"The Most Excellent Geographic Journal" honored
	"Progress in Geography", an academic journal, by Geography Institute,CAS. The English Version is under construction. Here offered are English abstracts. WElCOME!
	hotprint abstract researcher news institution About us Chinese

Issue No.2

Global Environmental Change and Human Health

CHENG Yang1,2, YANG Linsheng1, LI Hairong1
（1. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing,100101 China；
2. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, GSCAS, Beijing, 100039 China）

Abstract: Today’s Global Environmental Change caused by massive human pressures on natural systems has significant and wide impacts on human health. There is much contemporary discussion on “global environmental change”(GEC), which is not only “climate change”, but refers to human-induced changes in the large-scale biophysical and ecological systems that comprise the earth’s life-support systems. Many world organizations and scientists follow the request of the research on “Health and Environment”, and have some conclusions on eliminating or alleviating the potential adverse health effects caused by environmental change. This paper introduces the content and the framework of environmental change and human health research within ESSP, composed of WCPR, IGBP, DIVERSITAS and IHDP, and based on the question of how global environmental changes might affect human health. It summarizes the impacts on human health brought by the following seven aspects: climate change, ozone depletion, biodiversity lose, land desertification and drought, environmental pollution, globalization, and urbanization. However, recent research activities are most fully developed in relation to climatic influences on human health. How policymakers should make decisions, which would focus on preventing adverse health effects of the environmental changes without impeding the economic development, is another hot topic, especially in developing countries. The poor, the elder, the ill, and the children are the vulnerable population to the environmental change. Implementation of policies for dealing with any adverse impacts on human health would be helpful to cope with any adverse impacts of environmental change. As an example, the challenge for China on the “Human Health and Environmental Change” is explained at the end of the paper. With global environmental change, there is an urgent need to understand the possible consequences for human societies, and scientific research would be effective against the most of potential adverse effects on health from global environmental change.
Key words: global environmental change; human health; climate change

Humanistic Geography——A Personal View

Yi-fu Tuan
（University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA）

Abstract: Humanistic geography is a genre of geography born in late 1960s. It is the emerging period of humanism in Anglo-America. A series of theories came out which criticize the knowledge system of logic-positivism. Humanistic geography is one of them. The philosophical fundaments of humanistic geography are existentialism and phenomenology. Yi-fu Tuan, Edward Relph, Anne Buttimer, David Ley, Marvyn Samuels and Nicholas Entrikin are the leaders of humanistic geography. Yi-fu Tuan published the first article about humanistic geography, which was collected in Human Geography(1978). It is the first collection work on this field.
　　One of the main aims of humanistic geography is corresponding the following relations: social sciences and human, understanding and wisdom, objectivity and subjectivity, materialism and mentalism。Its task is to develop methodology of human geography, and farther to understand the position of mankind on the earth. These points run through each part of this article. The standpoint of humanistic geography for social criticism is ethic and moral. One characteristic of humanistic geography is to emphasize human ability of sense to the nature and the world. This article discusses that ability from three aspects. Firstly, geography pays attention to differences of places which emerge to different qualities of them. A place can be felt through senses, and the comprehensive senses form the felt qualities of the place. Secondly, when dealing with the relationship between human and the nature, power is often added onto the nature, which distorts the origin form of natural things. To feel the harmony of nature and human can upgrade human morals. Thirdly, imagination is an ability of getting experiences of the world, from which cultures come out. Human may be trapped when running after a better material and/or mental life. At the end of this article, the author states that a humanistic geographer must have a vast command of the facts meanwhile must be skilled and sensitive to the complexities and subtleties of the nature.
Key words: humanistic geography; place; human and nature; culture

Coastal Aeolian Research in China: Progress and Prospect

DONG Yuxiang
(School of Geography and Planning, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, 510275)

Abstract: Prior to the 1980s, the coastal Aeolian research in China was actually nonexistent. The comprehensive investigation of coastal zones and tidal flat resources of the country during the 1980~1986 period initiated and promoted the coastal Aeolian research. Since then, the study in this respect has been continuously conducted and significant progress has been made in the research scope and depth. This paper summarizes the main progress and achievements in coastal Aeolian research in China，which include coastal Aeolian dune types and distribution characteristics in China, formation and evolution models of coastal Aeolian dunes in China, depositional characteristics of modern and ancient coastal Aeolian sediments in China, threshold wind velocity of coastal sand movement and Aeolian sand flow structure in coastal zones of China, migration rates of coastal dunes, and coastal Aeolian disaster and its control in China. Although substantial results of coastal Aeolian research in China have been achieved and the blank in this research field has been filled, there is a certain gap as compared with other countries because our study in this respect was initiated at a comparatively late date, with a short research history. In view of this, special attention should be paid to the following aspects in future study of coastal Aeolian problem in China. First, observation and modeling of coastal Aeolian movement are the foundation and core of coastal Aeolian study. Observations and modeling of coastal Aeolian movement in the representative coastal zones of China using advanced and practical field observation instruments and techniques are quite essential; Second, in the face of increasingly exacerbating global change situation, actively conducting the research of the relation between global changes and coastal Aeolian evolution process is an important subject in the current coastal Aeolian research; Third, for the protection of coastal Aeolian land, the study on the coastal Aeolian control is also essential.

