strong hold on local society. Along with rural change leading to social and economic diversification and growing administrative complexity, the dominance of wine elites is challenged by a coalition of actors led by the mayors of the local municipalities. The resulting struggle for hegemony is played out through an intense inside/outside interaction, which contributes to continuous attempts to redefine local identities. The paper explores the role that the building of social representations of rurality by local elites plays in the creation of new rural governance patterns in the area.
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The new primitives: Identity, landscape and cultural appropriation in the mythopoetic men's movement .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.1996.tb00463.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper explores the beliefs and practices of the mythopoetic men's movement. More specifically, it focuses on the movement's adherents' representations of "racial" identity and wilderness. After introducing the movement, I argue that, a) the mythopoetic men's movement creatively reworks colonialist fantasies of non-Western societies and landscapes, and b) that this process acts to naturalize the movement's adherents' contradictory experiences of power. The paper concludes with some observations on primitivist cultural appropriation.
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Dwelling, place and landscape: An orchard in Somerset .https://doi.org/10.1068/a3383 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
In this paper we seek to develop the concept of dwelling as a means of theorising place and landscape. We do this for two interconnected reasons. First, dwelling has come to the fore recently as an approach to nature, place, and landscape, but we argue that further development of this idea is required in order to address issues relating to romantic views of places, authenticity, localness, and the way we 'see' landscapes. Second, we turn to the notion of dwelling to develop interconnected views of the world which can still retain a notion of place, a key but problematic concept within geography, landscape studies, and environmental thinking. In particular, we seek to develop ideas of place within the context of actor network theory. We explore the notion of dwelling in Heidegger and as adapted by Ingold, and we trace how dwelling has been deployed subsequently in studies of landscape and place. We then develop a more critical appreciation of dwelling in the context of an orchard in Somerset which we have researched as a place of hybrid constructions of culture and nature.
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| [48] |
Rematerializing social and cultural geography .https://doi.org/10.1080/14649369950133449 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
of contemporary social relations. It allowed us to interpret consumers' stated preference for `convenience' (everything under one roof in a climate-controlled environment) together with their dislike of `arti ciality' (no sense of place or changing seasons, no escape from the incess- ant piped `muzak') while in their actual con- sumption practices they tended to favour `anonymous' shopping centres over more `per- sonalized' corner shops. Consumers' sense of alienation in their social relations came to be articulated in terms of their alienation from nature (often stated in terms of a desire for more greenery and running water). Guilty feel- ings about shopping for personal `luxuries' were contrasted with the virtues of thrift and self-sacri ce, particularly by mothers in rela- tion to their families. Children were repre- sented simultaneously as the most materialistic members of the family and as a stimulus to more `green' and ethical modes of consump- tion. Through a similar process of ob- jecti cation and displacement, attitudes towards the changing ethnic composition of our two case-study neighbourhoods were com- monly expressed in terms of a hostility towards shoddy imported goods and foreign food and a general fear of pollution through casual contact with strangers. Particularly among elderly white residents in the working-class neighbour- hood of Wood Green, standards of cleanliness and hygiene were widely felt to be slipping, while the virtues of familiarity and `personal service' had given way to an increasingly im- personal and insecure world, characterized by unpredictable encounters with various kinds of difference (especially young, male, working- class blacks).Theorizing these changes through a material culture perspective helped us to explain resi- dents' highly nostalgic stated preference for local shops compared to their widespread sup- port in practice for modern supermarkets. It
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| [49] |
Handbook of Rural Studies . |
| [50] |
More-than-representational knowledge/s of the countryside: How we thinks as bodies .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2008.00458.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The empirical hypothesis that is explored in this article is: if we think with our bodies then we must think about the countryside with our bodies too. Working toward this end, the article begins by briefly reviewing the literature on embodied knowledge. From here, attention turns to the rough, empirical ground of everyday life. Before doing this, however, discussion centres briefly on methods, where the methodological implications of studying the 'more-than-representational' are discussed. The remainder of the article is devoted to examining the findings of fieldwork conducted in rural Iowa. In this discussion, attention centres specifically on how understanding the countryside is an embodied, lived event.
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| [51] |
The temporality of landscape .https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1993.9980235 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [52] |
Building, dwelling, living: How people and animals make themselves at home in the world . In: Strather. M. |
| [53] |
Non-representational Theory: Space, Power, Affect .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emospa.2011.02.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Life, but not as we know it -- Still life in nearly present time -- Driving and the city -- Movement-space -- Afterwords -- From born to made -- Spatialities of feeling -- But malice aforethought -- Turbulent passions.
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| [54] |
A single day's walking: Narrating self and landscape on the south west coast path .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2005.00163.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract This paper tells the story of a single day's walking, alone, along the South West Coast Path in North Devon, England. Forms of narrative and descriptive writing are used here as creative and critical means of discussing the varied affinities and distanciations of self and landscape emergent within the affective and performative milieu of coastal walking. Discussion of these further enables critical engagement with current conceptualizations of self–landscape and subject–world relations within cultural geography and spatial-cultural theory more generally. Through attending to a sequence of incidents and experiences, the paper focuses upon the distinctive ways in which coast walking patterns into refracting orderings of subjectivity and spatiality – into for example, sensations of anxiety and immensity, haptic enfolding and attenuation, encounters with others and with the elements, and moments of visual exhilaration and epiphany.
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| [55] |
Performing rurality and practicing rural geography .https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132509357356 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Recent research in rural geography has shown increasing interest in the ways in which rurality is performed and enacted by diverse actors. Rural geographers have also demonstrated increasing awareness of their own ‘performances’ as researchers, including their enactment of multiple roles in engaging with research subjects, funders and users. This progress report for rural geography discusses recent contributions on these two related themes, briefly summarizing research on the performance and enactment of rurality and rural identities before proceeding to review publications that have reflected on methodological developments, positionality in rural research and political and policy engagement in rural geography.
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Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology .https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-07408-2 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Sociology of Science in the Real World
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| [58] |
Researching rural conflicts: Hunting, local politics and actor-networks .https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(97)00038-7 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Conflicts over the definition, production, reproduction and consumption of rurality and rural space have become an increasingly important focus for research in recent years. Researchers have employed a range of conceptual approaches in the analysis of rural conflicts, including pluralism, class theory and regulation theory. This paper explores the potential of an alternative approach, based on the theory of actor-networks developed in the sociology of science. Actor-network theory, its potential contribution to the study of political conflicts, and its possible weaknesses, is outlined before being applied to a case study. The case study, which concerns the attempt by a local authority in south west England to prohibit staghunting on its land, is described in detail, and an actor-network account of the case constructed. The contribution of actor-network theory to researching rural political conflicts is then evaluated and a critique developed around its observed shortcomings.
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| [59] |
Understanding the materialities and moralities of property: Reworking collective claims to land .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2007.00279.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The assertion of collective rights over land has been noted as a key form of resistance to the enclosing propensities of globalisation. However, insufficient attention is paid to the everyday practices of property enactment that shape the ability to exercise, and benefit from, rights within particular collective arrangements. This paper uses the example of crofting common grazings to demonstrate how struggles are invoked over the legibility and priority of legally equivalent common property claims, and how such property relations can be reworked as rural space is (re)produced. It highlights how demographic change and shifting de/re-valorisation frontiers problematise established material and moral grounds upon which property rights are enacted, producing varying dynamics of intra-collective (dis)enfranchisement. Such complexities preclude an assumption that common property will be inherently 'good' or 'just', and instead impel us to examine in more detail how processes at the nexus of property, morality and materiality shape how 'justice' is practised.
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| [60] |
"You can get away with loads because there's no one here": Discourses of regulation and non-regulation in English rural spaces .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.07.003 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Using qualitative data from a research project investigating contemporary rural identities in England this paper examines the apparently contradictory discursive claims that are made on rural spaces. It looks in particular at the ways in which these are narrated – through the notions of rural space as a site of safety, orderliness and community on the one hand and as a site of freedom, anti-order and non-regulation on the other. While the former is a familiar, entrenched and critiqued representation of rurality, the latter narrative has a more marginal and ambivalent place in the dominant rural imaginary. Drawing on Foucault’s concepts of panopticism and heterotopia the paper demonstrates the ways in which the rural is a highly labile concept and emphasises its continual ‘unfinishedness’. However, alongside this, the paper suggests that the tensions and contradictions of the orderly and anti-orderly discourses are underpinned by a particular coherency that is driven by senses of community, belonging and self-regulation. While these do not resolve the contradictions of the discursive claims the potency of such drivers are sufficient to produce a particular inclusive spatiality which is able to accommodate and incorporate the different discursive positions and the practices that are associated with each.
