"The Most Excellent Geographic Journal" honored
	"Progress in Geography", an academic journal, by Geography Institute,CAS. The English Version is under construction. Here offered are English abstracts. WElCOME!
	hotprint abstract researcher news institution About us Chinese

Issue No.4

Study on the Connotation and Evaluation Index System of Resource-efficient Society
　　
WANG Li, ZUO Qiting, GAO Junxing
(School of Environment and Water Conservancy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001)

Abstract: It is of great importance to build an evaluation index system for the construction of resource-efficient society. With fully understanding connotation of resource-efficient society, in this paper, the concept and connotation of resource-efficient society was explained. An evaluation index system of resource-efficient society was built - the “543 index system”, including five kinds of resources, four processes of resource circle utilization, three layers and 70 indexes in total. An evaluation frame of quantifying single index and synthesizing multiple index is put forward. We explore the connotation of the resource-efficient society and build an evaluation index system, thus grading the resource-efficient society can be done.
Key words: resource-efficient society; connotation; evaluation; index system

Risk Evaluation of Land Ecological Security Issues and the Pattern
of Eco-friendly Utilization in Three Gorges Resettlement Area
—— Taking Wushan County as an example

LIAO Heping1,2, HONG Huikun1, CHEN Zhi3
(1. School of geographic Science, Southwest University, ChongQing 400715, China;
2. Institute of Land Resource, Southwest University, ChongQing 400715, China;
3. Southwest University, ChongQing 400715, China)
　　　　　
Abstract: This paper explored land environmental issues in Three Gorges Resettlement Area, taking Wushan County as a case. Having summarized the major land environmental problems as well as their causes in the Wushan Resettlement, the paper set six river basins as its research units and chose eight representative factors of environmental risk from three aspects of eco-system risk, social risk and environmental pollution risk. The paper made a risk evaluation of land environmental problems in the regions by employing Delphi method and Analytic hierarchical programming(AHP), and proposed a pattern of eco-friendly utilization in the regions for the sake of their sustainable development.
Key words: Three Gorges; resettlement; land ecological security; risk evaluation; patterns of
eco-friendly utilization

Intensive Land Use Appraise for Urban Development Zones of Small Towns—A Case Study of Cixi in Zhejiang Province

SHAO Xiaomei，WANG Jing
（Key Laboratory of Land Use, Ministry of Land and Resources, China Land Surveying &
Planning Institute, Beijing 100035）

Abstract： Based on the land use characteristics and land use data of urban development zones of small towns in Cixi, the appraise indictors of intensive land use for urban development zones of small towns were established in this paper. By using the general evaluation method, choosing a model of assessment and confirming weight of indictors, the condition of intensive land use for urban development zones of small towns were calculated. The results showed that only one urban development zone in shape of intensive land use, others all attributed to fringe or not intensive. Further analysis indicated that there were clear differences in land investment, land use degree and persistency between different level urban development zones, and in land use efficiency between different industries. It can be concluded that land use policy has an important role in intensive land use for urban development zones.
Key words： intensive land use; appraise; urban development zone; small town

Identifying Industrial Clusters: A Quantitative Case Study of Manufacturing Industry in Zhejiang Province

PAN Fenghua
(Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China)
Abstract: Industrial cluster is a very important economic phenomenon in China, but it bothers both the academe and the government to identify the industrial cluster， for there is no consistent and widely accepted criteria. Zhejiang province has a large number of manufacturing industrial cluster which cover various industrial categories. Using data from Census of Basic Units 2001, we apply the Location Quotient Method to identify industrial clusters. We consider that there is an industrial cluster in the district when the location quotient of a special industry comes up to 3 and the number of firms of the same industry comes up to 100 in a postal district. According to this standard, this article identifies 116 industrial clusters in four-digit-industry. The Location Quotient Method can tell us where the indusrtrial cluster is and which specific industry the cluster belongs to. In the following part, the spatial distribution and internal scale structure of the typical industrial clusters are analyzed.
Key words：industrial cluster; location quotient; manufacturing

Theory and Methodology for the Construction of Arable Land
Quality Evaluation System Based on Household Behaviors

KONG Xiangbin, LIU Lingwei, QIN Jing，MIAO Yuxin
(Dept. of Land Resources an Management, College of Resources and Environment,
China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094，China)

Abstract: Due to huge food need, arable land quality is very important in China, and how to evaluate its quality has been studied by many researchers. However, different regions of China are at different stages of development with different land use objectives. The first is yield maximization stage, and the household land use objective is to meet family food consumption need. The second is yield and profit optimization stage, and the house land use objective is to make more profits on the basis of meeting basic family needs. The third is profit maximization stage, and profit is the only land use objective for the household.
　　Based on the theory of different development stages and land use objectives, a “Pressure-State-Effect-Reaction” model was developed in this paper to evaluate arable land quality at household level. The Pressure indictors include land scale, land quantity, society, economy and household family. The State indictors include land use type and pattern, input intensity and land use efficiency. The Effect indictors include soil quality, productivity and soil pollution. The Reaction indicators include governmental policies and economic measures.
　　 This model can be used to evaluate arable land qualities at different development stages, and the results can help the government make suitable policies to protect arable land for sustainable development.