Key words: China; coastal Aeolian; research summary

A Literature Review on Geographical Concentration of Industries

HE Canfei, LIU Yang
(Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China)

Abstract: The geographical concentration of employments and establishments is pervasive. Companies and plants are not distributed uniformly in space, but rather agglomerate in some places. Both location theories and trade theories could be applied to explain the geographical concentration of industries. Classical and neoclassical location theories emphasize the role of transportation costs, labor costs, demand and locational interdependence in promoting spatial clustering of industries. Behavioralists stress the importance of uncertainties, information and knowledge. Strategic perspectives highlight the strategic interactions between related economic agents in locational decisions. Structural location theories relate industrial locations to industrial organization and industrial linkages. In the existing theoretical literature, three broad families of trade models are related to geographic concentration: the neoclassical trade models, new trade models and new economic geography models. In the neoclassical trade theories, the spatial pattern is formed through inter-industry specialization with industries settling in locations with comparative advantages. New trade models are characterized by increasing returns to scale, product differentiation and monopolistic competition. Scale economies provide regions with incentives to specialize even in the absence of differences in their technology or resoure endowments, and make firms to concentrate their production in a few locations. In the new economic geography models, the distribution of economic activities becomes entirely endoenous. Geographic concentration is driven by the interaction of transportation costs and scale economies, which creates demand and cost linkages. Empirical studies on geographical concentration of industries confirm a variety of significant variables including resource endowment, market demand, internal scale economies, external economies, industrial linkages and trade liberalization.

Key words: geographical concentration of industries; location theory; trade theory;
agglomeration economies

Land Cover Classification Based on MODIS Data in
Area to the North-west of Beijing

LIU Aixia，WANG Jing，LV Chunyan
（Key Laboratory of Land Use, Ministry of Land and Resources,
China Land Surveying & Planning Institute, Beijing 100035）

Abstract: This paper presented the research on land cover classification in area to the north-west of Beijing based on MODIS 16-day NDVI and 8-day LST time series datasets in 2002, 1:50000 DEM and some ancillary data. We first selected a land use/land cover classification system suitable to MODIS remote sensing data, the classification system was built based on remote sensing data after comparing and summarizing the features of different remote sensing data. Secondly, in order to improve the classification accuracy, we performed a PCA transform on the MODIS NDVI time series data to remove noises, and selected the first four components as the basic land cover classification data. Finally, combined with MODIS LST data, DEM and other ancillary data of study area, we applied fuzzy K-means non-supervised classifier to get the land cover automatic classification in area to the north-west of Beijing. After post-classification process of the original classification result, the last land cover classification map of area to the north-west of Beijing in 2002 was got. Compared with the manual interpretation classification result based on the ETM+ remote sensing data, we had a classification accuracy evaluation about MODIS data. The final classification result showed that the 250m MODIS NDVI time series data and the classification method used in the paper not only can suit to large-scale land cover classification, but also can have better classification accuracy. Based on the classification result of area to the north-west of Beijing, we had a statistic about the area of seven land cover types and analyzed their geographic distribution.

Key words: area to the north-west of Beijing; MODIS data; land cover classification

Spatial Variability and Prediction of Soil Organic Matter at
County Scale on the Loess Plateau

LIAN Gang1，2， GUO Xudong1， FU Bojie2，HU Chenxia2
(1 Key Laboratory of Land Use， Ministry of Land and Resources，
China Land Surveying & Planning Institute， Beijing 100035;
2 Key Laboratory of Systems Ecology，Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences， CAS， Beijing， 100085)

Abstract: Analysis and forecast on the spatial distribution and dynamics of soil properties is an important element of sustainable land management. Spatial variation of soil organic matter was analyzed according to different land use types and different topography conditions， based on data from 254 points of surface soil (0~20cm) in Hengshan county on the Loess Plateau (NW China). Correlation analyses were carried out between the soil organic matter and the terrain attributes and remote sensing indices. Finally， the land use types and the terrain attributes and remote sensing indices were used to predict soil organic matter spatial distribution by multiple-linear regression analysis. Significant differences in soil organic matter among different land use types were found， the highest values in soil organic matter were measured in soils from paddy field， and lower values in the soils from woodland and shrub land. For soil organic matter， the tendency was: paddy field>irrigated farmland>terrace farmland>check-dam farmland>grassland>slope farmland>woodland>shrub land. In different slope gradients， soil organic matter in ‘0~3°’ gradients was significantly higher than other slope gradient classes. There was little difference in soil organic matter among different slope aspects， but there was a tendency that soil organic matter in northern aspects was higher. Different correlations were found between the soil organic matter and the terrain attributes and remote sensing indices. It was found that there are positive correlations between soil organic matter and the COSα， CTI， MSAVI and WI. There is a strong negative correlation between soil organic matter and elevation. Using environmental variables to predict soil organic matter， the regression model explains 34.6% of the variability of the measured soil organic matter. But the variation is rather large and there is a more smoothing effect on the predicted values for soil organic matter.