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| [61] |
Tractors and men: Masculinity, technology and power .https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00207 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
This paper explores cultural constructions of masculinities and femininities among farming families in a French community. In particular, it shows how, with the development of agricultural technology, the tractor has become a symbol of male power and spatial domination over women. Drawing on life istory interviews and ethnographic observations, it is argued that farmers have appropriated agricultural technology and used it to construct and reaffirm their masculine identities. As a result of this appropriation,women's work in agricultural production has become limited to carrying out menial tasks which are seen as secondary to farming.Focusing on narratives revolving around men, women and tractors, the paper shows that the tractor,as a symbol of male domination,is directly opposed to images of femininity. However, it is argued that the tractor can also become the expression of struggle and contention over masculine power and patriarchal gender relations on the farm.
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Mosquitoes in the mix: How transferable is creative thinking? .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2008.00348.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper contributes to recent debates about whether urban policy discourses are transferable and what is at stake in their translation. It draws on discussion of Darwin (Northwest Territory, Australia), a tropical savanna location that the local government wants to promote as a ‘creative city’, without quite knowing what this might require. We discuss relevant debates on research knowledge construction, the creative city and the path-dependent character of neoliberal governmental objectives. We then turn to the geographical, demographic and cultural characteristics that make Darwin a challenging and distinct context for translation of global theories of creative city rejuvenation. As well as arguing a case for more nuanced, locationally specific, analysis of the capacity of places to embrace travelling policy discourses, we suggest ways in which creative city research can be refreshed through engaging with literatures on (post)colonial urban politics and intersections with policy initiatives other than those targeted at ‘creative industries’ per se . We systematically outline the particular challenges that tropical cities in remote locations provide to accepted wisdom about creativity-led urban planning.
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Christmas in the 'Valley of Praise': Intersections of the rural idyll, heritage and community in Lobethal, South Australia .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2005.05.008 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
The village of Lobethal in the Adelaide Hills is synonymous with Christmas. Its annual Festival of Lights originated in the 1940s and now attracts over 250,000 visitors each year. In 1994, the Lobethal Lights Festival Committee took over the coordination of activities and gained serious corporate sponsorship. The formalisation of the Festival occurred after the closure of the Onkaparinga Woollen Mills, the village's major employer. Founded in 1842, Lobethal retains a clear sense of its German Lutheran heritage. The Festival builds upon existing traditions and is fuelled by a strong sense of community. Strong religious and rural discourses permeate the Festival. Representations of Christmas predominantly reflect a traditional Christian ethos, exemplified by a live Nativity play performed nightly in the main street. The Festival is considered to be Lobethal's Christmas gift to the wider community and communicates a sense of Christmas festivity enjoyed by visitors of all ages. The Festival of Lights provides a significant local place identity for Lobethal, which is enhanced by the rural spatiality and Germanic heritage of the Valley of Praise.
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| [64] |
Leaving nothing but ripples on the water: Performing ecotourism natures .https://doi.org/10.1080/14649360701529782 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper investigates nature–society relationships through the socio-spatial practices of ecotourism. Drawing on Whatmore's ideas of ‘hybrid geographies’, we examine the embodied experiences of kayakers participating in ecotours in Krabi Province, Thailand. Calling upon relational materiality, particular attention is given to the corporeal mobilities and experiences to explore performing ecotourism natures of the kayaker. Our case study provides a lens through which to explore methods for engaging with the sensuous worlds. Our results suggest that in the performances of enacting ecotourism geographies, kayakers are unable to move beyond the bounds of the natural premised on its separation from the human realm. We conclude by critically reflecting on our methodology.
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| [65] |
Sexy beasts and devoted mums: Narrating nature through dolphin tourism .https://doi.org/10.1068/a38424 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper focuses upon a growing activity within New Zealand’s ecotourism market: viewing and swimming with dolphins. Drawing on poststructuralist feminist theory we examine some of the ways in which New Zealand dolphin tour operators and others represent dolphins in relation to sex and gender. Three sets of data inform this research: (1)02promotional materials, such as postcards, brochures, Internet websites, and advertising; (2)02participant-observation on dolphin swim tours; and (3)02interviews with tour operators. We argue that dolphins are constructed paradoxically as sexually polyamorous and promiscuous—sexy beasts— and as loving and maternal—devoted mums. These seemingly contradictory narratives about dolphins and nature perform different functions. The discourse of dolphins as sexy beasts can be read as an attempt by tour operators to use sex to enhance the quality of a product. Tourists are offered an opportunity to experience ‘wild nature’ as sexualized ‘other’. The discourse of dolphins as devoted mums can be read as an attempt by tour operators to anthropomorphize dolphins and offers tourists an opportunity to experience ‘domestic nature’. Fostering a connection between humans and dolphins helps to highlight the need for environmental protection to ensure the continuation of the species and ‘tourist dollars’.
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| [66] |
Walking in the British countryside: Reflexivity, embodied practices and ways to escape .https://doi.org/10.1177/1357034X00006003005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
ABSTRACT This article looks at the discursive and practical construction of walking in a British context. It examines the ways in which notions and practices generated by conventions around the meaning of walking in the countryside apparently contradict prevailing ideas that walking is an escape from the restrictions of everyday urban life. Identifying particular, competing forms of walking and the techniques and identities that they espouse, it is suggested that such activities are suffused with disciplinary norms. Yet despite these conventions, walking holds out the possibility of disruption, through confrontation with physical discomfort, unpredictable features and sensual experience that contrasts with much contemporary forms of movement. The work of artist Richard Long is used to explore these issues.
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| [67] |
Technology adoption by rural women in Queensland, Australia: Women driving technology from the homestead for the paddock .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.10.002 URL [本文引用: 2] 摘要
61Rural women use most components of technology three times more often than men.61Rural women view their role as valuable, and important to the family.61Rural women view learning and managing livestock management tools as empowering, self fulfilling, and personally valuable.61Male graziers support rural women learning, managing livestock management, and the value it brings to them.61Women's use of technology may highlight a shift away from studied gender divisions, towards productive farming partnerships.
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| [68] |
Steps to an ecology of place . In: Masse. D, Sarre P, Allen J. |
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Rural space: Constructing a three-fold architecture . In: Clok. P, Marsden T, Mooney P.https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608016.n4 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
react-text: 445 Although 'counterurbanisation' is very widely acknowledged and studied, certain elements of this migration-led phenomenon lack detailed scrutiny. These gaps need filling in order to appreciate the full flowering of the phenomenon in specific social-cultural, geographical and historical contexts; to enable comparison between these diverse expressions; and to examine their relationships with... /react-text react-text: 446 /react-text [Show full abstract]
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Talking about rurality: Social representations of the rural as expressed by residents of six English parishes .https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(94)00039-C URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper presents a summary account of the associations made, in a variety of questionnaire responses and interview questions, by residents of six English parishes with the term ‘rural’. The case is made for defining ‘the rural’ as an abstract ‘social representation’, a set of rules and resources existing out of space and time which are drawn upon in both discursive and non-discursive actions. The precise form that this representation takes in these actions is highly contextualised and depends upon its precise usage. The content of respondents' representations of the rural contained many aspects of the ‘rural idyll’ familiar to academic researchers, especially in the interviews where the social aspect of rurality was more strongly expressed. However, this resemblance was not a naive acceptance of the idyll but involved a more engaged and often critical reflection on rural living. Hence, the respondents should not be dismissed as the ‘cultural dupes’ of a Pastoral ideology. Nonetheless, in general, they still set themselves up in representational opposition to what have been labelled ‘neglected rural geographies’.
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| [71] |
Networks: a new paradigm of rural development? .https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(00)00022-X URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The network concept has become widely utilised in socioeconomic studies of economic life. Following the debates around exogenous and endogenous development, networks may also have particular utility in understanding diverse forms of rural development. This paper assesses whether networks provide a new paradigm of rural development. It seeks to capture a series of differing perspectives on economic networks — including political economy, actor-network theory and theories of innovation and learning — and attempts to show how these perspectives might be applied to different types of rural areas. The paper demarcates two main “bundles” of networks: “vertical” networks — that is, networks that link rural spaces into the agro-food sector — and “horizontal” networks — that is, distributed network forms that link rural spaces into more general and non-agricultural processes of economic change. It is argued that rural development strategies must take heed of network forms in both domains and that rural policy should be recast in network terms.
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| [72] |
论地理学的研究核心: 人地关系地域系统 .
正地理学着重研究地球表层人与自然的相互影响与反馈作用,对人地关系的认识,素来是地理学的研究核心,也是地理学理论研究的一项长期任务,始终贯彻在地理学的各个发展阶段。从十九世纪末叶兴起的近代地理学发展到二次世界大战后的现代地理学,虽然其中心研究课题随着时代的进展而有所转化,但地理学的基础理论研究万变不离人类和地理环境的相互关系这一宗旨。
The core of geographical study: Man-earth areal system .