Key words: household behaviors; arable land quality; evaluation system

Progress and Prospect in Regional Governance Study

LI Ming1,2, FANG Chuanglin1， SUN Xinliang3
（1. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research ,CAS 100101,Beijing, China；
2. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049, Beijing, China;
3. China Academy of Urban Planning & Design 100044, Beijing, China）

Abstract: Since 1990's, the regionalization of economic growth becomes the general trend of global economic. Regional governance is the new topic of regional science studies, and it's also the focal point of regional studies that democratization society is the background, since it emphasizes transverse management and public participation. Good building-up of regional governance system has a macroscopical effect of guide, guarantee and promotion. The misorder and turbulence of regional economy has been the problem which is made by the long-time ignorance of practice and the slow start of regional planning. General administrative economy has reduced working efficiency of market economy, therefore exploring new order of regional development becomes the hot point of regional development. Retrospection and conclusion for the relevant research of regional governance at home and abroad does favor to the enhancement of cognition to the concept, theory and practice of regional governance. After summing up the research history and identifying some concepts, the authors carried out synthetical commentary of these researches and analyzed prime issues of civil researches. The authors also pointed out the focus of difficulties and problems helming the direction of regional governance studies.

Key words: regional governance ; progress ; prospect

Progress on Assessment and Regionalization of Flood Risk

HUANG Dapeng1,2, LIU Chuang1, PENG Shunfeng1
(1.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Bejing 100101, China；
2. Graduate School of CAS, Beijing 100039, China；
3. Huaihe River Commission, Ministry of Water Resources，Bengbu 233001, China)

Abstract：Flood risk assessment is the first step in the flood risk management. Flood risk regionalization, which can help understand the distribution patterns and internal rules of flood risk clearly, is developed based on the flood risk assessment. Firstly, the authors explain concepts of flood risk concerned in order to clarify and standardize them. Secondly, this paper reviews the methods of flood risk assessment and flood risk regionalization. The primary methods of flood risk assessment are geomorphological method, hydrological and hydrodynamic modeling method, system emulation modeling method, historical flood disaster data based method, palaeoflood and historical data method, remote sensing and geographical information system method, system analysis method based on the mechanism of flood, and etc. After a brief summary of the researches on flood risk assessment and flood risk regionalization, some perspectives on flood risk assessment and flood risk regionalization are put forward, such as the data base of flood risk research, temporal-spatial scale of assessment, theories and methods of regionalization, technical measures.

Key words: flood risk; flood risk assessment; flood risk regionalization

Application of New Information and Communication Technologies in Local Clusters of Small and Medium-Size Enterprises
——A case study of the Shoes-making Cluster in Wenling, Zhejiang Province

SONG Zhouying1，2, LIU Weidong1, LIU Yi1
(1. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101;
2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049)

Abstract: It is now widely recognized that new information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been changing the way in which firms do their businesses. As such, application of new ICTs will affect the development of industrial clusters, especially those of small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs). Electronic channels based on new ICTs are becoming a major platform of inter-firm relationships within clusters, which is critical to our understanding of cluster evolution and upgrading. In particular, new ICTs can enable small and medium-size enterprises to develop links across far distance and reduce both time and financial costs in establishing those links, and thus facilitate the internationalization of SMEs. This paper firstly reviews the development and major forms of ICTs application by enterprises in China, then discusses major factors affecting the application of new ICTs by SMEs in clusters based on field investigation of five clusters in Zhejaing and Guangdong provinces, and lastly, by using a case of shoes-making cluster in Wenling of Zhejiang province, analyzes the concrete affect of those factors. The majors discussed by this paper include industry-specific factors, enterprise factors, local social and cultural factors and regional information infrastructures.
Key words: new ICTs; cluster of SMEs

Review of Study on Vegetation Cover Change in the Lower
Reaches of Heihe River in Northwest Arid Area

JIA Yanhong1, ZHAO Chuanyan2, NAN Zhongren1
(1. National Laboratory of Western China’ s Environmental Systems, Resource and Environment Institute,
Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; 2. Cold and Arid Regions Environment and Engineering
Research Institute, China Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000,China)

Abstract: In arid areas, vegetation can reflect the status of environment directly as a sensitive element of environment; and the vegetation cover changes can represent evolvement and variance of the environment. So, the study of vegetation cover changes becomes an important instrument to open out the changes of environment and their laws in arid area. This paper is aimed at a special region of the lower reaches of Heihe River and the problems with its ecosystem of vegetation, discussing synthetically the vegetation cover changes and the elements related, such as the groundwater, the balance of soil water-salt, global climatic changes and human activities. The aim is to analyze the mechanism of vegetation cover changes exactly by analyzing correlative factors with vegetation cover changes extensively, and to provide supports for the study of environmental evolvement of the lower reaches of Heihe River. Finally, this paper summarizes existent questions in the study of vegetation cover changes, and puts forward relevant strategy to resolve them, providing references for the study of vegetation cover changes in the lower reaches of Heihe River.

