地理科学进展  2015 , 34 (8): 1019-1030 https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.08.009

农村发展

中国乡村转型重构研究进展与展望——逻辑主线与内容框架

杨忍1, 刘彦随23*, 龙花楼2, 张怡筠1

1. 中山大学地理科学与规划学院,广州 510275
2. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
3. 北京师范大学资源学院,北京 100875

Research progress and prospect of rural transformation and reconstruction in China: paradigms and main content

YANG Ren1, LIU Yansui23*, LONG Hualou2, ZHANG Yijun1

1. School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat- Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
2. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
3. School of Resource Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

通讯作者:  刘彦随(1965-),男,陕西绥德人,长江学者特聘教授,博士生导师,主要从事土地利用和农业与农村发展研究,E-mail: liuys@igsnrr.ac.cn

版权声明:  2015 地理科学进展 《地理科学进展》杂志 版权所有

基金资助:  国家自然科学基金项目(41401190, 41130748)中央高校基本科研业务费中山大学青年教师培育项目(15lgpy34)中山大学青年教师起步资助计划项目(37000-3321400)

作者简介:

作者简介:杨忍(1984-),男,贵州毕节人,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为乡村转型重构及村镇规划、区域发展与土地利用及GIS在人文地理学应用,E-mail: yangren0514@163.com

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摘要

伴随快速城镇化,乡村地域正经历着经济社会发展方式转变为主导的人文过程,前瞻性地研究乡村转型发展过程格局、演进机理及空间优化重组研究意义重大。本文系统梳理乡村发展转型内涵、过程格局、驱动机制、类型模式、乡村空间重构、农村发展理论及农村空心化等系列成果研究进展,并进行简要研究评述。在此基础上,对中国乡村发展转型与重构的研究核心内容和逻辑主线加以凝练总结。未来乡村发展转型与重构研究应以人地关系地域系统理论为指导,以揭示不同地域类型区的乡村转型发展过程及演进机制为核心,以建构乡村空间优化重组理论和探究模式途径为目标,综合集成遥感与GIS、抽样调查和模型方法,重点研究不同典型地域的乡村转型发展的多尺度过程规律、地域类型、动力机制,深化乡村空间体系演化规律和优化重组的内外机制,及乡村社会文化网络、技术制度转型重组等方面的研究,进行乡村多维空间重组的情景模拟。结合典型案例实证研究,解构乡村多维空间重构理论与模式的成长机制与区域主导地理要素;比较分析典型模式的演化过程和要素互馈作用机制;探寻推进乡村良性转型发展及空间优化重组的地域模式和科学途径。

关键词: 乡村地域系统 ; 乡村转型 ; 乡村空间重构 ; 乡村地理学

Abstract

Rural transformation is a leading human process accompanying urban-rural development and the transformation of economic development mode, under the background of rapid urbanization in the past few decades in China. In the study of rural transformation process, spatial reconstruction mechanism and optimal rural spatial reconstruction are of great significant. Using the theory of human-nature relationship in the territorial system, the process of rural transformation and interaction mechanism between this process and land use transformation should be analyzed in future studies to examine the mechanism of rural spatial reconstruction and the pattern of optimal spatial reorganization that affect the process of rural transformation. The integration of remote sensing and GIS and sampling survey and modeling methods should be used to: (1) analyze the process and dynamic patterns of rural transformation and its geographical types; (2) explore the collaborative mechanism between rural transformation and land use transformation; (3) establish models for optimal spatial reorganization that affects rural transformation; (4) identify typical patterns of rural transformation and land use allocation that affect rural spatial reconstruction indifferent functional types; and (5) systematically analyze the mechanism of different rural development patterns and the main regional geographical features. Combined with empirical studies, this research compares and analyzes typical development patterns in terms of the evolution process and interaction mechanism among various factors, to explore geographical patterns and methods for rural spatial reconstruction.