正地理学着重研究地球表层人与自然的相互影响与反馈作用,对人地关系的认识,素来是地理学的研究核心,也是地理学理论研究的一项长期任务,始终贯彻在地理学的各个发展阶段。从十九世纪末叶兴起的近代地理学发展到二次世界大战后的现代地理学,虽然其中心研究课题随着时代的进展而有所转化,但地理学的基础理论研究万变不离人类和地理环境的相互关系这一宗旨。
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| [73] |
The Rise of Network Society .https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444319514 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
react-text: 512 In this chapter, you have seen two important ways of working with strings: String formatting. The modulo operator (%) can be used to splice values into a string that contains conversion flags, such as %s. You can use this to format values in many ways, including right or left justification, setting a specific field width and precision, adding a sign (plus or minus), or left–padding with... /react-text react-text: 513 /react-text [Show full abstract]
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Landscape . |
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'Power in place': Viticultural spatialities of globalization and community empowerment in the Languedoc .https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5661.00098 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper explores the ways in which economic globalization processes produce new spatio-temporalities. It emphasizes how the exercise of different modes of power, in particular instrumental and associational powers, is critical to understanding the distinct formations that are produced by globalization dynamics. Using the empirical context of globalization in the wine industry, and the efforts made by one of the industry's leading wine corporations, Robert Mondavi of Napa valley California, to extend its production base to one of Europe's foremost wine-producing regions, the paper provides a crucial interpretative angle on spatio-temporal disruptions caused by globalization processes.
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| [77] |
Engaging the global countryside: Globalization, hybridity and the reconstitution of rural place .https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132507079503 URL [本文引用: 2] |
| [78] |
Globalization, grapes and gender: Women's work in traditional and agro-export production in northern Chile .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2000.tb00024.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Recent changes in the global political economy have had dramatic effects on the lives of women as they are incorporated into globalization processes, such as the expansion of agribusiness, in often marginal and unstable ways. However, it is vital to consider how these globalization processes are mediated by women in ways that reflect local geo-historical contexts. This paper explores the expansion of the fruit export sector, land tenure, community organization and female employment in agriculture in northern Chile. Agro-export production has marginalized but not destroyed the small-scale farming sector and large-scale export farms co-exist with small-scale domestically-orientated farms. Female labour has been very important in the success of fresh fruit exports and many rural women negotiate both waged work in the fruit export economy and unwaged work on family farms. The paper explores the women's perceptions of agricultural work and how these relate to their identities as unpaid workers on the family farm and as waged workers in the agro-export sector. The paper thus attempts to explore the multiplicity of ways that women experience rapid changes in the agrarian sector and how these changes relate to the maintenance of more 'traditional' practices and identities.
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| [79] |
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Constructing a prison in the forest: Conflicts over nature, paradise and identity .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00488.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Prison expansion can be considered a geographical solution to deindustrialization and globalization. Postindustrial prison development to address declining productive industries in amenity-rich rural areas, however, can catalyze struggles over shifting rural land uses, ideals, and identities. Using participant observation, interviews, and texts, this article examines a prison siting in Appalachian Pennsylvania. The prison and the changes it might bring were strategically constructed by local politicians and then by citizen opponents and proponents of the prison. Alternative discourses that indicated differing levels of reliance on making a living from the local land, desires for "working" or "amenity" land uses, views toward minority newcomers associated with the prison, and legitimacy in land-use decision making played key roles in the prison debate. While prisons may seem a viable avenue for rural economic development, this article suggests that alternatives, such as indigenous, small-scale enterprises based on local resources and urban-rural coalitions, may provide more sustainable and equitable development for rural and urban areas impacted by economic restructuring.
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| [81] |
Conceptualizing countryside change: From post-Fordism to rural structured coherence .https://doi.org/10.2307/622883 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper contributes to the theoretical debates which seek to explain economic restructuring and social recomposition in rural areas. There has been a recent movement towards applying a supposed transition from Fordism to post-Fordism to rural change, but the paper urges caution in this respect, arguing that the regulationist literature requires sensitive handling if it is to fulfil its potential as a framework for conceptualizing rural change. Emphasis is therefore given to the intermediate concepts of 'mode of regulation' and 'societalization' as starting points for understanding contemporary rural life, and these concepts are grounded spatially with reference to Harvey's notion of structured coherence. Discussion of these concepts is then linked to a series of illustrations of the changing structured coherences discernible in rural Britain. In particular the paper emphasizes the breakdown of previously localized coherence and the replacement by more fragmented coherence reflecting different forms of commodification occurring in rural areas. The use of this conceptual framework has important implications for continuing research in rural studies.
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| [82] |
Global depeasantization, 1945-1990 .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1995.tb00443.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In his introductionto Peasantsand PeasantSocieties,TeodorShanin(1987, p. 8) warnsus that "anyimages of peasanthouseholdor a peasantcommunitywith no 'external'ties are conceptualconstructse, xceptions,miscomprehensionosr caricatures.... The massiveexten- sion in intensityof thoseties duringthe lastdecademadethemmorecentralthaneverto any effort at the understandingof the peasantry."Despite this caveat, most studies ordinarily allow the geographyof analysis(i.e., the broadersocial context)to be specifiedby a given geographyof observation(i.e., the locationof particularpeasantries).The microlevelstudies thatfocus on the peasantryof a countrywithoutattemptingto conceptualizethe global con- nection numberin the thousands. Even Shanin'stwo collections of essays ([1971] 1987, 1990)containonly a few studiesthatseekto understandlocal socialphenomenaas simultane- ously globalprocesses. Justas peasantshaveplayedtheirpartin the processof nation-state building in this century(e.g., in Mexico [1910], Russia [1905-1917], China [1921-1949], Vietnam[1945-1975],Algeria[1954], andCuba[1958]) so nation-centeredanalysesprevail in peasantstudies.' Althougha numberof authors(Vandergeest1989; Alavi 1987 p. 189; Saul andWoods 1987p. 81; Foweraker1978p. 139)havenotedthe relevanceof the global context,this is barelyexploredin theiranalyses.2Surveyingstudieson the transformationof the Europeanpeasantriesbetween1500and 1900,BryanRoberts(1990 p. 365) suggeststhat "similarworkneeds to be done on contemporarytrendsin developingcountries."As importantas it is to recognizethe globaldimensionof the local social processesof our time, my aim is not to substituteabstractglobalismfor localism. As EduardoArchettiand SveinAass (1987, p. 125)havesuggested,the analysisadvancedin this articleis informedby a world-historicalview that seeks to conceptualizesocial phenomena as local-global processes withina specifiedhistoricalcontext(McMichael1990;Tomich 1990; McMichael and Buttel 1990). In this perspective,local and global processes (re)constituteeach other throughpoliticalmediationof the state (e.g., Llambi1990; Friedmann1993; Buttel 1989). ElsewhereI arguethatconsideringthe role of ideologyas a constitutivesocial force would
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Bringing the moral economy back into the study of 21st century transnational peasant movements .https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.2005.107.3.331 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
James Scott's "The Moral Economy of the Peasant" (1976) appeared at a time when "peasant studies" had begun to occupy an important place in the social sciences. The book's focus on Vietnam, as well as its novel argument about the causes of rural rebellion, attracted widespread attention and unleashed acerbic debates about peasants' "rationality" and the applicability of concepts from neoclassical economics to smallholding agriculturalists. In this article, I analyze E. P. Thompson's notion of "moral economy" and Scott's use of it to develop an experiential theory of exploitation. I then discuss other influences on Scott, including Karl Polanyi, A. V. Chayanov, and the Annales historians. "Moral economy" and "subsistence crisis" are concepts that Scott elaborated mainly in relation to village or national politics. In the final section of the article, I outline changes affecting peasantries in the globalization era and the continuing relevance of moral economic discourses in agriculturalists' transnational campaigns against the WTO.
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'Nadie as Profeta en su Tierra': Community, civil society and intervening institutions in rural Chile .https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.64.1.m4eavl32d33jmx3h URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In this article we examine community level civil society in Chiloé, Chile. We look at the...
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| [85] |
The political de-skilling of rural communities . In: Ep. R, Whitson D. |
| [86] |
Post-rural processes in wealthy rural areas: Hybrid networks and symbolic capital .https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-1922(06)12006-5 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Wealthy rural areas, or rural areas in wealthy regions, have a specificity that should be taken into consideration both in empirical and theoretical research. In most of the cases, rural development in these areas depends not only on the capacity of rural communities to mobilise endogenous resources, but also to be able to link endogenous resources with outside networks. In Italy this approach has widely been put into practice through strategies centred on the link between local food and its place of production. To explore the implications of this link, the paper will explore the implication of an adoption of the concept of 'terroir'. Terroir can be seen as a mix of a set of localised invariants in the space related to natural, cultural, and social spheres. It is highly specific of a place, as it is produced and reproduced through localised processes. The peculiarity of the 'terroir' is that it is embodied into the product, which means that it is the source of local products' identity and specificity. Local products are then a component of a broader socio-technical system, and product and terroir co-evolve. What are the mechanisms that make local products keys to rural development in a neo-endogenous perspective? In a neo-endogenous perspective, valorisation of local products is mainly related to its capacity to be recognised and evaluated by outside observers as different (and possibly better) from others. This capacity is embodied into what Bourdieu calls symbolic capital. Symbolic capital becomes a thread linking 'terroir' and the product to external observers, and convey to them meanings like notoriety, reputation, and trust. In order to be able to create, maintain, and increase symbolic capital, rural communities activate communication practices within and outside themselves. This may generate conflicts as well as strengthen identities and alliances. Three case studies will show the network building processes related to the creation of symbolic capital and its mobilisation into food production and marketing. The Cutigliano case shows how a small community borrows symbolic capital from the outside to enhance its capacity to sell a local cheese outside the area. The Colonnata case shows the risk that neo-endogenous strategies generate interlocal conflicts, hampering its competitiveness as a whole. The Chianti case shows an internal conflict over the use of the symbolic capital with both positive effects on the public debate and potential negative effects on the cohesion of the area. All the three cases make possible a reflection on governance, and especially on the role of the state (or the regional administration) in the governance of these processes.