Key words: northwest arid area; the lower reaches of Heihe River; vegetation cover change

Geocomputation and Frontier Research

WANG Zheng1,2, SUI Wenjuan1, YAO Zixuan1, LIAO Beiyu1, WU Yiping1
(1. Key Laboratory of Geographical Information Science, Ministry of State Education of China,
East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China;
2. Institute of Politics and Management Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China)

Abstract: Geocomputation, as one of the cores of geographic information science (GIScience), focuses on methodological problems, including modeling, algorithms, computational systems, and the general methodology in the field of GIScience. With the rapid development of GIScience in China, five trends of geocomputation are concluded and presented respectively: (1) Geo-data mining refers to the means of discovering geographic knowledge concerning geographical problems in ways of model processing and computation of various kinds of data; (2) Spatial operational research is widely applied to the field of geography, with its algorithms simpler and more precise and its accuracy higher; (3) Multi-Agent System(MAS) has become the third important method of geography research ranking after induction and deduction; (4) Quantitative computation in discrete space turns into the necessary fundation of computation in geographic space; (5) Geographic ontology is essential to the progress of GIScience as well as the development of geography in general.
Some new direction have appeared on geocomputation, they include: 1 computational pattern, as is, Cooperative Computing, Pool Computing; spatial computation complexity; and map-pattern recognition.

Key words: geocomputation; geo-data mining; spatial operation; multi-agent system; discrete
space; ontology

GIS-based Study on Urban NOx Induced Health Risk Assessment
　　
LIAO Yongfeng1,2, WANG Wuyi1, ZHANG Li1
(1. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing100101;
2. National Disaster Reduction Center of China, Beijing 100053)
　　
Abstract：Abstract：Urban air pollution has become a major threat to human health now，and it seems that this situation will be worsening in the future. In particular, NOx pollution, which often causes many severe diseases, by urban transportation has been becoming a worse environment problem with the urbanization and has come to focus in both developing countries and developed ones. GIS-based study on urban air quality simulation and heath risk assessment come to a case in point in the world. This paper adopts GIS raster and surface analysis tools to build a spatial health risk assessment model on the basis of the present popular health-risk-assessment basic framework, which includes concentration, exposure, dose and effect. The model have made great advance in two ways of quantitatively assessing health effect and assessing air quality on urban local scale. The dose-effect function of pollutant toxicology is applied to quantitatively analyze the health effect, which succeeds in solving uncertainty problem confronting health effect assessment. In order to simulating pollutant exposure on the local urban scales, micro-environment study method is adopted to build exposure model including urban population distribution simulation and population time-activity pattern analysis. The study brings an effectively approach to assessing urban air quality. Finally, this paper simulates the NOx exposure distribution, classifies health risk and calculates risk population in a south-eastern coastal city of Fuzhou, China. The result shows that the study has practicability in assessing urban health risk of urban air quality.

Key words: GIS；Urban；Air pollution; Health-risk assessment from NOx

Restructuring of Urban Internal Space in China in the Transition Period: Characteristics, Models and Mechanisms

FENG Jian1, LIU Yu2
(1. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
2. Institute of Regional and Urban Economics, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China)

Abstract: Urban internal spatial structure in China is becoming more and more complex during the transition period when population, economic activities and social elements experienced a fast process of restructuring. Suburbanization of population accelerated in China in the 1990s compared with that in the 1980s. Great difference exists between the spatial restructuring of permanently registered population and that of external population. Generally speaking, the similarities of the spatial restructuring of population increased while the differences of it decrease.
Analysis of the restructuring of urban industry and commerce shows that suburbanization and the centrifugal forces exert great influence on the evolution of urban internal spatial structure in the transition period. The factors of urban social space are closely related to the development of society. The types of social areas tend to vary and the components of each social area change from singleness to multiplicity.
　　As a product of the planned economy, the model of urban internal spatial structure in the early 1980s exhibited more similarities than differences, with the feature of homogeneity, while that in the late 1990s was a product of market economy, exhibiting more differences than similarities, showing an obvious feature of heterogeneity and polycentric structure.
　　
Key words: urban internal spatial structure; urban population; social area; suburbanization;
polycentric structure; the transition period