Key words: soil organic matter; land use; terrain attributes; remote sensing indices; spatial
variation; regression analysis

Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Model in the Yellow River
Basin: State-of-the-Art Review

LI Jingyu1, ZHANG Nan2，WANG Rongbin1
(1. Key Laboratory of Land Use, Ministry of Land and Resources, China Institute of
Land Surveying and Planning, Beijing 100035, China;
2. College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University,
Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education，Beijing 100875, China)

Abstract: Studies on soil erosion and sedimentation have been a very active field of research in geography, water and soil conservation, hydrology and water resources for many years. During the past several years, a great deal of in-depth studies on soil erosion and sedimentation models in the Yellow River basin, especially in Loess Plateau, were carried out, and many good results achieved. With the implementation of “Model Yellow River” during the past years, many soil erosion and sedimentation models including empirical model, conceptual model, and physically-based distributed model have been developed and tested in the Yellow River basin. On the other hand, with the combination of water and soil conservation, water resources allocation and management, and rational allocation and utilization of soil and water resources, some good models developed and tested in abroad countries have been introduced into and used in China recently. From two aspects including the development of new models and the application of old models developed in foreign countries, major results achieved in China from the middle of the 1990s in the field of soil erosion and sedimentation modeling have been reviewed in this paper. Some recommendation and suggestions are given for the future study of soil erosion and sedimentation modeling in the study area. As several of the preliminary conclusions obtained in this study, the field experiment measurement is necessary for any kind of theoretical or empirical models. The application of geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing techniques will greatly improve the performance of any soil erosion and sedimentation model. The development and application of physically-based distributed model will be one of the best choices in the field of research in the future.

Key words: Loess Plateau; soil erosion; sedimentation; Yellow River; model

The Research of Characteristics and Causes of
the Migrant Population in Chongqing

LI Juan1,2， REN Guozhu1， LU Qi1， ZHANG Junyan1,2
（1. Institute of Geographical Science and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101；
2. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences， Beijing 100083）

Abstract：Based on the collected data of population census of 1990 and 2000, this paper analyzes the causes，Characteristics, structure and changes of the floating population in Chongqing Municipality. More and more surplus laborers wanted to find jobs in more developed cities and regions and the movement to urban has bolstered the municipality economy, particularly rural economy. This paper holds:
1) Compared with 1990，along with the increasing of attraction to other place, the proportion of floating population from outside of the Municipality increased rapidly in 2000. Among them, the merchandise driving force effected efficiently.
2)The construction industry and the tertiary industry accepted a large number of the immigrants, in the meantime, the main body of the immigrants was working as construction and services in the large city.
3) The home area was convergence while the transfer of migrants didn’t correspond to the distance or the regional interactive relationship. Moreover, it’s a more important reason that the difference of regional economic development became prodigious in the last 10 years. So, the regional economic has complementally effect each other.
4) The professional structure of the floating population came from rural area was different with the prevenient status. There has great difference between not only present situation and prevenient status but also between inside and outside of the municipality.

Key words: Chongqing; floating population; characteristics of migrants

Retrieved Deduction of Soil Moisture Spatial Distribution
and Drought Discrimination Based on Remote Sensing

LI Yuhuan1,2， WANG Jing1， CAO Yingui1
（1. Key Laboratory of Land Use, Ministry of Land and Resources, China Land Surveying & Planning Institute, Beijing,100035； 2. Shandong Agricultural University College of Resources and Environment, Taian 271018）
　　　　
Abstract: Soil moisture monitoring acts as an important role in reasonable water resource utilization and scientific management and decision-making of drought-fight. Soil moisture has relation with vegetation growth index(NDVI) and land surface temperature(LST). The NDVI was derived from the red and the NIR bands and the LST from the one or two thermal bands. The paper adopted LST retrieved from TM/ETM+ by mono-window algorithm and the modified soil adjustment vegetation index(MSAVI) based on ground soil spectrum line parameters and the earth reflection by COST model from the same satellite data. By analyzing the linear relation between LST and MSAVI, soil moisture indicators were put forward in terms of three geometrical expressions based on the two extreme points of the LST-MSAVI scatterplots, and drought discrimination function(DF) which was be used to discriminate the drought years or areas from the wet ones based on the DFij received either positive or negative values or the regress between the DFij values of the respective geometrical index and soil moisture component by Laboratory. a clear trend was exhibited between the drought-year cluster (negative values) and the wet-year cluster (positive values). The crossing point between the regression line and the DF= 0 line could be used to quantify the threshold between wet and drought regions in terms of soil moisture component. The retrieved model was built to illuminate soil moisture spatial distribution depending on linear regression analysis between soil moisture and LST or MSAVI. Results of the discrimination function for each of the drought indicators are presented. The “length” indicator is able to successfully separate the two drought years(1990, 2001) from the wet years(1991, 2002). The drought-land was discriminated by the DFj values as a function of the soil moisture of each region with DFj=0 and soil moisture=10~11%. Therefore the result showed that more information was mined by combining LST and MSAVI; length indicator could present valuable information for drought based on TM/ETM+; It wasn’t remarkable for the retrieved soil moisture to be tested by T-test; and the retrieved model from LST was better and more valuable than that from MSAVI.

Key words: soil moisture； LST； MSAVI； drought discrimination function

Advances and Expectations of Intensive Land Use Researches

SHAO Xiaomei，LIU Qing， ZHANG Yanyu
（Key Laboratory of Land Use, Ministry of Land and Resources,
China Land Surveying & Planning Institute, Beijing 100035）

Abstract：Currently, intensive land use has not only become one of the important contents of circular economy and economical society, but also is a key work in country land resource management departments. Based on the critical review on the development of international intensive land use researches, the developing trend of intensive land use has been carried out in this paper． It is found that studies on following four aspects should be strengthed. (1) On research view, the coupling relationship between the regional industry structure and land use structure should be studied further. (2) On research content, because related research is at preliminary stage, the study of standard system can not meet the demands of economical society. It is urgent to carry out the study of the investigation standard, evaluation standard and auditing standard of intensive land use. (3) At research scales, multilayer and different region intensive land use researches, including medium, small cities and agriculture, should be identified and discussed. (4) On research methodology, the application of GIS technology, systemic dynamic model and Artificial Neural Work should be developed in order to change traditional qualitative analysis and simple quantitative analysis. The results and conclusions in this paper will provide scientific basis for accelerating the study of intensive land use in China.