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Rural futures: The consumption countryside and its regulation .https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00121 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The paper outlines some of the main features of the 'political and social economy of rural space' from a British perspective. It details the trajectory of what is termed the 'consumption countryside' that is, the sets of increasingly diverse ruralities which tie rural space and people to the provision of goods and services that can be consumed by those in and beyond their particular boundaries. These trends have significance for the development of European rural social science; and particularly the development of a comparative rural sociology which can analyse the differentiation of rural space. In doing so, the paper suggests the need to forge a critical and interpretative set of new relations with the state (supra, national and, regional and local), and to play a much more engaging part in the differential evolution of new rural governance structures.
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Rural development: From practices and policies towards theory .https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9523.00156 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Both in practice and policy a new model of rural development is emerging. This paper reflects the discussions in the impact research programme and suggests that at the level of associated theory also a fundamental shift is taking place. The modernization paradigm that once dominated policy, practice and theory is being replaced by a new rural development paradigm. Rural development is analyzed as a multi-level, multi-actor and multi-facetted process rooted in historical traditions that represents at all levels a fundamental rupture with the modernization project. The range of new quality products, services and forms of cost reduction that together comprise rural development are understood as a response by farm families to both the eroding economic base of their enterprises and to the new needs and expectations European society has of the rural areas. Rural development therefore is largely an autonomous, self-driven process and in its further unfolding agriculture will continue to play a key role, although it is a role that may well change. This article provides an introduction to the nine papers of this 'special issue' and the many reconfiguration processes embodied in rural development that they address.in rural development
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Re-urbanity: Urbanising the rural and ruralising the urban .https://doi.org/10.1068/a37366 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In recent years, increased attention has been paid to intermediate zones, especially medium-sized and small-sized areas, which have witnessed new sociospatial dynamics. We discuss a theoretical approach for updating the analysis of the structuring and the functioning of these areas which are searching for an identity. We assume, in particular, that they would express a new spatial model, which is qualified as re-urbanity. We present our arguments by combining rural and urban features and values, enabling us to constitute a comprehensive framework for these emergent sociospatial dynamics.
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Deprivation and lifestyles in rural Wales II: Rurality and the cultural dimension .https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(92)90050-G URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper follows directly from the previous one in which an empirical study of deprivation in rural Wales by Cloke and Davies raises significant questions about the importance of a cultural dimension to rural problems. Here, we seek to build on those questions through a discussion of the cultural influences on rurality and community. Although acknowledging the ‘messy’ and interconnected nature of different productions and circulations of cultural constructs, we discuss three different scales — national, regional, local — at which the cultures of rurality can be identified as important components of the experience of rural lifestyle. Then we briefly focus on how the representation of ‘Welshness’ at different scales leads both to very complex manifestations of ‘community’ and to different representations of what the essence of rural living in Wales can and should be. The paper therefore reflects on the contributions of localism and larger-scale ‘idylls’ to the experienced nature of rurality and rural life.
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| [92] |
Manufacturing rural geography? .https://doi.org/10.1016/0743-0167(87)90011-8 URL |
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The new culture of the countryside . In: Minga. G.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01049227 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
By Dennis C. Mueller; The Future of Public Choice
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| [94] |
The right to development: Construction of a non-agriculturalist discourse of rurality in Denmark .https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(03)00045-7 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The paper argues for the existence of two powerful discourses of rurality in Denmark after World War II. The first one is termed the modernist-agriculturalist discourse. Although still influential in the current public debate, in Denmark as well as in other Western European countries, this discourse of rurality had its heyday in the 1960s. It is based on key words, such as structural changes, development and vertical integration. Since the 1950s, it has belonged to groups of Danish farmers who use a productionist terminology in the public debate. However, the paper mainly focuses on a second discourse of rurality, established during the 1970s. Based on key words, such as community, culture, environment and active citizenship, this terminology was applied and promoted by new non-agricultural elites in the villages and can therefore be termed the non-agriculturalist discourse of rurality. The paper shows how this new ‘family’ of powerful words was developed and promoted by The National Confederation of Village Communities in rural Denmark ( Landssammenslutningen af Landsbysamfund or L.A.L.), established in 1976. Thus, from the late 1970s, members of this organization contributed to build and apply a peculiar L.A.L. vocabulary in their journal Landsbyen (“The village”)—a vocabulary which later was to be disseminated among the population and, finally, to have a significant impact on state politics.
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| [95] |
Dimensions of rural change . In: Ilber. B. |
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Chilling out in 'cosmopolitan country': Urban/rural hybridity and the construction of Daylesford as a 'lesbian and gay rural idyll' .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.07.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper advances scholarship on ‘lesbian and gay rural idylls’. A growing literature examines how ‘lesbian and gay rural idylls’ are not only produced in opposition to the urban, but are themselves urban constructs. We extend these contentions by exploring the processes of idyllisation suffusing lesbian and gay festival tourism in Daylesford, a town in non-metropolitan Victoria, Australia. We find that Daylesford’s idyllisation by the lesbian and gay tourism industry blurs the urban/rural binary, and instead hybridises rurality and urbanity in the tourism images and practices of ‘cosmopolitan country’ associated with the town. Research findings from Daylesford are analysed to examine how the dynamics of tourism marketing and festival attendance help produce and articulate this hybrid variant of the ‘lesbian and gay rural idyll’. We utilise two sets of mostly qualitative data for this inquiry: travel commentaries in the news media, and a survey conducted in Daylesford at the 2006 ChillOut Festival, Australia’s largest lesbian and gay rural festival.
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| [97] |
Paradis Verts: Désirs de Campagne et Passions Résidentielles . |
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Contesting Rurality: Politics in the British Countryside .
Combining detailed empirical research and case studies with theoretically informed critical analysis, this book provides an overview of the contemporary politics of the British countryside. It argues that the country is witnessing not so much a rural politics, but a 'politics of the rural' in which the definition and representation of rurality itself has become the key focus of conflict. The fi...
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The Countryside Ideal: Anglo-American Images of Landscape . |
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The Invention of the Park. Malden, |
| [102] |
The city in the country: Growing alternative food networks in metropolitan areas .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.10.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Alternative food networks (AFNs) are commonly defined by attributes such as the spatial proximity between farmers and consumers, the existence of retail venues such as farmers markets, community supported agriculture (CSA) and a commitment to sustainable food production and consumption. Focusing upon processes rather than attributes, this paper identifies two place-based processes that both promote and constrain the emergence and development of AFNs. Urbanization and rural restructuring are critical to the development of AFNs. AFNs are not a “thing” to be described, but rather emerge from political, cultural and historical processes. The interactions of urbanization and rural restructuring produce AFNs that are differentiated and marked by uneven development that does not necessarily support all farmers participating in the network. This indicates both the fragility and the dynamism inherent in AFNs that are tied to metropolitan development and change. Paradoxically, increasing urban demand for seasonal, and organic produce grown ‘close to home’ and the processes of rural restructuring which emphasize small-scale sustainable family farming and its direct food linkages to cities do not necessarily enable all farmers to consistently make a living from season to season. Evidence for these claims comes from an in-depth, qualitative case study reliant upon participant observation, in-depth interviews and draws from a statewide farmer survey and a regional consumer survey in Washington State.
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| [103] |
Images of social change . In: Hamnet. C, McDowell L, Sarre P. |
| [104] |
Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness .https://doi.org/10.1086/228311 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [105] |
Constructing ruralities: The case of the Hobbitstee, Netherlands .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.01.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Rural intentional communities withdraw from mainstream urban space, rejecting its materialism and consumption. In creating their own places in the countryside, they produce new spaces of rurality. Constructions of rurality by intentional communities can be perceived as ‘out of place’ by local populations. This article draws on a wider study on the life-course of intentional communities, i.e. processes of growth, persistence, transformation, decline, and disintegration. We focus on ruralities as social constructions, by discussing the example of the community of the Hobbitstee in its relation with its rural surroundings in the Netherlands. This is done through an analysis of the life course of the Hobbitstee since its establishment in 1969 onwards. The results show that relations between locals and community members are characterised by diversity and multiplicity. In general, their constructions of rurality gradually and partly developed from conflicting to converging.
