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2007

Issue No.2

Evaluation of Sea Area in China and Positive Research of Grading of Sea Area

LUAN Weixin, LI Peijin
(1. Economics and Management College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116021;
2. Territory Resource Institute, Hu Nan, 410007)

Abstract: The sea area, as well as the land, is the assets of territory resources, and the paid use for sea area is an important system that enhances the coastal management. Based on the theory of land evaluation and combining the special attributes of nature and social economy in sea area use, this article has established the theory framework of sea area use and evaluation, and discussed the index system of grading the sea area, the selection of dominant factors, and the preliminary principles of grading sea area. We also have some empirical study to grading the sea area in Liaoning province , where the sea area is divided into four grades: the first grade, including the city of Dalian; the second grade, including cities of Huludao, Yingkou, Jinzhou, Zhuanghe, Wafangdian, Pulandian and the county of Changhai; the third grade, including the cities of Panjin, Donggang, Xingcheng, Gaizhou and Linghai; and the fourth grade, including the counties of Suizhong, Panshan and Dawa.

Key words： evaluation of sea area；grading of sea area

Spatial-temporal Variance of Agricultural Land Use Intensity in Hebei Province

CUI Li , XU Yueqing
(Department of Land Resource Management, College of Resources and Environment，
China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094)

Abstract: It is urgent to improve the agricultural land use intensity owing to more people and less land resources. Taking counties in Hebei province as evaluation units, an index system was established from four aspects: land investment degree, utilizing intensity, utilizing efficiency and sustainable development status. The weight of each index was calculated by the entropy method. The agricultural land use intensity during 1985～2005 was calculated by employing the methods of comprehensive index, and the spatial-temporal variance of the agricultural land use intensity was analyzed also in order to provide a basis of policy for intensive and sustainable use of agricultural land in Hebei province. The results show that the agricultural land use intensity was prone to be influenced by land investment degree and took on obviously territorial differences. The agricultural land investment degree and sustainable development status increased during 1985～2005, while the utilizing intensity and efficiency decreased.

Key words: intensive use; agricultural land; county regional scale; Hebei province

The Spatial Interaction of Housing Cost and Commuting Cost:
Evidence from Beijing Market

ZHENG Siqi1, ZHANG Wenzhong2
(1. Institute of Real Estate Studies, Tsinghua University;
2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS， Beijing 100101, China)

Abstract: Housing cost and commuting cost are two major and interrelated endogenous variables in urban spatial models. Households make trade-off between these two costs when choosing their residential locations, which in turn generate the spatial structure of housing price, construction density and commuting patterns. This paper reviews the theoretical equilibrium relationship between commuting cost and housing cost, discusses the impacts of various factors in real world on such a relationship, and provides some empirical evidence using the data from a special-designed survey in Beijing. We also discuss two implications of the empirical results in our paper for the public policies in urban growth management. One is that commuting cost should be considered together with housing cost when studying urban Households' housing affordability; the other is that the extreme departure of housing and jobs may produce negative outcomes, e.g., the bed-community at city edge, traffic congestion, air pollution, and spatial mismatch problem for disadvantaged population groups.

Key words: housing cost; commuting cost; residential location choice; bid-rent function

Erosion Detection by Remote Sensing

WANG Liwen1, NIU Zheng1, WEI Yaxing2
(1. The State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, CAS,
Beijing 100101, China; 2. Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China)

Abstract: Water erosion creates negative impacts on agricultural production, infrastructure, and water quality across the world. Regional-scale water erosion assessment is important, but limited by data availability and quality. Remote sensing technologies have been used in erosion research for many years, satellite image was applied in many respects of erosion assessing during the past 30 years. It is helpful to assess erosion by using remote sensing technologies, which can supply spatial data for assessing erosion. Satellite data can be directly used for detecting erosion and its consequences. Distinguishing the total feature of erosion can divide erosion regions. And then detection results can be achieved by assessing erosion intensity based on empirical relations. In the paper, applications of satellite images and sensors in erosion were discussed. A large number of earth observation satellites has orbited, and is orbiting our planet to provide frequent imagery of its surface. From these satellites, many can potentially provide useful information for assessing erosion. Many examples of detecting erosion features, eroded areas, and erosion consequences by remote sensing were presented.

Key words: remote sensing; erosion; detection methodologies

General Review of Soil Erosion in the Karst Area of Southwest China

LV Minghui, WANG Hongya, CAI Yunlong
(College of Environmental Sciences and Geography, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China)

Abstract: The ecosystem fragibility in the Karst area of Southwest China has been pay more and more attention to recently, especially of soil erosion. It is the most important question in this area to improve the environment capability and disaster carrying capability. The southwest Karst area of China is located in the center of the east~Asia Karst area, one of the three largest Karst areas in the world. Karst environment is very fragile and soil is in severe erosion and degradation, and the local people must confront with the concentrated poverty population and the lack of cultivated land. The development in Karst area in Southwest China is also easy to plunge into a vicious circle of poverty and environmental degradation. On the severe environmental question of soil erosion and degradation in the Southwest Karst area, primary achievement had been briefly reviewed in this paper in three aspects: current research, mechanism study and ecology reconstruction. The regionalization and classification of soil erosion in Karst area are presented. And this paper also generalizes the reason research of soil erosion in physical process and humanistic process, as well as the approaches of ecological restoration and reconstruction of the eroded land in Karst area. Some existing problems in this research field at present have been expounded and efficient research approaches and methods for soil erosion and ecological reconstruction in Karst area are put forward.