Key words: intensive land use; advances; expectations

The Times Significance, Scientific Ideas and Principles of
the Construction of Ecological City in China

WANG Fazeng
(College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001 )

Abstract: The construction of ecological city conforms to the ecological trend of the world, and it is a necessary way to promote the sustainable development of Chinese cites. The scientific ideas of choosing the construction of ecological city as the only strategy, understanding the purpose and important tasks of the construction, stressing the key factor of city space, and invoking the optimization of city open space system, should be established. The fundamental aim of the construction of ecological city is: urging the city ecosystem's structure and function to be reasonable and coordinated, realizing the city scale expansion and the connotation optimization by the new growth way, adjusting the city spatial structure and building the open space systems by the intensified way, realizing the high fusion of the city primarily nature environment with the artificial environment by the restoring way, and promoting the city to enter the condition of the sustainable development. The construction of ecological city in China should take the scientific principles of optimizing wholly the city-region ecological system, coordinating the relationship between the construction and the economical-social development, taking human beings as the basis，sharing equal profit, and adhering to the regional creativity. Under the condition of extremely arduous urbanization duty and city burden aggravates in China, it is really a grand project with rich times significance and great interest to the country and the people. We should improve the city ecological environment quality and give impetus to ecological city construction by scientific ideas and principles, from the very beginning.

Key words: ecological city; city ecological system; city-region ecological system; scientific
ideas; scientific principles

Evaluation and Regulation Principles for the Effects of
Human Activities on Ecology and Environment

WEI Jianbing1,2， XIAO Duning1， XIE Fuju1,2
(1. Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China;
2. Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039， China )

Abstract: With the explosion of population and the rapid development of technology and economy, human activities have been a greater and greater effect on the earth. Human unreasonable activities have led to the degradation of ecology and aggravated the occurrence of natural disasters. Therefore, the effects of human activity on ecology and environment have been one of the key points in the study of man-land relationship. This paper firstly reviewed and discussed the deep impact of human activities on ecology and environment. The main impact types include: land use, large-scale engineering constructions, urban expansion and inducing natural disasters. The main impact approaches: land cover change, habitat and species loss, speeding up surface sediment transfer, increasing energy inputted into nature, and new substances (pollutants) generated and transfered in natural environment. The impact is multi-time scale, from day, month, year, century to geological ages and is also multi-space scale, from local, landscape, regional to global sphere. Second, the authors emphasized the importance of exerting the positive role of human activities and carrying out the regional ecological reconstruction in China. Third, in order to evaluate quantitatively human activity intensity and seek the methods to regulate the direction and velocity of human activity， the authors enumerated and commented on some human activity intensity and critical point regulation indexes which are respectively Economic density, Population density index, Human action relative intensity, Ecological footprint, Human activity index, Disturbance degree index, Human effect intensity model, Renewable resource use threshold, Environmental Kuznts Curve, Net primary productivity, and Biodiversity safety threshold. Fourth, the authors brought forward briefly the principles for regulating human activities. At the end of this paper，the authors expressed a preliminary idea on the theory of landscape ecological reconstruction focusing on orderly human activity，which should be a useful theory for evaluating and regulating human activities actively.

Key words: human activity; resource and environment; ecological effects; regional ecological
restoration

Study On Land Degradation Mapping by Using Hyperion Data
in HengShan Region of China

WU Jian1，2, HE Ting1, CHENG Penggen2
(1． Key Laboratory of Land Use, Ministry of Land and Resources, China Land Surveying & Planning Institute， Beijing 100035, China； 2． East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou 344000)

Abstract: Land degradation, defined as the loss or the reduction of the potential utility or productivity of the land, is a major environmental problem in the world today. The land degradation process is generally divided into three classes: (1) physical degradation; (2) biological degradation, and (3)chemical degradation. The assessment of land degradation requires the identification of indicators such as soil vulnerability to erosion. Generally, the assessment of the state of land degradation can be carried out by using the Global Assessment of Soil Degradation (GLASOD) method. Hoosbeek et al. recommended this qualitative method to classify soil degradation by using remote sensing data.
Degradation features can be detected directly or indirectly by using image data. Based on the Hyperion images, this paper brings forward a new mapping algorithm, called Land Degradation Index, aimed at land degradation in Hengshan region of China. It is based on the classified process. We applied the linear spectral unmixing algorithm with the training samples derived from the formerly classified process so as to find out new endmembers in the RMS error imagine. After that, by using neutral net mapping with new training samples, the classified result was gained. In addition, after applying mask processing, the soils were grouped to 3 types (Kappa =0.90): highly degraded soils; moderately degraded soils; and slightly degraded soils. By analyzing 3 mapping methods, i.e. mixture-classification, the spectral angle mapper and mixture-tuned matched filtering, the results suggest that the mixture-classification has the higher accuracy (Kappa=0.7075) than the spectral angle mapper (Kappa=0.5418) and the mixture-tuned matched filter (Kappa=0.6039). As a result, the mixture-classification is selected to carry out Land Degradation Index analysis.