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| [106] |
Who pays? Can we pay them back? . In: Hassar. J, Law J.https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.46.s.6 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This chapter is about a very old question that is thrown up again in discussion related to ANT. Do orders have necessary limits to what can belong to them? It is possible to read ANT as containing or demanding a moral commitment to the inclusion of the disenfranchised. It can often seem to be in the business of giving credit where credit is due, spreading recognition to even the most unexpected quarters. To sustain itself such a morality would depend on the possibility of infinite inclusion. By identifying this picture of 'belonging-by-assemblage' and its traditional counterpart 'belonging-by-banishment' and by finding both at play within ANT, the papers argues that ANT is an ethical rather than a moral enterprise, bringing the unanswered question of the nature of belonging to bear across domains, rather than approaching each domain with a 'cookie-cutter' moral formula. The disturbing 'unsecuring' of belonging that ANT involves continues within the philosophical tradition ANT trades on and contributes to in the form of an abiding controversy over the place of the natural world.
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| [107] |
Hybrid Geographies . |
| [108] |
Perceptions of place, modernity and the impacts of tourism: Differences among rural and urban residents of Ankang, China: A likelihood ratio analysis .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.05.012 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper reports results from a survey of urban and rural residents’ of the perceived impacts of change induced by tourism in Ankang, China. The paper will initially indicate the literature that informed the research and the geographical context of the study. Second, results derived from a questionnaire that incorporated both open-ended and closed questions will be presented. The concepts that informed the research were derived from past similar studies, place attachment and senses of modernity. Initial analysis showed no differences between urban and rural residents, both on impact assessment scales and categorical data derived from the coding of responses to open-ended questions. Overall it was found that residents had favourable attitudes toward tourism. The use of comparison based likelihood ratios did reveal some nuanced differences between ‘high’ and ‘low scorers’ relating to the issues of economic development and pollution independent of place of residence but based on a sense of that place of residence being ‘special’. The total number of respondents was 474. Implications for future studies are discussed and include comments on the need for direct contact and observation.
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| [109] |
Doing cultural work: Local postcard production and place identity in a rural shire .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2009.06.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Studies of place construction in the rural studies literature have largely privileged the role of professionals over that of local lay actors. This paper contributes to redressing this imbalance through a critical case-study of lay postcard production in a rural shire. Drawing on original, qualitative research conducted in the Shire of Ravensthorpe, Western Australia, including in-depth interviews with key participants, the analysis focuses on this lay production—undertaken in the main by women—as cultural work. By emphasising the work of making the postcards along with the cultural work these postcards achieve, this examination foregrounds intersections of material and imagined ruralities. In the process, this study highlights the complexity and importance of this lay contribution to place identity, particularly as positioned within what may be considered rural cultural work.
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| [110] |
The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Life .https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(92)90091-R URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
An abstract is unavailable. This article is available as a PDF only.
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| [111] |
Entrepreneurialism, commodification and creative destruction: A model of post-modern community development .https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(98)00013-8 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The paper outlines the process by which commodification of rural heritage contributes to the destruction of the rural idyll. It presents a five stage model of creative destruction and tests the model in the community of St Jacobs, a picturesque village in the heart of Ontario's Mennonite country (Canada). The premise underlying the model is that entrepreneurial investment in the selling and mar...
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| [112] |
Landscape attributes of subdivided ranches .https://doi.org/10.2458/azu_rangelands_v24i1_mitchell URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Aerial photographs of the two subdivided ranches in the Front Range foothills of northern Colorado, USA, were used to determine how subdivision changed the density of buildings, fences, and improved roads, and if these features would increase the num%ber of landscape patches. The study also aims to find out whether the two subdivisions were more likely to fragment rangelands or forest land in an area where the ponderosa pine zone meet the high plains. It was found that the two subdivided rancheshada building density similar to intact ranches prior to subdivision. Road density before subdivision was about 0.4 mi per section for all ranches except after the smaller intact ranch. Patch fragmentation occurred to a much greater extent on rangeland than it did on forested areas.
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| [113] |
Rural restructuring in the American West: Land use, family and class discourses .https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(01)00002-X URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Migration patterns, technological developments, and altered human and relationships are combining to precipitate tremendous changes in rural communities across the western US. These processes of restructuring, however, have been quite contentious and divisive for many of the region's small towns. While we are beginning to understand the causes of recent growth and development trends, the consequences of contemporary forces of restructuring on communities remain unstudied. This paper explores the reactions of residents to forces of restructuring in Pagosa Springs, Colorado, the Methow Valley, Washington, Kane County, Utah, and Teton Valley, Idaho. In depth interviews and survey responses give voice to community members by allowing them to articulate their perceptions and interpretations of recent events. The analyses demonstrate tremendous diversity in the ways in which individuals interpret the changes taking place around them. These diverse interpretations challenge singular conceptions of community and highlight the ways in which notions of land use, family, and class are negotiated in the context of contemporary rural restructuring. The analysis further demonstrates the need for a more synthesized field of rural studies spanning disciplinary and national divides.
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| [114] |
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| [115] |
Transport-related social exclusion amongst older people in rural Southwest England and Wales .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.01.010 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Rural dwelling and older age are both associated with a higher risk of social exclusion, with accessibility identified as having an important facilitating role. The interactions between transport-related exclusion and older age, particularly in a rural context, are considered though analysis of quantitative and qualitative data collected from over 900 older persons living in rural areas of Southwest England and Wales. Although few respondents reported feeling excluded within their communities, more reported difficulties in accessing specific necessary and discretionary activities, including specialist hospitals and cinemas. Analysis revealed that car availability is not a strong indicator of overall inclusion, although non-availability was important in limiting access to particular types of location. It is concluded that the relatively short travel distances required to access community activities was a key factor in the high levels of community inclusion. However, the car-dependent nature of travel overall means that there is a rising risk of mobility-related exclusion in rural areas, particularly amongst the oldest old. Greater consideration needs to be given to more formalised lift-giving as a transport solution, along with greater attention to mobility needs by sector-specific service providers, such as the health sector.
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| [116] |
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| [117] |
Information technology and everyday life in ageing rural villages .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.10.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
61This paper analyses the use of information technology (IT) in rural villages with ageing populations.61People in the age group 65–79 years had the strongest confidence in the possibilities of IT.61IT may replace some of the old structures supporting local communality.61IT may exclude people from a community if they don't use new devices.61IT provides different kinds of means to enhance everyday life in remote areas at several levels.
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| [118] |
Who goes online? Evidence of Internet use patterns from rural Greece .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2011.02.006 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This paper attempts to reveal the heterogeneity of Internet users in rural areas. Who is really using the Internet? Is it the farmer or other members of the rural family? Can rural areas be seen as a homogenous space or do different types of Internet users exist? Research is based on both the descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis techniques on a sample of 920 individuals in three administrative regions of rural Greece. Basic findings suggest that less than one out of three rural residents go online. A set of perceived potentials and pitfalls of Internet use are analyzed. Social networking and e-mail are the principal uses of the Internet, classifying users into three distinct types. For “basic users”, Internet access is influenced by income and gender while the “socially interactive users” are influenced by the existence of a young member in the family. For “farm oriented users”, Internet access is influenced by the digital divide between rural and urban location and by farmers' competency. The typology of users along with their perceptions regarding Internet use can provide useful policy insights on the ways that Internet access can contribute to diffusion of innovation and rural development.
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| [119] |
The petrol station and the internet cafe: Rural technospaces for youth .https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(01)00036-5 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Several writers suggest information and communication technologies (ICTs) may eliminate the friction of distance in questions of location and social interaction. If this is interpreted within a pro-periphery framework, this creates new optimism for rural areas. In the Norwegian discourse on ICT and regional policies, ICT is seen as a technical device to improve communication, and can be used to represent of the rural areas as being contemporary and up to date. Voluntary based Internet cafés is one example of this, where access to technology is linked to an urban café trend. For youth, these cafés provide an alternative to the local petrol station as a place to meet in public. This article is based on empirical studies in two Norwegian villages, focusing on the local petrol station and the Internet cafés as technospaces for youth cultures. I explore how technology and human interaction intersect in constituting these spaces; involving processes of extension, transgression, and exclusion. Furthermore I analyse how the car and the Internet are interpreted and given different symbolic and utility values among youth at the petrol station and the respective Internet cafés. The Internet like the car are domesticated in different ways according to the interests and orientations of the users; to expand their radius of activity and their repertoire of identities in the local community, or to reach beyond the village. Despite being initially built on the same concept, the two Internet cafés evolved to be quite different from one another, as the implementation process and integration of the cafés took place within their respective local contexts. The study challenges the common view of the Internet as symbolically attached to the urban community and a practical means to accomplish global reach.