Key words: Southwest China；Karst；soil erosion；rock~desertation

An Overview on the Application of 210Pb and 137Cs Dating in the Research of Recent Sediment Accumulation Rate of Coastal Zone

SUN Li1, JIE Dongmei2, PU Lijie1,3
(1. The Department of Urban and Resources Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210095;
2. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northeast normal University, Changchun 130024;
3. Land Use Key Laboratory, Ministry of Land and Resource, Beijing 100029)
　　
Abstract: 210Pb and 137Cs techniques can be used to infer a geochronology with incomparable superiority in accuracy and timescale, which were widely employed for dating recent sediments deposited in fluvial, lacustrine, marine and other sedimentary systems on a timescale of about 100 years. The achievements and current situation of 210Pb and 137Cs dating in the coastal zone of China were summarized, which were in the primary stage when compared with the same kind of achievements overseas. Based on the characters of the sedimentary environment in the coastal zone, the problems and limitations of 210Pb and 137Cs dating for sedimentary rate were revealed, indicating that undisturbed sampling, high-precision sampling and partition, moderate adjustment, accurate descriptions of the regional distribution patterns of 210Pb and 137Cs concentration and comparison of 210Pb method with 137Cs time-mark counting were very important for correcting results. Further analysis of the model establishment for diffusion and mixing of 210Pb and 137Cs techniques was required. Referring to foreign research, the needs of some further improvements and some additional intensive work, especially in the coastal zone of China, were also suggested.

Key words: 210Pb, 137Cs dating; recent sediment rate; coastal zone

Research on Regional Water Resources Carrying Capacity Theory and Method

ZHANG Yongyong1， XIA Jun2，1，WANG zhonggen2
(1.State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University,
Wuhan,430072; 2. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related land Surface Processes, CAS, Beijing, 100101）

Abstract: Based on regional water resource carrying capacity research, this article took urbanized areas as a research object and began from water cycle process in the urbanized area to discuss water resource transform process that is influenced by intensive humanity activity and to analyze water resource carrying capacity connotation of urbanization area. The basic theories were proposed for water resources carrying capacity research in urbanized area, namely: the water cycle theory under changing environment, the interaction theory between urbanization, and the "social economy-water resources-ecological environment" composite system and sustainable development theory. Moreover, under the sustainable development principle, we brought the urbanized area water resource carrying capacity research into the complicated system of region "social economy - water resources - ecology and environment", and analyzed the coordinated relationship among water resources, social economy development, and ecological and environmental protection. We also proposed the theory frame and the method of water resources carrying capacity quantification research in urbanized areas. The research results may provide a theory support for implementation of water saving strategy, water resource reasonable disposition and sustainable development in urbanized areas..

Key words: water resources carrying capacity; sustainable development; urbanized area

Progress in Industrial Agglomeration Research

ZHANG Hua1，2， LIANG Jinshe3
(1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101,China;
2. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100039,China;
3. School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China)

Abstract: The geographical clustering of manufacturing employments and establishments is pervasive. Companies and plants are not distributed uniformly in space, but rather agglomerate in some places. Industrial agglomeration has been a popular economic phenomenon all over the world and has been paid a lot of attentions to by scholars and government’s officials. Industrial agglomeration is one of the main issues of economic geography, regional economics and other related disciplines. In this paper, the progress of theories and empirical studies in industrial agglomeration research is reviewed. Marshall has pointed at three types of externalities: labor pooling, intermediate inputs and knowledge spillovers. Classical and neoclassical location theories emphasize the role of transportation costs, labor costs and demands in promoting industrial agglomeration. Neoclassical trade theories stress technology or resource endowments and comparative advantages. In new economic geography models, the distribution of economic activities is driven by the interaction of transportation costs and scale economies. Empirical studies on industrial agglomeration confirm that a variety of significant variables, including factor endowments, external economies, scale economies, transportation costs, market demands and other non-economic factors, influence the formation of industrial agglomeration.