Key words: land degradation index；mixture-classification；the spectral angle mapper；
mixture-tuned matched filtering；endmember

Conception and Scientific Foundation of State Special Eco-region

ZHANG Baiping1, LU Dadao1, MA Xiaoding2, CHENG Xuan2, MA Peng3, SUN Ranhao1
(1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101;
2. Research Institute of Investment, State Development and Reform Commission, Beijing 100038;
3. Development and Reform Commission of Zhaotong City, Yunnan 657000)

Abstract：This paper outlines for the first time the concept of state special eco-region. Ecological security is one of the most severe challenges facing China’s sustainable development in the 21st century. But, it is closely related with manifold factors such as poverty, regional development model and orientation, and simple ecological projects have not much effect owing to inherent shortcomings. Objectively, in West China there exist “three in one” areas with fragile ecology, underdeveloped economy, but outstanding position in national ecology or resources. They should get special policies, including sustained ecological compensation, concentrated investment instead of departmental investment, and integrated planning instead of department-based management. Regional development should be based on special region model and stepwise pattern toward ecological end. Establishment of state special eco-region in these areas accords with national strategies of ecological security, energy security, west development and poverty alleviation. This could facilitate optimizing combination of limited resources, forming ever-lasting mechanism for regional environmental construction and economic development, breaking the spiral of ecological deterioration and poverty, dissolving the sticky problem of ecological migration, getting rid of social unstable factors, undermining the hidden trouble of national ecological security, and finally, lying the ecological foundation for sustainable development of the country. The lower Jinsha river reaches, about 80,000 km2 covering administratively 30 counties (of which 22 are state-level poor counties) with an installed capacity of four planned hydropower stations more than twice that of the Three Gorges station, should be considered as the first state special eco-region.

Key words: ecological security; state special eco-region; ecologeer

Simple Analysis on Tour Economic Integration
in Yangtse Rive Delta

ZHANG Dianfa , YANG Xiaoping, TONG Yiqin
(Institute of Human settlements, Ningbo University, 315211)

Abstract: There are congenital tour cooperative base in Yangtse Rive Delta for tour resources complementary, terrain continuity and culture coherence. Tour economic integration would be achieved beyond concept; mechanism and measure have been innovated. As a good chance of EXPO 2010 Shanghai China, travel cities in the Yangtse Rive Delta must consummate cooperative mechanism, unify tour market, mold unitive image, expand passenger source, and establish tour cooperate plan, so as to build tour economic golden Yangtse Rive delta together.
　　In the process of tour economic integration of Yangtse Rive delta, the integrated competing power could be advanced by the government cooperation and uniform tour market. The Yangtse Rive delta tour circle is based on tourist resources, is venation on historic culture, and is ligament on traffic, aiming at market divisions, tourist route and product with series; and elaborate works and characteristic will be provided. By recombining and sharing tour resource, renovating and advancing tour product, reforming area tour function, sharing and interchanging passenger source, uniting sales promotion, optimizing tour enterprises, and constructing whole tour image, tour industry will obtain more economic, social and ecological benefit within the Yangtse Rive delta. It is necessary that a series of maneuverability countermeasures and ensured measures are taken to assure the tour cooperation's success.

Key words: Yangtse Rive delta; area tour; tour economic; tour cooperation

Issue No.1

Research on Tourism Planning Strategy for Urban Ecological Park: A Case Study of Wenzhou Ecological Park

WEI Xia1，2， TANG Jiala1
(1. College of Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871;
2. College of Business Administration, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou 310012)

Abstract: This paper introduces the concept and function of urban ecological park, analyzes the necessity of developing tourism for urban ecological park, discusses the object, principle and course of the tourism planning for China's urban ecological park, and tries to apply a reasonable developing frame to it. And then this paper takes Wenzhou Ecological Park as an example, describes its current situations and problems, explains the planning proposal for its tourism orientation, production and route, and expounds the importance of the transportation system and tourist interpretation system and the planning methods for them in tourism planning for urban ecological park. Furthermore, in this paper the different ways and tactics are always emphasized between tourism planning for urban ecological park and for general tourism planning, and the environment protecting techniques are also placed in a key position in order to make a more sustainable development.

Key words: urban ecological park; tourism planning; tourist interpretation system

Study on Land Use/Cover Change in Upper Reach of
Yangtze River Basin Based on the DEM Data

LIU Ruimin, YANG Zhifeng, SHEN Zhenyao,
DING Xiaowen, WU Xing, LIU Fang
(State Key Lab. of Environ. Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment,
Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China)

Abstract: Today, more and more research has focused on the issues of Global Environmental Change(GEC) and sustainable development(SD), and the study of land use/ cover change is a hot subject and front issue among all the researches. The serious eco-environment problems have been an obstacle to the economic and social development in upper reach of Yangtze River Basin, and the natural degradation also restricts the sustainable development for upper reach and all regions of Yangtze River Basin. Based on the DEM data, this paper analyzed the relationship of land use with elevation, slope and aspect in 2000. It is discovered in the result that the types of land use in upper reach of Yangtze River Basin in 2000 changed with different grade of elevation, slope and aspect. It is also indicated that these topographical factors have important influence on land use in upper reach of Yangtze River Basin. In order to protect the eco-environment and to promote the sustainable development in the upper reach and all regions of Yangtze River Basin, land use management should be enhanced based on the local condition. And further research should be developed to optimize land use and improve land cover with the influenced factors such as elevation, slope and aspect.