Comparison Analysis of Environmental Changes Between Sahel
and Agro-pastoral Zone in Northern China

MAO Rui，GONG Daoyi，FANG Qiaomin
(Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster, College of Resources Science & Technology, Beijing Normal University，Beijing 100875)

Abstract: Sahel is similar to agro~pastoral zone in Northern China in some aspects concerning environmental characteristics and environmental change, and there are some obvious linkages between them. The comparison analysis between them in precipitation, vegetation, drought events and dust storms can help better understand the variability of environment and climate in semiarid/arid regions in China and Sahel. Their interdecadal changes of precipitation have the similar trends. For Sahel, the interannual variability in precipitation is dominant before 1950s, while the interdecadal changes are outstanding from the mid of 1960s. A large portion of Sahel shows an increasing trend in NDVI. The interdecadal change of precipitation may be an important factor for the occurrence of drought, and temperature may also play roles in the formation of drought. The dust storm frequency has some evident relationship with precipitation on the interannual and interdecadal timescales, and the annual mean temperature and synoptic variability also have some influence on it. In agro-pastoral zone in Northern China, the interannual change is an outstanding characteristic in annual precipitation. In the north and east part of the zone vegetation experiences the increasing trend, and the south part shows a decreasing trend. The interdacadal change of precipitation played a role in the forming of drought events, but the same amount precipitation reduction may cause different drought in intensity. The spring dust storm frequency has tight relationship with previous winter temperature and synoptic variability, and also has some link with spring precipitation.
Key words: sahel; agro-pastoral zone in Northern China; environmental change; comparison
analysis

Shrub Encroachment and Accompanied Changes of
Biogeochemistry Cycles in Semiarid and Arid Grasslands

JIN Zhao1,2, QI Yuchun1, DONG Yunshe1
(1. Institute of Geographical Science and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China;
2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy Sciences, Beijing 100039,China)

Abstract:As one of the most widespread vegetation types worldwide, Grasslands cover nearly one-fifth of the world's land surface area and play a significant role in the global climate change and biogeochemistry cycle. However, a large area of grasslands in the world has been faced a serious problem-degradation and desertification. One form of desertification is the conversion of homogeneous grasslands into shrub-dominated ecosystems and shrubs encroachment has become a widespread phenomenon in arid grasslands and savannas over the past century. The transition has greatly affected ecosystem structure and function in semiarid and arid ecosystems. Overgrazing, regional climate drought and natural fires are the critical factors controlling shrubs encroachment and development. During the process of shrubs encroachment, the wind erosion and water erosion of soil will be strengthened and the soil nutrients and other no-essential elements distributed uniformly in grasslands will gradually develop horizontal and vertical patterns in soil dimensions and finally lead to the formation of "islands of fertility", which makes the spatial heterogeneity of soil resource more evident. In addition, the enhancement of wind erosion with the encroachment of shrubs also increased the loss of soil resource, such as C, N, P, S and further influenced the redistribution of these elements among soil, atmosphere and biosphere. The shrubs encroachment and accompanied changes of biogeochemistry cycles will be markedly contributed to the global climate change through increasing the content of aerosol, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere and there exists a sensitive feedback mechanism between them.
China has an area of grasslands of about 4×106 km2 or about 40% of the nation's total land surface and most of these areas have been affected by desertification, but reports on the biogeochemical effects of grass-shrub transition are limited. Therefore, Reinforcing research on shrub encroachment of grassland ecosystem along with the accompanied transformation of plant and soil resource distribution pattern is crucial for accurately understanding the desertification process and predicting the potential changes of elements biogeochemical cycle the in semi-arid and arid grasslands.

Key words: grassland ecosystem; shrub encroachment; fertile islands; biogeochemistry cycles;
global climate change; semiarid and arid regions

Issue No.3

Analysis of the Integrating Approach on Landscape Pattern and Ecological Processes

LV Yihe, CHEN Liding, FU Bojie
(State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)

Abstract: Much progress has been made on theory and practice since the birth of landscape ecology as a scientific discipline. However, many problems are still waiting to be addressed. This paper analyzed the pertinent concepts and methods of landscape pattern and ecological processes and the shortcomings embedded which necessitates researches on the integrating of pattern and processes. Subsequently, the staple methods for this kind of integration were briefly summarized. Then, a general framework was put forward for the integrative research. According to this framework, subject to certain region and research objectives, land units or ecosystem types need to be partitioned. Then, small scale observation and modeling can be carried out. At the same time, large scale spatial dynamic models need to be formulated. Finally, adaptive multi-scale landscape pattern and ecological processes integrative model system can be constructed and put into application through the approaches of land evaluation and model integration.