Key words: industrial agglomeration; agglomeration effect; externality; scale economies

Progress in Research on Land Suitability Evaluation in China

SHI Tongguang1， ZHENG Guoqiang1， WANG Zhiyong2， WANG Linlin2
（1. Center of RS & GIS, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101；
2. College of Population, Resources and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014）

Abstract: Land suitability evaluation, playing a basic role in land use planning all along, has progressed at a rapid rate since 1990s in china. The land suitability evaluation for agriculture develops continually. The agriculture land suitability evaluations aimed to protect the land in ecologically fragile regions have been put in practice widely, and the evaluations for individual crops have developed steadily. In addition, the evaluations for non-agriculture purposes such as urban land use, tourism land use, land consolidation and other land uses have been popularly and successfully carried out.
As the expansion of the land suitability evaluation fields, some new evaluation purposes emerge gradually; and the attention of evaluation factors has been paid to not only natural ones but also social, economic and behavior ones, which have developed the results of evaluation perfection. The new evaluation viewpoint was advanced thanks to the introduction of the landscape ecology theory, and the idea of sustainable land use have been accepted and penetrated into most evaluations.
While some conventional methods such as the Weighted Sum Model, the linear Regression and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) have been applied still to land suitability evaluations, several advanced approaches such as the Fuzzy mathematics Model, the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and the Genetic Algorithms have been attempted to improve the evaluation models. Geographical Information System (GIS) has been popularly applied to land suitability evaluation, and the integration of evaluation models into GIS has made the process of land suitability evaluation more flexible.
　
Key words: land; land suitability evaluation; progress; China

Progress on environmental effects of tidal flat reclamation

LI Jialin1,2， YANG Xiaoping1， TONG Yiqin1
(1. Coastal Resources and Environment Research Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CSA, Beijing 100101, China)

Abstract: Reclamation of tidal flat is one of the dominating methods for coastal countries to colonize territory and reconcile conflict between human and environment. The reclamation of tidal flat will decline the elevation of tidal flat, alter hydrodynamic processes and suspended sediment transport, reconstruct characteristic of sediment, and so on. So the vegetation community presents secondary succession and the flat which have been reclaimed will become artificial environment. Based on review of the international phylogeny of reclamation, this article probed into the influence of reclamation on coastal zone from four aspects: hydrodynamic processes and suspended sediment transport on tidal flat, geo-biological cycle of substances on coastal zone, ecology of botany and zoology on tidal flat, and salt marsh restoration and ecological reconstruction. Then the authors point out the difficulties, the shortages and main problems existing in the study. Finally, the article puts forward that special attention should be paid to multi-subject integrated research on environmental effects of tidal flat reclamation, especially, the changes of hydrological, sediment, soil characteristic of and function of coastal ecological system after reclamation. It should be based on comprehensive analysis of natural and artificial succession of coastal zone to investigate evolutional mechanism of coastal zone system which is influenced by reclamation and to seek sustainable utilization of coastal zone that considers both land demand and coastal environment preservation.

Key words: reclamation; coastal environment; tidal flat; salt marsh restoration; ecological
reconstruction

Development of Study on Sediment Budget Recently

CAI Qiangguo1, CUI Ming1，2, FAN Haoming3
（1. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes，Institute of Geographical
Sciences and Natural Resources Research，Beijing 100101;
2. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100101;
3. College of Water Conservancy; Shenyang Agriculture University; Shenyang 110161）

Abstract：The sediment budget affords an effective conceptual framework for quantifying soil erosion, sediment mobilization, transportation, deposition and storage within, and sediment output from, a drainage basin. And it constructs a more complete picture of sediment generation and distribution within basins and permits an assessment of the efficiency of the sediment delivery system. A range of studies on it have been undertaken with more and more advanced methods such as GIS, RS, GPS, fallout radionuclide measurements, etc. around the world and have got some satisfying results, but sediment budget has been applied in few studies and has not been well developed in China, so the recent developments of methods in sediment budget researches were concluded and their advantages were evaluated to encourage the national development of sediment budget researches, and some problems in these researches were mentioned too, that will make sediment budget a helpful tool to establish a reliable and scientific basis for formulating catchment management strategies.

Key words: sediment budget; small catchment; basin； soil erosion

Geographical Concentration and Agglomeration of Industries:
Measurement and Identification

HE Canfei, PAN Fenghua
(Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Peking University, Beijing 100871)

Abstract: This paper presents a literature review on the measurement of geographical concentration and agglomeration of industries. Indices of concentration should meet the following criteria: (1) being comparable across industries and spatial scales; (2) taking a unique (or known) value under the null hypothesis that there is no systematic component to the location of the industry;(3) the significance of the results should be reported where appropriate; and(4) measures should be unbiased with respect to arbitrary changes to the spatial classification and industrial classification. There are many concentration indices, including coefficients of variation, Herfindahl index, Hoover coefficient, Entropy index, Theil index and Gini coefficient. Those aggregate measures of geographical concentration, however, ignore the impact of plant distributions on geographical concentration of industries. Based on the model of plant locational choices, economists propose agglomeration indices designated to measure the excess of raw geographic concentration on productive concentration. However, both concentration and agglomeration measures only describe the location of industries on a single scale based on administrative regions. Distance-based methods, such as Ripley’s K function, serve to describe the spatial structure of industries at different scales at the same time. Existing literature also attempts to propose quantitative methods to identify industrial clusters. Location quotients and standardized locational quotients, spatial and industrial linkages, factor analysis and graphic methods based on input output have been applied. The identification of industrial clusters not only requires the consideration of industrial linkage, but also geographical proximity.