Key words: upper reach of Yangtze River Basin; land use; digital elevation model (DEM);
geographic information system (GIS)

A Review on RS- and GIS-Based Population Estimation Methods

LI Su1，2, ZHUANG Dafang1
(1. State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environment Information System,
Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS Beijing 100101, China)
2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 102200, China)

Abstract: With rapid development of RS and GIS technologies, RS and GIS have become the main means of population estimation. RS- and GIS-based population estimation methods can be divided into two categories in terms of the application goal and the required data information, i.e. areal interpolation and statistical modeling. Methods depending on whether ancillary information is used, areal interpolation methods can be further grouped into two categories: areal interpolation without ancillary information and areal interpolation with ancillary information. Statistical modeling methods can be further separated into five classes according to the difference of independent variables in the model, i.e. built-up area estimation method, land use density method, dwelling unit estimation method, image pixel characteristic estimation method, and physical and socio-economic characteristic estimation method. Different kinds of population estimation methods based on RS and GIS were reviewed following the aforementioned classification criterion. The application occasion, advantage and disadvantage, and research instance of all sorts of population estimation methods were analyzed. Finally, the issues necessary to be studied further in this field were put forward.

Key words: RS; GIS; population estimation; areal interpolation; statistical modeling

On the Nature and System of Water Rights

ZHU Yizhong1， XIA Jun2,3
(1. School of politics and public administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641;
2. Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China；
3. College of Hydraulic and Electric Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China )

Abstract：Water scarcity is a crisis which threatens the development of China. Water institution innovation of water rights and water market is necessary for China to overcome water problems. Water rights should be viewed as natural resources property, with water resources (not water product)，excluding ecological water demand, as its objects. water rights is thought to be private domain with the features of public domain and quasi-property with the features of typical one. In China, the country owns water resources. In the system of water rights, the property of water resources is the mother of the other water rights including possession right, use right, profitability right and disposition right, which could be departed completely or incompletely from the mother-body and transferred in the water rights market. In China, water is also called water-drawing rights, which could be divided into water-lifting right, water-ditching right, and water-sluicing right according to the methods of water drawing, or into water demand right of agriculture, industry, family and civicism activities according to the means of water utilization. The author don’t agree with the opinions that the use right of water body(or water suface), water-draining right and the administration of water sector belong to water rights.

Key words: water distribution; water rights

Advance in Research of Small Town Environment in 1990’s

LI Yu1, AI Hua1, FENG Feng2, DONG Suocheng1
(1. Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China;
2. Zhangjiakou Environmental Supervision Bureau of Hebei Province, Zhangjiakou 075000, China )

Abstract: The environmental problem has become a new focus in domestic and foreign small town study. The environmental research of small town has vital significance to constructing the new socialism village and the harmonious society. It is necessary to review its development. Based on domestic and foreign points, this paper reviewed the newest progress of environmental research of the small town since 1990s, and commented the newest tendency of small town environmental research in domestic and foreign. Firstly, the foreign scholars in the majority paid attention to the small town environmental pollution type, industrialization and environment, environmental plan, environmental policy system and human settlement environment. The research results will be significantly referenced to constitute policy of small town environment in China. Secondly, the domestic scholars mainly made scientific researches on general environment questions in the small town, such as the small town settlement environment and its spatial distribution characteristic, sustainable development appraisement, environmental plan, ecological small town construction, environmental pollution characteristic and type, rural industry pollution, interactive mechanism between small town development and environment, and so on. Thirdly, the small town environmental research in domestic and foreign cannot keep up with the small town development. Finally, based on the above analysis, the article proposed the future research field and developing trend of the small town environment in China.

Key words: small town; environment; research progress

Temporal and Spatial Variation of PM10 Concentration and Its Influence Factor Analysis

MA Ting1,2
(1. State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China)

Abstract: The temporal changing trend, periodicity and spatial variation of PM10 concentration in Xiamen City measured in four different monitoring sites have been analyzed by using time series and simple statistics approaches including correlation analysis, principle component analysis and cross-correlation analysis. The results show the PM10 concentration had no significant increasing and decreasing trend from 2001 to 2002, but had significant periodicity (the most significant periods are 14 and 7 days for different monitoring sites). The spatial distributions of PM10 concentrations, however, are different with monitoring sites. The second PCA can describe the distribution difference exactly. The influences of meteorological factors, including air temperature, rainfall intensity, wind direction and rainfall days, on PM10 concentration have also been analyzed. Especially, the cross correlation analysis (CCA) was applied to estimate the influence of monthly rainfall days (MRD) on PM10 monthly average concentration (MAC). Meteorological factors can change the variation of PM10 concentration directly. The influence of MRD on MAC lags for about 2 or 3 months. Moreover, land cover types are also important to the spatial distribution of PM10 concentration. The local regions where the vegetation cover ratio (VCR) extracted from relatively remote sense data is high have relative low PM10 annual average concentration.

Key words: PM10; temporal and spatial variation; meteorological factors; vegetation cover ration

Emergy Analysis for Sustainable Development of Resources-
Environment-Economy System in the Yellow River Delta

DUAN Xiaofeng， XU Xuegong
(College of Environment, Peking University; The Main Lab of Ministry of Education Research on Analysis
and Simulation of The Earth’s Surface Process, Beijing 100871, China)