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| [120] |
A window on the wider world? Rural children's use of information and communication technologies .https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(01)00022-5 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The possibilities which information and communication technologies (ICT) offer people (or groups) to overcome the friction of distance and the constraints of materiality mean that these technologies are seen to have particular relevance in rural areas which have been historically characterised in terms of their economic and social perpheriality. In this paper, we draw on empirical research with children and their teachers and parents, to explore the opportunities which ICT are seen to offer young people living in rural areas. First, we examine the information that children access on-line and how young people make sense of this expanded terrain. Second we focus on communication, by considering children's use of email and chat rooms. Third, we explore how this information and these modes of communication may be shaping young people's sense of place in the world. Our findings expose a clear contrast between the ambitious and future orientated ways in which adults imagine ICT will expand their children's educational and employment opportunities, and social and spatial horizons, and the everyday ways in which these technologies actually emerge for children in practice.
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| [121] |
A corresponding fields model for the links between social and digital exclusion .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01416.x URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The notion of digital exclusion has become important in communications research but remains undertheorized. This article proposes a theoretical model that hypothesizes how specific areas of digital and social exclusion influence each other. In this corresponding fields model, it is argued that they relate mostly for similar (economic, cultural, social, personal) fields of resources. The model further proposes that the influence of offline exclusion fields on digital exclusion fields is mediated by access, skills, and attitudinal or motivational aspects. On the other hand, the relevance, quality, ownership, and sustainability of engagement with different digital resources is said to mediate the influence of engagement on offline exclusion. Research supporting this model and possible operationalizations in empirical research and interventions are presented.
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| [122] |
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| [123] |
Late Modernity and Social Change: Reconstructing Social and Personal Life .
Sometimes social theory can seem dry and intimidating - as if it is something completely apart from everyday life. But in this incisive new text, Brian Heaphy show exactly how the arguments of the great contemporary theorists play out against extended examples from real life. Introducing the ideas of founding social thinkers including Marx, Durkheim, Weber, Simmel and Freud, and the work of key contemporary theorists, among them Lacan, Foucault, Lyotrad, Baudrillard, Bauman, Giddens and Beck, the book begins by examining the merits of the 'late modernity' thesis against those of the proponents of 'post-modernity'. The authors show the wide swoop of influence of 'post-modern' thought and how it has changed the way even its opponents think. It also discusses feminist, queer and post-colonial ideas about studying modern and post-modern experience. With examples from personal life (including self and identity, relational and intimate life, death, dying and life-politics) to bring theory to life, this clear and concise new text on contemporary social theory and social change is ideal for students of sociology, cultural studies and social theory.
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| [124] |
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| [125] |
Everyday Life and Cultural Theory: An Introduction .
Everyday Life and Cultural Theory provides a unique critical and historical introduction to theories of everyday life. Ben Highmore traces the development of conceptions of everyday life, from the cultural sociology of Georg Simmel, through the Mass-Observation project of the 1930s to contemporary theorists such as Michel de Certeau.
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| [126] |
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| [127] |
Domesticating home anchored work: Negotiating flexibility when bringing ICT based work home in rural communities .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.06.007 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Based on a study of people conducting ICT based work from home in Scotland and Norway, the article analyses how work is negotiated and integrated with non-paid activities in the household and local community. The article fills a gap in that it focuses on rural contexts rather than the urban work life often depicted in literature on flexibility and work. When work is brought home, a domestication process takes place whereby practices of work are negotiated and integrated into everyday life, sometimes changing common perceptions of where and when work is “in” or “out of place”. While working from home is common in rural areas, the study shows that ICT based knowledge related work is still seen as relatively “out of place”. Drawing on the domestication concept, the study shows how community norms about accessibility, interaction and where to be at certain times, had to be renegotiated when this type of work was conducted from home. Imbued in these negotiations were subtly often tacitly communicated moral conceptions on what constitutes good parenthood (in particular motherhood) as well as “real” work. Both men and women reported benefits in terms of combining family and work obligations when working from home, but the tendency was still for traditional gender patterns to be reproduced. Women tended to fit work around the needs of the children, whereas men saw themselves first and foremost workers. Following the concept “doing gender” some challenged these patterns, but did so carefully in relation to the work organisation as well as the community. The impact of communities in regulating home anchored work suggests there may be a need for communities to take on a more active domestication process as more people conduct ICT based work with the home as the base, opening up the moral and normative geographies for when work is “in” or “out of place”.
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| [128] |
Sociocultural change facing ranchers in the Rocky Mountain West as a result of mountain resort tourism and amenity migration .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.07.005 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
61Social capital is used to explore rancher perspectives on sociocultural change resulting from tourism and amenity migration.61Mountain resort tourism and amenity migration present opportunities and challenges to rancher socialization.61This has not necessarily diminished rancher social capital.61Conflict can instigate social capital development and contribute to positive outcomes.
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| [129] |
A brief background to rural restructuring in China: A forthcoming special issue of Journal of Rural Studies .https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-015-1233-4 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Rural China has experienced a rapid and far-reaching transition in the past three or four decades since Deng Xiaoping launched economic reforms in 1978.As China evolves into a majority urban country,these processes present a number of challenges to the rural areas which have been confronted with significant changes and subsequent restructuring of rural socio-economic morphology and territorial spatial patterns,including changes in demographic structures,employment opportunities,community organization,lifestyles and standards of living,accessibility,rural culture as well as the restructuring of rural industries and rural production,living and ecological space (Woods,2005;Long et al.,2012;Long,2014).
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| [130] |
Rural restructuring in China .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.028 URL [本文引用: 2] |
| [131] |
社会—生态系统体制转换视角下的黄土高原乡村转型发展: 以长武县洪家镇为例 .https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201608009 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
社会—生态系统理论为中国乡村转型发展的过程格局研究提供了新的分析思路,运用体制转化理论及其研究框架,选取陕西省长武县洪家镇为案例地,从村域尺度社会—生态系统体制变化为切入点揭示了当地乡村转型的背景和环境因素,重点探讨农户尺度的社会—生态系统体制转换影响因素及其稳健性,从微观角度审视西北乡村转型的基本特征,主要结论包括:①当地乡村社会—生态系统体制已由传统农业体制转变为新型农业体制,其中某些家庭体制正在向非农体制转换.②家庭特征是农户体制发生转换的客观条件;耕地质量、劳动力数量与质量是农户体制转换的内在动因;户主年龄、文化水平及社会网络是农户体制转换方向的决定因素.③农户家庭体制转换呈现出发散和聚合并存现象,且不同家庭的稳健性存在明显差异,基于种植业结构和收入对农户家庭进行分类,不同类型农户家庭体制的稳健型依次表现为其:苹果非农均衡型＞非农收入主导型＞粮食非农均衡型＞苹果收入主导型＞传统收入主导型.最后基于农户视角对乡村转型的微观研究进行探讨,并提出后续深化研究的方向和实践启示.
Rural transformation from the perspective of regime shifts of socio-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau: A case study of Hongija town in Changwu county, China .https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201608009 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
社会—生态系统理论为中国乡村转型发展的过程格局研究提供了新的分析思路,运用体制转化理论及其研究框架,选取陕西省长武县洪家镇为案例地,从村域尺度社会—生态系统体制变化为切入点揭示了当地乡村转型的背景和环境因素,重点探讨农户尺度的社会—生态系统体制转换影响因素及其稳健性,从微观角度审视西北乡村转型的基本特征,主要结论包括:①当地乡村社会—生态系统体制已由传统农业体制转变为新型农业体制,其中某些家庭体制正在向非农体制转换.②家庭特征是农户体制发生转换的客观条件;耕地质量、劳动力数量与质量是农户体制转换的内在动因;户主年龄、文化水平及社会网络是农户体制转换方向的决定因素.③农户家庭体制转换呈现出发散和聚合并存现象,且不同家庭的稳健性存在明显差异,基于种植业结构和收入对农户家庭进行分类,不同类型农户家庭体制的稳健型依次表现为其:苹果非农均衡型＞非农收入主导型＞粮食非农均衡型＞苹果收入主导型＞传统收入主导型.最后基于农户视角对乡村转型的微观研究进行探讨,并提出后续深化研究的方向和实践启示.
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| [132] |
Rural restructuring under globalization in eastern coastal China: What can be learned from Wales?