Key words: industry concentration; industry agglomeration; industry cluster

Classification of Land Use Degree in Yunnan Province Based on SOFM Networks

YE Minting1,2, WANG Yanglin1,2, PENG Jian1,2, WU Jiansheng1,2
(1. College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871 China; 2. The Key Laboratory for
Environmental and Urban Sciences, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, China 518055)

Abstract: Study on land use degree is one of the superiority fields of land arrangement and sustainable land use research. Classification of land use degree provides guidelines for utilization and conservation of regional land use as it can indicate regional differentiation regularity and existent problems. A considerable amount of research has been done on land use degree during the last decade. In this paper, Yunnan Province is taken as a case and unsupervised artificial neural network, namely Self-Organizing Feature Mapping (SOFM), is used in land use degree classification. The results indicate that classification of land use degree based on SOFM networks is a promising approach to land use studies. In this paper, Multiple Cropping Index is employed to the land use degree model so as to indicate the quality differences within a specific land use type. More improvements of the model should be brought through by further consideration. As for the data employed as input for training, not only the status quo of land use degree but also the influence factors are included. After the iterative learning phase in the SOFM analysis, six output units representing different classes of land use degree come forth, i.e., High land use degree-high population pressure-high economy pressure region, High land use degree-medium population pressure-medium economy pressure region, Low land use degree-medium population pressure-medium economy pressure region, Low land use degree-low population pressure-low economy pressure region, Medium land use degree-medium population pressure-low economy pressure region, and medium land use degree-low population pressure-low economy pressure region. Accordingly, some advice on utilization and conservation of land use is proposed based on the studying result. From the results obtained so far, it seems that SOFM is superiors over others in many aspects and has been trained to perform complex functions in various fields of application, including land use degree classification. But more improvements should be conducted before further applications.

Key words: land use degree; SOFM model; classification; Yunnan Province

Design and Application of Regional Karst Rocky Desertification Information System

LIAO Chimei1,2, HU Baoqing2, QIN Kaixian3, YAN Zhiqiang2
(1. School of Geography, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 1000875;
2. Faculty of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning 530001;
3. Guangxi Economic Commerce Polytechnic College, Nanning 530021)

Abstract: Using ArcGIS software as a basic platform, taking Du’an County as a case, and by the aid of spatial superimposing analysis and geographical statistical analysis methods among them, Regional Karst Rocky Desertification Information System, or RKRDIS, a specialty GIS based on Arc Objects, is designed out. In this system, specialty analytic model of Karst rocky desertification is taken as the nucleus, with spatial data as information materials, with the computer network as transport vehicle, in order to realize abstracting “information” from “data”. The information processing technology supports data analysis, query, display and management for Karst Rocky Desertification research, and provides spatial data analysis of Karst rocky desertification for dynamic monitoring, driving diagnosis, early-warming analysis, calamity assessment, and policy making.
　　Development of this system involves a variety of knowledge and professional skills like GIS, software engineering, natural geography, remote sensing, database design, computer technology and, etc., and is indeed a comprehensive integration of multidisciplinary knowledge. In particular, space analysis on Karst desertification disaster data, such as temporal-spatial monitoring, drive diagnosis, etc., is a full incarnation of features unique to GIS technology, since assembly system development method and method of management of space data by using relationship database, system structure based on C/S model, customized user interface and complete user functions, can better satisfy the requirements for application by users. So this is definitely a beneficial attempt that GIS technological application has ever been made in Karst desertification disaster field.
　　The system can provide new study methods and means for integrated assessment and analysis of Karst desertification by using geographical information system in combination with mathematical models, and for prevention and treatment of disasters in Karst desertification areas. Moreover, it is of particular importance for providing guidance to the scientific treatment and construction in Karst desertification areas.
　　
Key words: Karst rocky desertification； RKRDD.IS； region； ArcObjects

Issue No.1

Current Status and Prospect of Researches on Wetland
Monitoring Based on Remote Sensing

LI Jianping1,3，ZHANG Bai1，ZHANG Ling2，WANG Zongming1，SONG Kaishan1
(1. Northeast Institute of Geography and Agriculture Ecology，CAS，Changchun 130012，China；
2. Geo-information Engineering Institute of Jilin province，Changchun 130061，China；
3. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences，Beijing 100039，China)

Abstract: Wetland is one of the most important ecosystems, and it has high social benefit, economic benefit and scientific research value. Global wetland degraded and its amount decreased in the past several decades. Wetland resources are taking on a heavy pressure, and romote sensing technique plays an important role in real-time monitoring of dynamic changes of wetlands. In this paper, wetland monitoring mainly means classification and recognition of wetland based on remote sensing technique. Current status of researches on wetland monitoring based on remote sensing technique in China and abroad was systematically discussed from multiple aspects, including classification systems of wetland, pre-processing of images, remote sensing data sources of multi-resolution(multi-spatial resolution, multi-spectral resolution,multi-temporal resolution), methods of information extraction for wetlands(visual interpretation and computer auto-interpretation) and so on. Finally, three current shortcomings and six future keys of wetland monitoring based on remote sensing were presented.