Abstract: As an ecologically vulnerable region where atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere interact, the Yellow River Delta plays an important role both in economy and environment in China. The emergy theory is based on the theory and methods of the System Ecology. Forming 1J higher quality energy will need a large amount of lower quality energy. In other words, different forms of energy have different attributions. By dealing with the energy-value-process of ecosystem, the theory provides us with a new approach to the economic ecology. Based on emergy analysis, this article systematically analyzes energy, resource flowage and condition of eco-economy system in the Yellow River Delta. On the basis of the evaluation indicator system, resources-environment-economy system in the Yellow River Delta is assessed comprehensively. The results indicate that the total emergy consumption of the study region is about 1.76×1022sej，or about US$ 8.42×109. The waste emerge evacuated from the study region reaches about 5.74×1021sej，or about US$ 2.74×109, which indicates that environment in the Yellow River Delta degenerates rapidly because of the industrialization and economic increasing. Finally, based on the calculation of the emergy sustainable indices (ESI), we find that economy increasing of the study region depends on resources consumption. Although the value of resource reserves in the Yellow River Delta reaches US$ 4.45×1012 (about 529 times larger than GDP), it is difficult to use it adequately because of technical limits. So enhancing the resources utilization efficiency and reducing waste are the primary tasks in the future in order to realize sustainable development in the Yellow River Delta.
Key word: the Yellow River Delta; environment-economic system; emergy analysis; sustainable
development

The Relationship Between Free Radical Reactions and
Environmental Factors in High Altitude Area

HOU Shaofan, WANG Wuyi, LI Hairong, YANG Linsheng
（Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China）

Abstract: High altitude area is a special eco-environmental system. The complex and changeful geographical conditions in high altitude area make the new migrations of human or animals affected by Mountain Sickness. The oxidative stress reaction induced by low of atmospheric and oxygen pressure and strong sun radiation is one of main causes of Mountain Sickness. In this paper, the relationships between different environmental factors in high altitude area and free radical reactions has been discussed in 6 areas. First, the results show that free radical reaction have significant negative relationship with atmospheric air pressure and oxygen pressure. Second, the native people in plateau can also be affected by free radical reaction as well as the new comer. Third, the native people in plateau can get an inherit adaptability. Forth, the inner nutrition materials can resist free radical reaction. Fifth, people exposure to high UV radiation would be easily affected by free radical reaction. Sixth, Low selenium and iodine in environment is also risk factors for people affected by free radical reaction. This study is not only of an important significance in understanding the free radical reactions induced by environment stress as well as the origin and evolution of native people, but also is practically valuable for studying the Mountain Sickness of crowds immigrating to high altitude areas as well as the sickness prevention and treatment. In addition, this study is valuable for the economic development and national defense construction in high altitude area. This study may provide valuable references for studying the regulatory effects of environmental factors on Mountain Sickness and their physiology in the Western Development of China.

Key words: high altitude; Mountain Sickness; high altitude diseases; environment stress;
free radical

Analysis of Structural Effect of Energy System in West China
　　　　　　　　
WU Yingmei1，2，3， ZHANG Lei1, XIE Hui1
（1.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China；
2. Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650092;
3. Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China)

Abstract：Energy resource has been resulting in the most enormous effect than other kinds of resources during the long-term mankind development fulfillment. The development speed of the nation and region more and more depend on the supply ability of energy productive-system. China, on the other hand, as the biggest developing country, had propped up great achievement in second half of 20 century which is inseparable with powerful energy supply. On the other hand, as the most increasing quickly nation of world energy consumes, its energy problem has caused the international social concern. The situation of both side becomes the rigorous challenge to the limited energy productive-system in China.
As a strategic mothball base for energy development of nation, the output effect of energy production system in west China influences national security of energy production and sustainable development of the whole country. Based on analysis of structural evolution and output effect, the paper synthetically studies relativity about structural evolution and output effect of energy production system in west China, thus laying a instructive reference for further energy exploitation in west China. The results show that evident relativity exists between structural evolution and output effect of energy production system. Output effect is decided by structural evolution on condition of relatively closed energy production system, and structural evolution and open level both make a decisive impact on output effect of energy productive-system. To improvement system construction and promote open-degree is basic premise for increasing output effect of energy production system in west China.

Key words: energy production system；structural evolution；output effect；relativity analysis；
energy resources in west China

Reviews on Base Flow Researches

CHEN Liqun1,3, LIU Changming1,2, LI Fadong1
(1. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101;
2. College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing ,100875;
3. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039)

Abstract：Base flow has important implications in water resources allocation, water security, food security, non point pollution assessment and investigation and water resource assessment. Base flow recession curves contain a lot of information related with hydro-settings. The paper first overviews the definitions of base flow. Then, base flow generation and loss mechanism and impact of hydrogeographical factors, rock kinds, climate condition, terrain, hydrologic condition and underlay ground were analyzed systematically. Impact of human activities, such as extraction of ground water, on different hydrogeographic settings, land use cover change(LUCC) and base flow was emphasized. Various kinds of base flow recession simulation methods, such as linear reservoir method, auto-regression simulation method, empirical function and method based on groundwater movement, were presented based on the characteristics of the basin; and the merits, demerits, and applied conditions of these function were illuminated. A series researches show non linear flow recession are more suitable than linear flow recession in recession simulation, which demonsfrates the non linear characteristics of out flow form aquifer. Base flow separation methods were reviewed. Above all, the water balance methods and the run-off simulation methods are sound based; but the graph method is subjective, which precision depends on applier’s knowledge on the relation between ground water and river. In addition, some comments on the construction of the recession function are stated.