Key words: landscape ecology; landscape pattern; ecological process; ecological modeling

Discussion on the Changes of Land-Use and the Land and Sea Area Comprehensive Utilization on Dachangshan Island

ZHANG Yaoguang, WANG Dan
(Research Center for Marine Economy and Sustainable Development of Liaoning Normal University，
Dalian 116029, China)
　
Abstract: Recently, most studies on land-use and its changes have focused on land cities or related regions at home and abroad, while few on islands. Island is the land on the sea, which is composed of island land, island base, island beach and epicontinental-sea around island. On island, the land-use and its changeable characteristics are influenced by factors of sea and land. It's especially obvious in island's coastal belt, which can be seen from the use of mud-flat in coastal belt and the epicontinental-sea. This paper discusses the land-use and its changes on Dachangshan Island in North Yellow Sea, and analyzes the characteristics of land-use and the tendency of changeable structure of land-use over time on Dachangshan Island. And based on Area Sea Use Act and Real Right Law authorized by China, this paper also discusses island land and sea area which are considered as one system and their attributes from law and theory foundation.

Key words: island; land; sea area; the Use of land and sea area on island; comprehensive
utilization

Recent Progresses in Studies of the Terrestrial Carbon Storage Change for the Past 20k Years

YU Lei1,2， REN Guoyu1
(1. Laboratory for Climate Studies, CMA, National Climate Center, Beijing
2. Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences , Beijing 10008)

Abstract： Estimating carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystem and understanding its spatial distribution and temporal evolution are the key to the carbon cycle study. This article summarizes some major results of the estimations of terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage in globe and China, including the existing problems and uncertainties in the studies. Progress in studies of the carbon storage change since the Last Glacial Maximum（including the Mid-Holocene） and the influencing factors, especially the potential relationships between the changes and the anomalous increase of the atmospheric carbon dioxide since 8.2 ka B.P. is evaluated. A main conclusion that could be drawn from the overview is that the increase in atmospheric carbon gases (CO2、CH4) concentrations seems coincident with the decline of the terrestrial carbon storage during the mid to late Holocene, and these might have been caused by the impact of anthropogenic activities on terrestrial vegetation during the agricultural era in the old continents.

Key words: terrestrial ecosystem； carbon storage； LGM； Holocene； China

Construction of Ecological Function Network in Regional Scale: A Case Study in Taiwan Island

CHANG Hsiaofei1,2, WANG Yanglin1,2, LI Zhengguo2, HSUEH Ichen3,4
(1. Graduate School of Shenzhen, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China;
2. College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
3. Graduate Institute of Ecotourism, National University of Tainan, Tainan 700;
4.Department of Landscape Architecture, Tunghai University, Taichung 407)

Abstract: Constructing ecological network could protect environment, stabilize ecology and enhance ecological value of urban open space. Regional ecological network based on administerial units could represent natural characteristics and ecological function diversity of study area and could guide regional landscape ecological optimizing. In order to highlight the importance of ecological function network of each county or city on the whole Taiwan island and to guide establishing county or city development strategies, this study intends to construct ecological function network in the whole island through researches in counties or cities, and to separately integrate indices of ecological benefit, ecological patterns, and etc. At present, ecological function network centers in Taiwan locate in Hualien and Nantou counties, and ecological function wears off from east to west. Thereafter, according to function network framework, ecological needs estimation, and land value evaluation, this study suggests that Taipei city and other counties should improve their environments.

Key words: ecological function network; ecological benefit assessment; Taiwan island

The Inquiry on Genesis and Formation Times of The First Bend of Yangtze River

MING Qingzhong, SHI Zhengtao, DONG Ming
(The College of Tourism & Geography Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092, China)

Abstract: The genesis and formation times of the first bend of Yangtze River are closely relative to such major issues as: the evolution of the formation of Jinsha River-Yangtze River drainage pattern and geographical environment of the Longitudinal Range-gorge Region (LRGR) in southwest China and the effect of Tibet Plateau uplift on peripheral environment. It has been focal points to be discussed and drawn attention from researchers for approximately a hundred years. The causes of the first bend of Yangtze River are summed up into two different viewpoints: river capture and non-river capture. Through comprehensive survey and synthesis analysis about the landforms and sediments, it is considered that the first bend of Yangtze River is a junction of paleo-Shulou river, paleo-Chongjing river and paleo-Jinsha River before Jinsha river′s headward erosion of three river junction. Jinsha River has captured Shuilou River in three river junction, forced Shuilou River to flow to backwards. The linkage of Jinsha River from paleo-Jinsha River to three river junction forms the genuine Jinsha River water system. Based on the ages of Yulong snow mountain uplift and circumjacent stratiform landforms develop as well as the formation of drainage system of China, we primarily infer that the first bend of Yangtze River has been formed since Middle Pleistocene. Kunlun Movement is a transformational event to trigger the evolvement of landforms and drainages.