The differentiation of rural development in eastern coastal China has been exaggerated by the rapid rural restructuring under globalization, since economic reforms and an open-door policy were initiated in 1978. The problems associated with rural restructuring in China may in part be addressed by drawing on experiences and achievements from other countries, including Britain, which may have experienced similar developmental stages as part of their trajectory of rural progression. This paper examines the different trajectories of rural development and different policies and strategies for rural development in eastern coastal China and Wales, identifying points of convergence and divergence, and considering the possible lessons that China might take from the experience of rural development in Wales. Keywords: Rural restructuring, globalization, comparative study, Wales, eastern coastal China
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| [133] |
哈尼梯田遗产地居民地方感与梯田保护态度的关系 .https://doi.org/10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.002867 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<p>地方感在遗产保护中的作用日益受到关注，但目前的研究多集中在个体地方感对遗产保护的作用，较少关注地方感形成的自然、社会环境因素及其影响。在借鉴国外相关研究的基础上，结合哈尼梯田人地关系的特征，从地方感、自然连接、社会连接、梯田保护态度4 个维度构建结构方程模型，分析遗产地居民的地方感与另外3个维度的关系。结果表明：当地居民地方感与自然连接中人与自然的连通性、对自然的依恋，与社会连接中亲戚、邻里关系、社区活动组织具有显著的关系；居民地方感与梯田保护态度呈明显正相关；社区中的亲戚邻里关系以及活动组织对于梯田保护态度有直接的正向影响。研究结果进一步验证了地方感对人们的生态环境保护态度具有正向影响这一结论，支持了地方固有的自然、社会特性以及人们与之的连接程度在个人地方感的形成中具有重要作用这一假设。据此，提出应该以社区为基础单元，以重大节庆和祭祀活动为切入点，强化当地的传统社会组织模式和社会关系网络；保护传统的资源管理和分配制度，为梯田保护提供内在动力。</p>
Analysis on the sense of place and rise terrace protection in the World Heritage Site of the Honghe Hanni Rice Terraces .https://doi.org/10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.002867 URL Magsci [本文引用: 1] 摘要
<p>地方感在遗产保护中的作用日益受到关注，但目前的研究多集中在个体地方感对遗产保护的作用，较少关注地方感形成的自然、社会环境因素及其影响。在借鉴国外相关研究的基础上，结合哈尼梯田人地关系的特征，从地方感、自然连接、社会连接、梯田保护态度4 个维度构建结构方程模型，分析遗产地居民的地方感与另外3个维度的关系。结果表明：当地居民地方感与自然连接中人与自然的连通性、对自然的依恋，与社会连接中亲戚、邻里关系、社区活动组织具有显著的关系；居民地方感与梯田保护态度呈明显正相关；社区中的亲戚邻里关系以及活动组织对于梯田保护态度有直接的正向影响。研究结果进一步验证了地方感对人们的生态环境保护态度具有正向影响这一结论，支持了地方固有的自然、社会特性以及人们与之的连接程度在个人地方感的形成中具有重要作用这一假设。据此，提出应该以社区为基础单元，以重大节庆和祭祀活动为切入点，强化当地的传统社会组织模式和社会关系网络；保护传统的资源管理和分配制度，为梯田保护提供内在动力。</p>
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| [134] |
亚热带山地民族文化与自然环境和谐发展实证研究: 以云南省元阳县哈尼族梯田文化景观为例 .https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2002.03.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
一定的自然环境孕育了与之相适 应的民族文化 ,而民族文化又对自然环境具有改造作用。民族文化与自然环境的相互适应是文化与环境持续存在的原因。本文通过深入到处云南南部亚热带山地地区的元阳县哈尼 族地区的调查 ,提出和分析了哈尼文化与自然环境相互适应的结果一哈尼梯田文化景观的特征 ,并探讨了哈尼文化与自然环境两者梯田景观的关系 ,证实了哈尼梯田文化景观是哈尼文化与自然环境协调发展的结果 ,具有重要的理论和实际意义。
Study on the coordinating development of ethic culture and natural environment in subtropic mountain areas: A case of cultural landscape of Hani Terrace in Yuanyang county .https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2002.03.002 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
一定的自然环境孕育了与之相适 应的民族文化 ,而民族文化又对自然环境具有改造作用。民族文化与自然环境的相互适应是文化与环境持续存在的原因。本文通过深入到处云南南部亚热带山地地区的元阳县哈尼 族地区的调查 ,提出和分析了哈尼文化与自然环境相互适应的结果一哈尼梯田文化景观的特征 ,并探讨了哈尼文化与自然环境两者梯田景观的关系 ,证实了哈尼梯田文化景观是哈尼文化与自然环境协调发展的结果 ,具有重要的理论和实际意义。
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| [135] |
多重逻辑下民族旅游村寨的空间生产: 以岜沙社区为例 .
以民族村寨社会空间生产过程为研究对象,基于列斐伏尔的空间生产分析框架,以贵州省黔东南从江县岜沙村为研究案例,通过借鉴人类学田野调查的方法,对旅游与民族村寨传统社区空间生产之间的关系进行探讨。认为民族村寨空间景观是核心的旅游吸引要素,是游客旅游体验的对象,也是民族村寨发展可持续旅游的基础。
Space production under multiple logic in ethic tourist villages: A case study on Basha village of Guizhou provice .
以民族村寨社会空间生产过程为研究对象,基于列斐伏尔的空间生产分析框架,以贵州省黔东南从江县岜沙村为研究案例,通过借鉴人类学田野调查的方法,对旅游与民族村寨传统社区空间生产之间的关系进行探讨。认为民族村寨空间景观是核心的旅游吸引要素,是游客旅游体验的对象,也是民族村寨发展可持续旅游的基础。
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| [136] |
基于场域理论的文化遗产旅游地多维空间生产研究: 以江南水乡周庄古镇为例 .A field theory to the production of multi-dimensional space of cultural heritage tourism destination: A case study of Zhouzhuang Ancient town . |
| [137] |
乡村旅游景观特质网络演进的蒋巷村案例 .https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201608013 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
在乡村地理的相关研究中,景观特质演化的逻辑主线与运行机理未得到充分重视.以蒋巷村为案例地,运用社会网络分析与行动者网络理论等研究方法,以网络结构特征与权力关系为切入点,力图呈现乡村旅游景观特质网络演进过程,并解读其背后的逻辑.研究发现:①蒋巷村景观特质网络密度不断增大,景观特质间联系度持续增强;景观特质网络主题特色整体稳定,高中心度特质波动明显,其中,服务环境和村干部C的名人效应不断凸显,但乡村氛围有所下降.②蒋巷村景观特质演进的背后是中央政府、地方政府、村两委、政治精英、驻村企业、村民以及当地的资源环境要素等七类主体组成的行动者网络;政府有效引导、精英人物视野以及形式变化下主体的倒逼与自觉成为景观特质演进成功与否的关键;权力格局与利益通道的变化成为角色定义、分配与转换的驱动力量,也成为景观特质网络构建的主要因素.③社会网络分析和行动者网络理论在抽象关系网络化以及演进形成机制逻辑梳理方面具有适用性.此外,还对景观特质演变与社会空间重构,空间、权力与利益的运行逻辑以及案例背后的制度逻辑进行了讨论.
Evolution of rural tourism landscape character network: The case of Jiangxiang village .https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201608013 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
在乡村地理的相关研究中,景观特质演化的逻辑主线与运行机理未得到充分重视.以蒋巷村为案例地,运用社会网络分析与行动者网络理论等研究方法,以网络结构特征与权力关系为切入点,力图呈现乡村旅游景观特质网络演进过程,并解读其背后的逻辑.研究发现:①蒋巷村景观特质网络密度不断增大,景观特质间联系度持续增强;景观特质网络主题特色整体稳定,高中心度特质波动明显,其中,服务环境和村干部C的名人效应不断凸显,但乡村氛围有所下降.②蒋巷村景观特质演进的背后是中央政府、地方政府、村两委、政治精英、驻村企业、村民以及当地的资源环境要素等七类主体组成的行动者网络;政府有效引导、精英人物视野以及形式变化下主体的倒逼与自觉成为景观特质演进成功与否的关键;权力格局与利益通道的变化成为角色定义、分配与转换的驱动力量,也成为景观特质网络构建的主要因素.③社会网络分析和行动者网络理论在抽象关系网络化以及演进形成机制逻辑梳理方面具有适用性.此外,还对景观特质演变与社会空间重构,空间、权力与利益的运行逻辑以及案例背后的制度逻辑进行了讨论.