Key words: wetland；remote sensing；current status；prospect

Comparison of NDVI and EVI based on EOS/MODIS data

LI Hongjun1, ZHENG Li1, LEI Yuping1, LI Chunqiang2，ZHOU Kan3
(1. Center for Agricultural Resources Institute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050021, China; 2. Meteorological Institute of Hebei Province，Shijiazhuang 050021, China; 3. State Forestry Administration, Beijing，100714,China）

Abstract: As the continuation and development of NOAA/AVHRR NDVI, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) of MODIS have been comprehensively used in many fields. In order to investigate the difference between NDVI and EVI derived from MODIS, comparative study of these two vegetation indices was conducted by statistics and geo-statistic methods (semi-variance function). By the comparison of the two kinds of vegetation index distribution maps in different period, it is demonstrated that EVI improve the sensitivity for well-vegetated areas where NDVI is saturated when plants grow well, which will be helpful in monitoring plants growth status. At same resolution, i.e. 250m, 500m and 1000m, by means of the geo-statistics, the results show that range, variance and variation coefficient of EVI is higher than that of NDVI, the value of NDVI is even, and its spatial relativity is higher than that of EVI, which all show that EVI is more sensitive to the spatial heterogeneity of plants in research area.
Key words: MODIS; normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI); enhanced vegetation index
(EVI); comparison

Research Development on Driving Factors and Ecological Effects
of Agriculture Landscape Pattern Change

ZHANG Baohua1，2, GU Yanfang2, DING Shengyan1，2, LIANG Guofu1
(1. College of Environment & Planning，Henan University，Kaifeng 475001, China；
2. Institute of Ecological Science and Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001,China)

Abstract: It is very important to research driving factors and ecological effects of agriculture landscape pattern change. Studies at the present time focus on dynamic changes of agriculture landscape pattern and its components，while rarely on induction and mechanism of driving factors and ecological effects. The new development of researches on agriculture landscape pattern change，driving factors，and ecological effects was summarized briefly in this paper, and the study emphasis aftertime was also put forward as follows: developing landscape pattern indexes which can reflect ecological processes(inducing driving mechanism of agricultural landscape pattern change), researching on ecological effects mechanism of agricultural landscape pattern change, developing methods in combination with holistic landscape index and long located observation data, researching on restoration methods in ecological degradation brought by agricultural landscape changes, agricultural landscape planning and actualizing, and designing high efficient farmland landscape structure.

Key words: agriculture landscape；pattern change；driving factors；ecological effect；development

The Ecological Processes and Landscape Patterns at Alpine Treeline Ecotone

YANG Zhenlin1,2, SHI Peili1
(1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of sciences,
Beijing 100101, China; 2. Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10039, China)

Abstract: The Alpine Treeline Ecotone (ATE) indicates the characteristics of the complicated ecosystems in the mountainous environment. It can also reflect the transition of the lower vegetations to the alpine vegetations. The location of the treeline is the result of a combination of a great number of unfavorable conditions for tree regeneration, seedling establishment and tree growth. For the sensitivity of the ATE to the climate change, ATE has become a hot topic in the alpine environmental and global change research. Recently, the landscape patterns and ecological processes of the ATE are mainly two aspects of the researches in the ATE. The researches majored in the landscape patterns of the ATE focus mainly on the landscape pattern of the ATE. And the researches majored in ecological processes of the ATE focus mainly on the formation mechanisms of the treeline. The development of GIS enhances the integration of the pattern and process of the ATE, and provides a useful tool to evaluate the relative importance of the biotic and abiotic factors in the research of the ATE.

Key words：treeline ecotone ecological process; landscape pattern; global change

Method Study of Constructing Digital Watershed for
Large-scale Distributed Hydrological Model

YANG Chuanguo1,2, YU Zhongbo1,3, LIN Zhaohui2, HAO Zhenchun1
(1. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University,
Nanjing, China; 2. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
3. Department of Geoscience, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4010, USA.)

Abstract: Large-scale distributed hydrological model plays an important role in the coupling atmospheric and hydrological models research at present. In this paper, ZB algorithm is proposed to obtain base on 1 km grid scale DEM data, because it can maintain data information about drainage basin boundaries and river networks very well at coarser resolutions. We apply ZB algorithm and grid-averaged algorithm at 5km, 10km, 15km, and 20km scales in the upper Yellow river (above Tangnaihai station, drainage area 121, 972 km2). Elevation, slope, wetness index, drainage density, length of main channel, watershed area and other parameters are extracted and compared with the parameters that are obtained based on 1 km DEM. Results show that DEM data obtained by ZB algorithm can hold stream network continuity and real watershed boundaries very well, and meanwhile it can decrease the amount of other geographical information falling off, compared to other algorithms. The method can supply satisfied digital watersheds for constructing large-scale distributed hydrological model.