Key words: groundwater; base flow; recession; separation; baseflow generation mechanism;
loss mechanism

Overview on the Studies of Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater

CHEN Jianyao, WANG Ya, ZHANG Hongbo, ZHAO Xinfeng
(School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China)

Abstract: More than 90 papers of the last 20 years on nitrate pollution in groundwater were reviewed, and the issue both in China and abroad was found focusing on the following aspects: the transform processes and mechanism of nitrate in groundwater, the form of pollution and the sources of nitrate, and the methods to avoid and treat nitrate pollution. The transform processes include: mineralization-immobilization, fixation, nitrification and denitrification. All kinds of nitrate are classified into point origin and area origin. There are two approaches, structural approache and non-structural approache, reported to deal with nitrate pollution in groundwater. The structural approach was well reported to dispose of nitrate in a local or point scale, while the non-structural approach could be adopted in the regional scale, but few case studies were reported. Techniques to treat nitrate pollution were well reported in China, e.g. carbon dioxide regenerated ion exchanger, bio-film-electrode process, etc. Nitrate pollution in groundwater is closely related to human activities, and the main sources of nitrate were identified as excessive application of commercial fertilizers, manure, and the irrigation by non-treated wastewater, etc. The main factors affecting the occurrence, distribution and change of nitrate in groundwater were identified as:
· Dramatic increasing in population that requires much more food supply,
· Urbanization that discharges too much waste to be absorbed by soil and water bodies,
· Over use of fertilizer,
· Poor management in water and land resources,
· Land use and land cover change,
· Public concern and policy issues,
· Change in global food production and trade
Three themes were thus proposed for further study in nitrate, given as follows: 1. Integration of nitrogen and water cycle and processes, with respect to nitrogen aspects of hydrological cycle (NAHC); 2. Interface processes and mechanism regarding nitrate transformation in soil, plant, atmosphere and groundwater; 3. Impacts of nitrate in groundwater in the interaction of land and ocean, and assessment of human activities, such as urbanization, food production and trade, on the change of nitrate in groundwater in the global perspective.

Key words: groundwater; human activities; nitrate pollution

Responses of the First 6 Dominant Species of Leymus Chinensis
Grassland in Inner Mongolia to the Climate Change

LIU Qinpu， LIN Zhenshan
( School of Geographical Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China)

Abstract: Since 1981, the long-term vegetation data at Leymus Chinensis grassland in Inner Mongolia has been collected. This paper analyzes the triple relations among the vegetation, temperature and time based on the smoothed data that were treated with the method of moving average. The results show that the average minimum and maximum temperatures in winter (Oct. to Mar.) in this region increased faster than that in summer (Apr. to Sep.), and that the yearly average minimum and maximum temperatures increased from 1981 to 1994 mainly because of the increasing of minimum and maximum temperatures in winter, which were in line with the trend of global warming. In the meantime, the first 6 dominant species of this grassland responded to the temperature changes differently: the Importance Value (IV) and Aboveground Net Primary Productivity (ANPP) of the first, third and fifth dominant species, Leymus chinensis, Cares duriuscula, and Artemisia commutate, respectively, decreased because of global warming, and the IV and ANPP of the second, fourth and sixth species, Stipa grandis, Achnatberum sibiricum, and Agropyron michnoi, respectively, increased owing to species compensation for utilizing resources. So the Stipa grandis, the second constructive species, may replace Leymus Chinensis, the first constructive species, and gradually become the first one if these trends continue, and the structure and function of the community would change. Therefore the interaction of competition and compensation among dominant species should also be paid attention to when we study the response of species at the Leymus Chinensis grassland to the changes of temperatures, which is conducive to understanding the dynamic mechanism of individual species and entire community.

Key words: Leymus Chinensis Grassland; dominant species; important value; ANPP; climate
worming

Land Use and Soil Erosion at Multiscale

ZHAO Wenwu1，2, FU Bojie2, LV Yihe2, CHEN Liding2
(1. Institute of Resources Management, College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University,
Beijing 100875, China; 2.Key Laboratory of System Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental
Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China)

Abstract: Improper land use by mankind is one of the main causes of soil erosion. Through changing vegetation cover, soil property and runoff velocity, land use affects the occurrence and development of soil erosion. As scale changes, notable changes will occur in the interactive mechanisms between land use and soil erosion. Currently, research on land use and soil erosion is changing from slope scale to small watershed, watershed, and regional scales. Examining the influence of land use on soil erosion at different scales has become a frontier field in contemporary research in physical geography.
At slope scale, vegetation offers protection against soil erosion by reducing runoff and increasing soil resistance to sediment entrainment. Research has verified that the effects of different land use types on soil erosion vary obviously, and farmland may be the most susceptible land use to runoff and soil erosion for different areas. Land management practices, such as changing micro-terrain, exert important influence on soil erosion, and the common soil erosion models used at slope scale are USEL/RUSLE and WEPP.
At small watershed scale(or watershed), more attentions are paid to the impacts of land use structure and land use pattern on soil erosion. There is correlation between some land use types and sediment yields, and changes in land use structure have a significant impact on soil erosion. The spatial variability of land use pattern may change the interception ability of land parcel, the hydrological structure and soil erosion systems, which impact the final sediment load at watershed scale. In order to identify the relationship between land use pattern and soil erosion, some distributed soil erosion models are often applied to simulate soil erosion rate under different land use patterns, such as LISEM, AGNPS, EUROSEM and SEDEM.
At regional scale, there are some methods to carry out soil erosion evaluation. One way is by means of up-scaling methods to study soil erosion of large area. The up-scaling methods include: combining the monitoring data at related gauges in the region, and using soil erosion model at slope, small watershed scale or watershed scales for regional scale. The other way is to select some macro-factors for soil erosion evaluation.
Land use has an important impact on soil erosion, and impacts of land use on soil erosion have been regarded as a hotspot and leading issue in scientific research of physical geography. There is a long run to go for land use and soil erosion, though great progress has been achieved so far. More attentions may be paid to scaling, effects of land use policy, land use pattern, soil loss process, and etc.

Key words: land use; soil erosion; scale