Key words: river capture； junction；development of drainage； genesis and formation times；
the first bend of Yangtze River； Longitudinal Range-gorge Region (LRGR)
in southwest China

Simulating Regional Land Use Change Based on CA and AO
　　　　　　　　
CAO Yingui1,2， WANG Jing1, TAO Jia3, LIU Aixia1, XU Ning1,2
（1. Land Key Laboratory of the Land Resources Ministry, Beijing 100035;
2. School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geoscience, Beijing 100083;
3. School of Geography and Environment Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275)

Abstract: Regional land use change is an important part of global change. The research of land use change in the reservoir area of Three Gorges has attracted a lot of attention with construction of Three Gorges dam. The reservoir area of Three Gorges has become one of the important research areas. Based on the Landsat TM datum in 1995 and 2005, simulated multi-land use types change in the reservoir area of Three Gorges was conducted with the support of RS and GIS. In the process of research, the theory of Cellular Automata and the model of Arc-Object were used, with programming in the VB environment to fulfill the simulation and the forecasting. Firstly, transform the land use map of coverage format into grid format, and the shatters were set 100*100m. Secondly, sample on the land use change map using the RASTER CALCULATOR in GIS, and then judge the transfer situation in order to determine the transfer probability of different land use types in the scale of 3*3 neighborhood. Thirdly, program in the VB environment and simulate repeatedly until the simulation result fits for the precision. Lastly, continue simulating and get the land use map in 2010 and 2015. The forecasting map indicates that the areas of urban land and rivers will increase and the area of cultivated land will decrease, which are reasonable and convincing because of the policy of returning cultivated land to forestry land and the rising of water level in the reservoir area.

Key words: cellular automata; land use change; multi-land types; simulation; reservoir area of
Three Gorges

Study on Construction Land Distribution in Fujian and Taiwan Provinces Based on Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis

WEI Suqiong1, ZHANG Jinqian1, CHEN Jianfei2
(1. Research Center of Natural Resources, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China;
2. College of Geographical Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510405, China)

Abstract: Spatial autocorrelation is an important kind of spatial statistics, which is used to disclose the spatial structure of regional disparity. Spatial autocorrelation means self-correlation or spatial dependence among observations of a geo-referenced attribute. There are two different scales for spatial dependence: global indicators and local indicators. Based on the image data including Fujian and Taiwan provinces cutting from ASTER images in 2002 after geometric correction, the construction land patches were distilled, and the question of construction land density of regional disparity in Fujian and Taiwan was reconsidered by using spatial analysis methods. According to the analytical results, there is a significant positive spatial autocorrelation of construction land density in Fujian and Taiwan. That is to say, the relatively high (low) developed area tends to be located more often nearby other high (low) developed areas than expected by random chance, and then each area should not be viewed as an independent observation. We also investigate the spatial association between core areas and adjacent areas by computing the Local Moran I at county level. With the use of Moran’s scatter plots and LISA (Local Indicators of Spatial Association) cluster maps, we can identify some different types of significant local spatial association based on the analysis of different areas in Fujian and Taiwan. As a result, the research provides an important cognition to construction land distribution in Fujian and Taiwan, and insights into the types of spatial association present in an economic region allow for more effective implementation of economic development policies in Fujian.

Key words: construction land; spatial statistics; spatial autocorrelation; GIS; Fujian and Taiwan

The Analysis of New Rural Contraction Based on Our Country’s Rural Economic Reforms and the
Income growth-rate Changes of Rural Household
　　
ZHONG Saixiang
(1. School Resources and Environmental Science, Wuhan 430072, China;
2. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China)
　　
Abstract: By probing the triple ebb and flow influence of rural economic reform on the income of farmers, this paper makes clear the direct relationship between the rural economics and the income growth-rate changes of rural household, and the problem in the rural economic development process: (1) every rural economic reform just happened when the rural economic condition was stagnated with potential great negative effect; (2) every rural economic reform brought on a high growth rate of income, but it was ended by rural economic development getting into hot water; (3) the rising range of the income of rural household shows itself to descend like a ladder. The paper figures out that the new rural construction is the extension of the last three rural economic reforms from 1949a in our country. Based on the last three rural economic reforms and endo-genetic pitfalls and the analysis of background bringing new rural contraction, the article says: (1) The rural economic development status has great demand again for new rural economic reform; (2) Considering the land reform and household contract responsibility system as an open sources reform, and the fee-to-tax reform as reduction expenditure police, the paper treats the new rural construction as broadening-sources of income strategy. It is essential to open a great source of wealth in new rural construction procedure under market economy. By referring to the experiences in agriculture development and the new rural construction from foreign countries, and based on the essential analysis and the cases study of new rural construction in our country, the paper concludes some suggestions for new rural construction.