Key words: large-scale hydrological model; DEM; ZB algorithm; digital watershed

Progress in Management System of Resource
and Environmental Modelbase

HUANG Hongsheng1,2,3， YUE Tianxiang1
(1. State Key Laboratory of Resource and Environment Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Nature Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China; 2. College of Land Resource and
Environment, JAU, Nanchang, China; 3. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China)

Abstract: Management System of Resource and Environmental Model base (MSREM) is one of the essential issues in resource and environmental field. There are usually two ways to develop MSREM, of which one is the model management techniques including database approach, structured modeling approach, object-oriented approach and knowledge-based approach, and another one is model management in GIS software such as Model Builder in ArcGIS. The first way can efficiently manage the models, but requires creating lots of codes to handle spatial data. The second way can utilize GIS to manipulate spatial data, but it doesn’t support building complex mathematical models. This paper proposes an object-oriented framework for MSREM, in which models are abstracted to model class and model instance. Model class and model instance are represented as an object. Spatial data and mathematical equation are parsed by Model Engine that is composed of mathematical library and GIS component. Model management and model reuse can be efficiently realized by combination of model base and database.

Key words: modelbase management system; model instance; model class; integrate GIS with
model; object-oriented method

GIS Based Analysis on Spatial Structure Urban Internal Population ——A Case Study in Shenzhen City

ZHANG An1,2, QI Qingwen1
（1. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources research， CAS， Beijing 100101，China；
2. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences， Beijing 100039）

Abstract：The population distribution reflects the mode of the urban internal population and social spatial structure. Because the population data is very easy to obtain and can be compared in temporal and spatial series. A lot of researchers use population data to reflect the urban internal spatial structure. GIS technologies have been used in spatial structure research in the social sciences frequently recently. In this paper, Shenzhen city is taken as an example in this paper to show how to research urban internal population spatial structure based on GIS. The data of Fifth (in 2000) and Fourth (in 1990) censuses of Shenzhen is used in our research in two aspects. Between 1990 and 2000 every street's population density changed a lot，but the highest value street did not changed. The population center of gravity moved to north west about 4km from year 1990 to 2000. Several population density models were simulated for the population distribution. The method of curve estimation is used in finding the population density mode. The optimal population density mode was the Inverse distribution functions，which means that the further from the center and the spars the city would be. And the exponential model (Clark model) is not the best. The results of spatial auto correlation means that the population in the sub-urban was growing fast but centripetence in the city center still exists.

Key words: GIS; population spatial structures; urban internal space；Shenzhen city

The Research on Harmonious Development Strategy of Urban
and Rural Integration in Metropolitan Periphery
——The Case of Shuangliu County, Chengdu municipal

WANG Kaiyong1，2， Chen Tian1， YUAN Hong1，2， WANG Liyan1，2
(1. Institute of Geographical Science and Natural Resource Research, CAS, Beijing 100101;
2. The Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039)

Abstract: The process of urbanization in China has been in a sustainable and rapid development period, and every city begins to pay more attention to the integration of urban and rural development. In some economically developed area, in order to push the process of urban and rural integration, harmonious development strategy of urban and rural integration should be made in time. On the base of discussing the new viewpoint of harmonious development strategy of urban and rural integration, this paper puts up some suggestions to make harmonious development strategy of urban and rural integration, such as analyzing systematically and harmonizing wholly; making use of the advantage and make up disadvantage; considering the urban and rural development at the same time; and paying more attention to industry, space and ecology strategy. The development situation and main problems should be mastered, which can put up related development strategy. As for Shuangliu county, it has an advantageous location and economic base, so it can take advantage of its excellent condition and outer development environment and carry out the following strategies: actualizing step by step and sustainable development; northern promotion and circular development; using resources appropriately and breaking through on key sides, which can promote concerted development of urban and rural integration.

Key words: urban and rural integration; harmonious development strategy; Shuangliu County

Summary Comments on Ecosystem Integrity

YAN Nailing1， YU Xiaogan2
(1. China Executive Leadership Academy, Shanghai 201204;
2.Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Science Academy of China， Nanjing 210008)