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| [138] |
从美丽乡村到都市居民消费空间: 行动者网络理论与大世凹村的社会空间重构 .https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201508003 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
大都市近郊美丽乡村的建设为城市居民假日消费提供了新的场所,成为一种新型都市居民消费空间。运用行动者网络理论,对南京市江宁区"世凹桃源"大世凹美丽乡村的重构过程与机制进行分析。指出美丽乡村建设的背后是一个以地方政府为关键行动者的异质行动者网络,主要实现了乡村物质生活空间的改变。随着政府目标意图的转变,鼓励政策退出及市场机制进入,行动者网络重新调整,消费者和外来经营者成为关键行动者,相应地呈现从美丽乡村到都市居民消费空间的转变,即进一步实现社会空间的重构。由于行动者网络是一个充满利益争夺和协商的动态连接,社会空间的重构也是一个持续的过程。研究表明,美丽乡村不仅是提供村民生活和游客抒情怀旧的场所,而且是一个存在权力关系且动态变化的行动者网络空间。政府、组织、村民、消费者、资本、景观、文化等异质性行动者自身的定义与再定义,以及相互之间的作用构成美丽乡村形成与转变机制。揭示了在乡村建设与转型发展过程中,政府及政策的作用机制及其有效时域,市场机制的灵活性及其所带来的利益争端与社会不公问题。
From beautiful village to urban residents' consumption space: Actor-network theory and the social space reconstruction of Dashiao village .https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201508003 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
大都市近郊美丽乡村的建设为城市居民假日消费提供了新的场所,成为一种新型都市居民消费空间。运用行动者网络理论,对南京市江宁区"世凹桃源"大世凹美丽乡村的重构过程与机制进行分析。指出美丽乡村建设的背后是一个以地方政府为关键行动者的异质行动者网络,主要实现了乡村物质生活空间的改变。随着政府目标意图的转变,鼓励政策退出及市场机制进入,行动者网络重新调整,消费者和外来经营者成为关键行动者,相应地呈现从美丽乡村到都市居民消费空间的转变,即进一步实现社会空间的重构。由于行动者网络是一个充满利益争夺和协商的动态连接,社会空间的重构也是一个持续的过程。研究表明,美丽乡村不仅是提供村民生活和游客抒情怀旧的场所,而且是一个存在权力关系且动态变化的行动者网络空间。政府、组织、村民、消费者、资本、景观、文化等异质性行动者自身的定义与再定义,以及相互之间的作用构成美丽乡村形成与转变机制。揭示了在乡村建设与转型发展过程中,政府及政策的作用机制及其有效时域,市场机制的灵活性及其所带来的利益争端与社会不公问题。
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| [139] |
Rural spatial restructuring in ecologically fragile mountainous areas of southern China: A case study of Changgang town, Jiangxi province .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.014 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Against the dynamic background of Chinese rural transformation development, this study takes the countryside as a regional system, and closely examines rural spatial restructuring in an ecologically fragile mountainous area of southern China at a village-township level. It puts forward a set of methods for rural spatial restructuring based on landscape security pattern construction as well as a model of rural residential land expansion using an ant colony optimization algorithm and scenario simulation. These methods are applied to the case area of Changgang Town, Jiangxi Province. The case study results indicate that the land use security pattern of the study area under the ideal security scenario is the best scenario of three examined, with the least extent of residential land and the minimum loss of key ecological land. Moreover, this scenario can fully satisfy the land demands of ecological security, agricultural production and regional socioeconomic development. These results indicate that the method we proposed can provide technical support for rural spatial restructuring in the ecologically fragile mountainous areas of southern China. Simulation results and spatial zoning control strategies for the case area can provide decision-making references for local spatial planning and control practices. In contemporary China, it is necessary to recognize and better explore the multiple functions of the countryside. The government scientific planning and appropriate control of self-renewal processes of rural space can make more economical use of land, and can guarantee the provision of public goods such as ecological welfare and food security.
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| [140] |
Elevating the peasants into high-rise apartments: The land bill system in Chongqing as a solution for land conflicts in China? .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.017 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
61A nuanced account of local innovation in exploiting peasants' land use rights for developmental purposes.61Analysis of the prospect of local experimentation and political entrepreneurship in China's policy process.61An in-depth analysis of the genesis and mechanism of the innovative “land bill” system experimented in Chongqing.61Original data on the impact of land bill system.
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| [141] |
The allocation and management of critical resources in rural China under restructuring: Problems and prospects .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.011 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
61Rapid development transition has triggered corresponding restructuring in rural China.61Analyzes rural restructuring in China affected by allocation and management of critical resources.61Emphasizes role of regional resources in formulating development policy and restructuring rural areas.61Restructures rural development space, rural industry, and rural social organization and management mainbody.61Fully understanding the influences of globalization on rural restructuring in China.
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| [142] |
Urbanization and rural livelihoods: A case study from Jiangxi province, China .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.015 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
61Use a systems approach and an in-depth case study to illustrate household decision making.61Identify multifaceted constraints confronting most households in developing robust livelihoods.61Understand different livelihood strategies and well-being across locations and among households.61Follow Lewis's two-sector model to elaborate rural-urban development dynamics amid urbanization.61Policy must foster healthy two-sector dynamics, ensuring urbanization to best benefit farmers.
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| [143] |
Land abandonment under rural restructuring in China explained from a cost-benefit perspective .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.05.012 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
61We explore how social milieu in rural China has changed under the network economy.61Junpu village in Guangdong province is selected as a case for detailed analyses.61Everyday life in rural China has been reconstructed, leading to a hybrid rurality.61Hybrid rurality is featured by the blending of alien intrusion and local adherence.61It is resulted from the resistance of local culture toward network economy.
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| [144] |
Dualities of semi-urbanization villages in social-spatial transition: A case study of Zhoucun village in suburban Nanjing, China .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.06.007 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
In contrast with the classical topics of poverty and exclusion of rural areas, the multiple dualities in the social-spatial dimension of villages in semi-urbanized suburbs of China large cities have received little attention to date. As this paper demonstrates, such dualities have emerged during China rapid urbanization since the early 2000s. It is firstly argued that these dual characteristics are derived from the institutional separation of urban and rural entitlements (e.g., hukou , welfare, land property ownership etc.). These distinctions are then projected into social capital differentiation, such as the division between the strong and weak ties of local community residents. Consequentially, the dualities are embodied in the residential space segregation between established residents and rural migrants that is divided into Houses in Single-Family Occupancy (HSFOs) and Houses in Multiple-Family Occupancy (HMFOs). To support these claims, a case study of the village of Zhoucun, a southern suburb of the Nanjing Metropolitan Area on the east coast China, is used. This draws on both quantitative and qualitative data that includes interviews with authorized officers from local government to municipal government, and a questionnaire survey and interviews with both the HSFO and HMFO residents themselves.
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| [145] |
The transformation of the village collective in urbanizing China: A historical institutional analysis .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.07.016 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
61Proposes a historical institutionalist perspective on rural transformation in China.61Conducts single-village case study based in Guangzhou.61Observes that village endures as collective community despite significant restructuring.61Demonstrates continued effectiveness of collective property and redistribution in village.61Generates insights on conceptualisation of rurality in the context of urbanising China.
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| [146] |
Farewell to Peasant China: Rural Urbanization and Social Change in the Late Twentieth Century .
Chinese urbanization, including the daily life, migration strategies, and life choices of villagers and townspeople, is the focus of this study by Chinese and North American scholars. From Tianjin in the north, to Tibet in the West, and to Guangdong and Fujian on the southeast coast, a tale is told of transforming countrysides, regional disparities, and the prospects of a fully urbanized China as the twenty-first century dawns. This first broad-scale anthropological investigation of Chinese urbanization captures both the dynamic essence of the urbanizations process and the remarkable vitality of post-reform Chinese society.
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| [147] |
村落终结的社会逻辑: 羊城村的故事 .https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-8671.2004.01.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
由于城镇化和村庄兼并等原因,从1985年至2001年这不到20年时间里,中国的村落数字在锐减,仅以2001年与2000年相比就减少了25458个,即平均每天减少约70个村落,它们的逝去没有挽歌,也没有祭祀,但其新建的文明却留给人们以思考,为此我们想以广州羊城村这个典型的村落的终结为线索,目的是为了探讨村落经济运行的社会逻辑.
The social logic of village termination: The story of Yangcheng village .https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-8671.2004.01.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
由于城镇化和村庄兼并等原因,从1985年至2001年这不到20年时间里,中国的村落数字在锐减,仅以2001年与2000年相比就减少了25458个,即平均每天减少约70个村落,它们的逝去没有挽歌,也没有祭祀,但其新建的文明却留给人们以思考,为此我们想以广州羊城村这个典型的村落的终结为线索,目的是为了探讨村落经济运行的社会逻辑.
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| [148] |
Rural transformation and persistence of rurality in China .https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2014.902751 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The aim of this paper is to exam rural transformation and the persistence of rurality in China. Recent discussions on the “end of village” in China and policy suggestions that aligned to them have indicated that villages will not completely disappear unless institutional constraints are removed. Although terms such as “rural”, “village” and “peasant” are used in these discussions, their meaning extends beyond the local rural landscape, their settlements and associated social status. This ambiguity not only shows the complexity of the Chinese countryside, but also calls for a clear definition of rurality. Inspired by Halfacree’s framework, this paper unfolds the multiple dimensions of Chinese rurality. Using Xinxiang village as a case study, this paper has specifically investigated the persistence of two distinctive rural practices – self-reliance and the collective system – after the institutional reforms of corporatisation, conversion of the villagers’ committee to the residents’ committee; and conversion of household registration status from rural to urban. The continuity of these rural practices suggests that institutional attempts to modernize rural organization and urbanize the rural residents’ household registration status do not bring the Xinxiang neighborhood to the end of rurality. Unlike the abruptly termination of traditional practices during urbanization which suggested by modernization theory, the continuous of rural practices in China has asserted a very different experience.
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| [149] |
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| [150] |
全球信息网络与乡村性的社会文化建构 .Global information network and the social and cultural construction of rurality: A case based on "Taobao" village in Guangzhou . |
| [151] |
Taobao practices, everyday life and emerging hybrid rurality in contemporary China .https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.05.012 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
61We explore how social milieu in rural China has changed under the network economy.61Junpu village in Guangdong province is selected as a case for detailed analyses.61Everyday life in rural China has been reconstructed, leading to a hybrid rurality.61Hybrid rurality is featured by the blending of alien intrusion and local adherence.61It is resulted from the resistance of local culture toward network economy.
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