Key words: land reform; household contract responsibility system; fee-to-tax reform; new rural
construction

Quantitative Study on Response of Ecosystem to Land Use/Cover Changes in Yulin Area Based on 3S Technology

Hao Huimei, Ren Zhiyuan, Xue Liang, Jiang Yanfei
(College of Tourism and Environmental Science, Shannxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062)

Abstract: The technologies of 3S and various economic analysis methods for ecosystem service evaluation were employed, and regional total ecosystems’ service values for different spatial scales in Yulin Area were calculated. Then, the factors that impact regional total ecosystems service values have been analyzed and the indexes employed to quantitatively evaluate the response of ecosystem to land use/cover changes were established. The results are as follows:① In 1987, 1999 and 2002 the total ecosystems’ services values of Yulin Area were 237.58 billion yuan, 173.43 billion yuan and 283.69 billion yuan, respectively. But it varied with the spatial variation in Yulin Area. During the whole study period, there is a decrease in terms of the proportions of the services values of farmland and an increase in terms of that of woodlands and grasslands in the Northern-Six-County as well as in the Southern-Six-County, but the sharpest increase in the Northern-Six-County was woodlands, while that in the Southern-Six-County was grasslands. ②Both the land use/cover changes and climate fluctuation are mainly responsible for the changes of regional total ecosystems’ service values yearly. Thus, only when the influence of climate fluctuation yearly is eliminated, can the response of ecosystems to land use/cover changes be evaluated more objectively. This was exactly indicated by the results of response indexes of ecosystems to land use/cover changes. ③For most of regions of different spatial scales, the response degree of ecosystems to land use/cover changes during the latter period was higher than that during the former period; and during the former period, changing of total ecosystems services values resulted from land use/cover changing in Northern-Six-County was more dramatic than that in Southern-Six-County, while it was vice verse during the latter period.

Key word: Yulin Area； land use/cover changes； services values of ecosystem； quantitative；
response of ecosystem to land use/cover changes； 3S

Trend Analysis of the Runoff Variation in Lhasa River Basin in Tibetan Plateau during the Last 50 Years

LIN Xuedong1,2, ZHANG Yili2, YAO Zhijun2, GONG Tongliang3,4, WANG Hong5, LIU Linshan2
（1. Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, CAS, Beijing 100085, China;
2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China;
3. Tibet Hydroelectric Investigation, Designed Research Institute, Lhasa 850000, China;
4. School of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China;
5. Tibet Hydrographic and Water Resources Survey Bureau, Lhasa 850000, China）

Abstract: Taking the Lhasa River Basin above Lhasa hydrological station in Tibetan plateau as a study objective, the characteristics of the annual and monthly mean runoff in 1956-2003 were analyzed, which were based on the hydro-data of the two hydrological stations (Lhasa and Tangga) and the meteorological data of the three meteorological stations (Damxung, Lhasa and Tangga). The trends and the change-points of runoff and climate from 1956 to 2003 were detected by using the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and Pettitt-Mann-Whitney change-point statistics. The correlations between the runoff and climate change were analyzed by using multiple linear regression. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual mean runoff in 1956~2003 is characterized by a great fluctuation and a positive trend with two change-points (around 1970 and the early 1980s), after which the runoff tended to increase and was increasing intensively in the last 20 years. Besides the annual mean runoff, the monthly mean runoff with a positive trend is in winter half year (from November to April) and summer half year (May, July and September). (2) The trends of the climate change in the study-area are generally consistent with the trend of the runoff, but the leading climate factors which aroused the runoff variation are distinct. Precipitation is the dominant factor influencing the annual and monthly mean runoff in summer half year, while temperature is the primary factor in winter.

Keywords: Lhasa River Basin; trend of runoff variation; Mann-Kendall trend analysis; Pettitt
change-point test; multiple linear regressions

Emergy Evaluation of the Eco-economic System of Inner Mongolia and Study on Its Sustainable Development Strategy

DONG Xiaobin1, YAN Maochao2,4, DONG Yun3, YANG Lingzhi4,
ZHANG Yufang1, ZHANG Xinshi1,5
(1. College of Resource Science & Technology, State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and
Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875; 2. Institute of Geographical Science and
Natural Resource Research, Academy of Chinese Science, Beijing 100101; 3. Yunnan Land and Resources
Vocational College, 650217; 4. Center for Studies of Regional Agricultural Development, 100094;
5. Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100093)