Abstract: Ecosystem integrity has recently been proposed to facilitate enhanced protection of biological and ecological resources. It is valued as a basis for environment ethnics and public environment policy. In many aspects it has been assumed that to maintain ecosystem integrity or system integrity is the general purpose for ecosystem management.
　　Yet ecosystem integrity is a relatively new concept with multi-aspect definition. Briefly to say, it focuses on the system components from structure point of view, while it prefers the integrity and dynamic characteristics from function point of view. Further more, it focuses on whether human value plays a great role in defining and measuring ecosystem integrity. There are merits and limitations in different definitions of ecosystem integrity, for each acknowledges of different aspects of ecosystem structure and function reflect the subjective perspectives of humans on the value, importance, and role of biological diversity.
　　From the point of self-organization, a system with health and the ability of self-evolution or of long-term adaptation to changing environmental conditions and human uses is of integrity. It is pointed out that ecosystem integrity and ecosystem health are different.
　　The paper also gives explanations on methodology of ecosystem integrity measuring and assessing. It suggests that the indices for measuring ecosystem integrity comprise index of components, index of structure, index of services and index of human disturbances.
　　The concept of ecosystem integrity has been applied in biodiversity conservation, ecosystem management and searching for proper human-nature relationship. It also makes up the ecological understanding and values of the sustainable development.

Key words: ecosystem integrity; measurement and assessment; ecosystem management

Identification, Evaluation and Internalization of Externalities of Agriculture

LV Yao, ZHANG Yushu
(Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS Beijing 100101)

Abstract：Externality of agriculture includes both external economy and external diseconomy. The external economy implies multiple roles of agriculture in food security, economic, ecological, social and cultural aspects besides providing food and fiber for human beings, while the external diseconomy is mainly focused on negative environmental impacts of agriculture, such as soil erosion, depleting water resources, non-point source pollution and greenhouse gas emission, etc. Externalities of agriculture in China in aspects of soil, water, air, biodiversity and landscape are identified and explained in detail. Many researches have been carried out on valuing the ecosystem services and external cost of agriculture, including a few about environmental cost in China. Yet the results can not be compared with each other simply because of numbers of reasons: strong regional characteristics of externalities, shortage of standard evaluating methods and different stands of evaluators. As both external economy and diseconomy are low efficient in resource allocation, the source of externality, whether from market failure or policy failure, or both, is being internalized by policy reform or technology amelioration. Objectives of both domestic agricultural policy and international trade one are to optimize multi-values of agriculture and to control the diseconomy of agriculture. Therefore, sustainable development of agriculture becomes one of preconditions. Policies and regulations that can protect rural environment, ensure food security and promote rural development have been attempted by Japan, USA and EU, etc., which have taken effects in different degrees. And sustainable agriculture technology has been proved to be one of feasible measures for internalizing external cost of agriculture, including: diversifying landscape, Integrated Pesticide Management, soil and water conservation, no tillage, and Best Management Practice, etc.
Key words：agriculture；externality；multi-value；identification；evaluation

The Regional Influencial Model of Wirelike Geo-object and
Case Study in Comprehensive Evaluation

MA Xin1,2,3, WU Shaohong1, KANG Xiangwu4, YANG Qingye1, XIA Fuqiang1, LIU ziqiang3
(1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Beijing 100101, China; 2. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China;
3. The College of Life and Environment Science of Xinjiang Normal University , Urumq 830054, China;
4. Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China, Beijing 100038, China)

Abstract: In geography study, wirelike geo-objects often have basic influence on regional characteristics, such as fault affecting regional crustal stability, traffic line affecting regional social and economic activity,and etc. But in the process of regional comprehensive assessment, the study of influences of wirelike geo-object currently uses approximate assessment methods, such as setting fixed affecting width or simply making off high, middle and low affecting areas, and etc. And the produce of assessment is inefficient. By analysis, the regional influence of wirelike geo-objects has common characteristics such as: distance attenuation, class effect, congregate effect and direction effect, etc. And the basic feature of field includes spatial construction and feature domain, continuity and differentiability, istropic and anisotropic, self-mutuality, and etc. In contrast to wirelike geo-object influence and field model, the result shows that the distribution of wirelike geo-object influence belongs to 2-D field model and using the feature of field can adequately reflect the characteristic of wirelike geo-object to region. Therefore, we suggest taking the model of regional influence field to imitate wirelike geo-object influence for region. And by using of GIS to form regional influence field of wirelike geo-object, the results show that regional influence field can preferable reflect the degree of wirelike geo-object affected field and is applicable to express the regional influence of wirelike geo-object.