Abstract: Emergy theroy provides a common basis by converting all resouces into equivalents of one form of energy, solar emergy, a measurement of the past and present environmental support to any process occurring in the biosphere and some index indicating eco-economic efficiency. Inner Mongolia plays an important role in Chian west development, eco-environment construction, structure adjustment and nation's steady going. Emergy synthesis was explored here to research its value of main stored resources, total emergy consumption, inflow and outflow of emergy, emergy input rate, environmental loading rate, emergy sustainable index as well as population loading capacity and other index. In addtion, several relevant indicators were compared with those of other countries. The results showed that its ration of emergy to GDP was 27.1×1012sej/$, meaning slow flow of money and material with lower economic development compared to other develped area, and that 75.21 percent of total emergy use was irrenewable resources and self-supported emergy was 98.11 percent of total emergy use, which indicated that the economic increasing mainly depended on the large number of raw material input. This traditional extensive model consumed a great of resources, making the industrial structure and comparative benefit in lower level. Some related measures and policies for the sustainable development of Inner Mongolia were addressed. It should pay more attention to adjusting its industrial construction to improve its production efficiency, making great efforts to get more feedback with high quality emergy for its prosperous competitive ability, and also quickening the establishment of real capability with good environment and condition to accelerate the development of tourism industry.

Key words:Inner Mongolia, eco-economic system, emergy evaluation

Research on Process and Mechanism of Carbon and
Nitrogen Leaching for Forest Soils

FANG Huajun1, CHENG Shulan2, YU Guirui1
(1 Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101,China;
2 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China)

Abstract: Abroad attention has been drawn to effects of nitrogen deposition on process of carbon sequestration and depletion for forest ecosystem. However, further research is needed on fate of deposited nitrogen in forest ecosystem, impact of nitrogen increase on conversion process of soil carbon and nitrogen, and dynamics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in soil solution during pre- and post-soil nitrogen saturation. In this paper, new research advance on fields of soil nitrogen saturation and soil carbon/nitrogen leaching is discussed firstly. Secondly, process and meaning of soil nitrogen saturation are demonstrated by system approach. Inherent response mechanism of nitrogen increase and deposition on the composition and structure change of DOC/ DON is analyzed. Finally, influence of nitrogen increase on conversion of soil inorganic nitrogen and contribution of biotic and abiotic factors on sequestration of deposited nitrogen. To sum up, we think soil nitrogen saturation is a state of available nitrogen increase with time and exceeds capacity of biotic and abiotic hold in soil, and then processes such as nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, leaching and soil pH occur in non-linear change. Different responses of soil DOC and DON to added nitrogen are attributed to three stages of soil nitrogen saturation, which is related to the persisting time and quantity of nitrogen deposition or added mineralized nitrogen. As far as a certain terrestrial ecosystem is concerned, processes of nitrogen mineralization, nitrification, de-nitrification, immobilization and ammonium fixation in soil need to be deeply studied to make clear status of soil available nitrogen and temporal variability. Furthermore, uncertain questions, possible countermeasures and potential directions are pointed out in three research fields above to provide some reference for researchers.
Key words: nitrogen deposition; soil nitrogen saturation; dissolved organic matter; soil nitrogen
leaching; soil nitrogen transformation

The Conceptual Framework of Watershed Landscape
Optimization Concerning Water Environmental Protection

YUE Jun1,2, WANG Yanglin1,2, LI Guicai1,2, WU Jiansheng1,2
(1. College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
2. Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China)

Abstract：Landscape pattern, function and process all have close relationship with certain scale. Watershed with clear boundary and special scale and character becomes a focus region in studying landscape ecological process. For the collection of water by the gravitation at the watershed scale, the change of landscape pattern will heavily influence the water quality. Because the change of landscape pattern will dramatically influence the non-point pollution, it is necessary to control the non-point pollution from the perspective of landscape optimization. Considering the needs of water environmental protection at watershed scale, it is necessary to study how the type, pattern and spatial difference of landscape influence water pollution process. By reasonable allocation and complex design of landscape pattern, optimal landscape will change the distribution characteristics of pollution and stop the diffusion of pollution at spatial space. This will do good to water environmental protection and non-point pollution decrease.
　　In order to realize this target, this paper constructs a conceptual framework for landscape pattern optimization concerning water environmental protection. This framework mainly considers four aspects as follows：(1) the feasible usage of ‘Source’ and ‘Sink’ landscape with spatial differences as optimization rules; (2) the key points in ‘Source’ and ‘Sink’ landscape pattern optimization; (3) some limits such as quantity, cost and other things that influence the change of ‘Source’ and ‘Sink’ landscape; and (4) the combination of the landscape quantity optimization with the landscape spacial optimization. On the basis of these results, this paper fulfills a conceptual framework of landscape optimization concerning the water environmental protection and non-point pollution decrease.
　　According to an optimal combination of these four aspects, we could analyze the studying area characteristics, clear studying aims, confine optimal rules and carry out the research step by step. With some controlling methods of landscape ecology optimization, the landscape pattern optimization and water protection will be also realized. This study supplies not only a new view for resolving non-point pollution problem at watershed scale, but also a valid measure for decreasing the influence of landscape type and pattern on water quality.
　　
Key words: water environmental protection; landscape pattern optimization; ‘source’ and
‘sink’ landscape; Non-point pollution; watershed