Key words: wirelike geo-object; GIS; field model; regional influence

Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Water by Algae
　
JIANG Yongbin1, JI Hongbing1,2
(1. The Key Laboratory of Metropolitan Eco-Environment Processes, College of Environmental Resource
and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037， China; 2. The Key Laboratory of Environmental
Resource and GIS of Beijing, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100037 ，China)
　　　　　
Abstract: Heavy metal pollution in aqueous system is a significant world-wide problem. Heavy metal ions which are present as ions in wastewater are toxic and can be readily absorbed into the human body through the food chain in aquatic ecosystem. The prevention of heavy metal contamination in aquatic environments is often performed by conventional methods. However, these methods have many disadvantages, such as incomplete metal removal, toxic sludge generation and cost inefficiency. Metal uptake by microorganisms has been studied for some years. Researches indicate that algae have the abilities to accumulate trace metals. Based on findings, technologies of bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated water by algae in living and non-living form have been developed and got more and more attention around worldwide for its cost-effective and environmental friendly characteristics. Some of the technologies in heavy metal removal, such as High Rate Algal Ponds and Algal Turf Scrubber, have been justified for some practical application in China and abroad and limitations of these methods in large scale still exist. As an innovative clean-up technology, it mainly depends on the biosorption and bioaccumulation abilities of algae, and the former is dominated in the whole process of bioremediation. Studies suggest that the constituents of algae cell wall such as alginate and fucoidan which have key functional groups are chiefly responsible for biosorption of heavy metal ions. Cell storage and extracellular polysaccharides play important role in heavy metal detoxification of algae. In order to quantification of metal-biomass interactions, several adsorption models are also discussed for algae so that we can evaluate their potential for metal uptake. Although a number of studies using different types of algae have proved that bioremediation is a more effective method for heavy metal removal than the conventional methods. However, there still exist some deficiencies in mechanism and application of bioremediation. So, further investigation is still needed to elucidate the process of bioremediation and optimize the maximum efficiency of removal, which is expected to lead to its large scale exploitation in our country.

Key words: algae; heavy metal; bioremediation; uptake; biosorption

Scientific Prospect of Fractal Theory Applied to the Network Space of Tourism System

ZHU Xiaohua1, WU En2
(1. Institute of Geographical Science and Natural Resources Research， Chinese Academy of Sciences， Beijing 100101； 2. College of Landscape Architecture， Beijing Forestry University， Beijing 100081）

Abstract：Fractal world is constructed by the invisible hands of nature. Coastline, mountain ridges, faults， river basins, and etc. are fractal objects. Human beings select to stay in the beautiful places, so the natural and man-made integrated objects are formed gradually. Then the network space of tourism system is formed accordingly. Mandelbrot stated the uncertainty of the coastline length in his paper “How long is the coast of Britain? Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension” published in“Science” in 1967. The concepts of fractal and fractal dimension were presented for the first time in that paper and have been applied to quantitatively describe the difference of crooked coastlines of British and South Africa. Based on extensive and thorough observation of a large amount of geographical, geological and economic phenomena, Mandelbrot discovered an inherent character in nature that he called fractal, and he also considered the fractal dimension as a quantitative parameter to describe numerous irregular phenomena in nature. As a new tool to picture the complexity of nature, the fractal theory has been widely used in many fields. Compared with the Euclidean geometry of more than two thousand years of history, fractal and fractal dimension are fitter for describing various complicated objects in nature. The fractal theory has been applied to many fields, which has actually constituted a scientific field with a broad frontier called Fractal. At present, it becomes a field with vast potential for use and application in many disciplines. And no doubt it also provides new analytical capability and scope to the innovation of tourism study. As to the study of tourism, researches on the fractal characteristics and fractal dimensions of the network space of tourism system have not been attempted till now. In this paper，the scientific significance and research aspects are prospected. As a case study of Beijing, the fractal proof is provided in terms of the network space of tourism system. It is useful to advance the theory level of China tourism science.

Key words: tourism system; network space; fractal; fractal dimension; prospect

The Roles of Ecosystem Observation and Research Network
in Earth System Science

FU Bojie1， NIU Dong1， YU Guirui2
(1. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences;
Bureau of Science and Technology for Resources and Environment, CAS; Beijing 100085;
2. Synthesis Research Center of CERN; Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling;
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS; Beijing 100101)
　　
Abstract: Earth system science aims at earth system and particularly focuses on its different spheres, key factors and the interactions between nature and human activities. It is the emerging fields promoted by scientific development and social demand. The concept of Earth system science was proposed for solving the problems of global resources and environment, which was an important stage for earth science changing into the direction of integration study. At present, a number of important international joint research programs have been organized on global scale under the guidance of earth system science that attempts to unite global scientists to boost the development of earth science.
　　The development of earth system science relies on the integrated observation of the physical, chemical and biological processes in key elements and spheres of earth system. Since 1980s, many observation, monitoring and information sharing networks have been established on regional, national and international scales by some countries, international organizations and projects. International Long Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) was established in 1980s. The scientific objectives of ILTER are to carry out long-term observation on ecological processes, study the interaction among various ecological factors, investigate the long-term changes of ecosystem and environment and offer scientific support for ecosystem assessment and management.
　　Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) was initially established in 1988. It has played important roles in the dynamic observations, scientific research and production demonstrations of ecosystem and environment in China. Based on CERN, Chinese National Ecosystem Network (CNEN) was established by the Ministry of Science and Technology in 2005. Fifty-three stations have been enrolled to CNEN for dynamic observations and research in cropland, forest, lake, gulfs and grasslands as well as deserts. CNEN will become a necessary part of the GEOSS and take important roles in the development of earth system science in China. This study will discuses the potential roles of ecosystem observation and research network in earth system science and future directions of CERN.

Key words: ecosystem; earth system science; CERN; CNEN; GEOSS