Keywords: rural system ; rural transformation ; rural spatial reconstruction ; rural geography

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杨忍, 刘彦随, 龙花楼, 张怡筠. 中国乡村转型重构研究进展与展望——逻辑主线与内容框架[J]. , 2015, 34(8): 1019-1030 https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxjz.2015.08.009

1 引言

乡村转型发展是区域新型城镇化面临的重要命题,也是当前和今后一段时间国家重点关注的农村地区发展的核心问题。从世界各国城市化发展轨迹来看,一般国家都经历了城乡分化、城乡分离、城乡对立、城乡融合、城乡一体5个阶段(刘彦随等, 2012)。城乡对立阶段的城镇化率、工业化率一般在30%~50%;城乡融合阶段的城镇化率一般位于50%~70%,工业化率在40%~50%之间,由此推断,未来5~10年将是中国城乡发展转型的重要阶段(Liu et al, 2013; 刘彦随等, 2015),不同地域不同发展阶段的乡村发展面临转型的客观需求,乡村地域的多维空间亟待优化重组和建构(Yang et al, 2015)。乡村是由多层次的集镇、村庄及其所管辖的区域组合而成的空间系统(石忆邵, 1992),乡村问题带有地域性、综合性特点,随着社会生产力的发展及城市化推进,传统乡村特征逐渐在转化,表现在经济上从农业向非农业转型,社会构成上农民的分化,聚落从乡村型向城镇型转化,乡村文化的转型等,这些要素的变动带动了地域的转型(张小林, 1998),乡村产业结构、社会结构均经历着由传统向现代的全面转型(陈晓华等, 2008)。在经济全球化快速发展的背景下,乡村转型发展的区域差异、全球化背景下农业与农村特征的变化,以及可持续的乡村社会经济重构已成为当前国际地理学的重要发展方向和重点研究领域之一(蔡运龙, 2001; 蔡运龙等, 2004; Woods, 2009; 顾朝林, 2009; Fink et al, 2013; Liu et al, 2013; 杨忍等, 2015)。新型城镇化战略驱动下,城乡地域系统的物质空间构型、要素交互流动、社会网络关联结构、文化界面融合等发生重大转变,乡村地域系统在多尺度上产生多维空间转型响应,乡村空间组织要素、功能结构亟待重构,乡村地理学研究迎来重要战略机遇期。研究中国特色的乡村转型发展多尺度演进规律、内外因子驱动机理,空间优化重组等具有学术学理的急迫性,破解现实难题的理论支撑研究又亟待冲破瓶颈。基于此,着眼于乡村地理学学科理论建设,从破解城乡发展转型中乡村发展现实困境问题出发,本文在系统梳理近期中国乡村发展转型格局、过程、机制研究成果,进行简要研究进展评述基础上,从学科发展导向和具体科学问题入手,归纳凝练出乡村多维空间重构研究的核心问题,解构其研究过程逻辑主线及内容框架,以期对促进乡村空间重构研究有一定促进作用,丰富乡村地理学的研究内容。

2 中国乡村发展转型及重构研究的新进展

2.1 乡村转型发展内涵与过程格局研究

在外部发展环境和内部发展要素发生变化和重组驱动下,乡村地域系统的要素、结构、功能等发生相应转变,乡村转型发展过程与格局为乡村转型研究的核心组成部分,乡村社会、经济、人文、资源利用等是乡村地理学研究的主要任务(郭焕成, 1988)。乡村经济(产业)结构是反映乡村经济发展水平的重要标志(郭焕成等, 1990),随着社会生产力的发展及城市化推进,传统乡村的经济、社会、文化和聚落特征逐渐在转化,乡村地域要素的变动带动了地域的转型(张小林, 1998)。乡村空间是一个结构系统,乡村从传统农业社会向现代化社会转型的历史过程中,结构的转型是本质和核心,它可以从经济空间、社会空间和地理空间等维向进行考察(苗长虹, 1998);产业结构的转变、农业企业与农业就业人口绝对数量和农业劳动生产率的变化、乡村聚落结构与社会和文化景观的变化等构成乡村转型发展的内容(王煜琴等, 2010)。新时期,乡村转型发展的实质是推进工农关系与城乡关系的根本转变(刘彦随, 2007);龙花楼(2012)将乡村转型发展界定为:快速工业化和城镇化进程中城乡人口流动和经济社会发展要素重组与交互作用,当地参与者对其过程及变化作出响应调整,引致的农村地区社会经济形态和地域空间格局重构,主要涉及村镇空间组织结构、农村产业发展模式、就业方式、消费结构、工农关系、城乡关系和城乡差别等方面转变(重复)。乡村—城镇转型是工业化中后期必然形成的一种新型城镇化模式,其内涵是人口结构的转化,经济结构的转变,空间地域结构的转变以及基础设施的完善,实质是人们的生活方式由乡村向城镇型转变(杨忍等, 20152)。乡村地域系统产业转型、土地转型和人口转型是乡村物质空间转型重要组成部分(杨忍, 2013),乡村转型发展是乡村空间格局的形成与演变的驱动力(席建超等, 2011)。乡村转型发展具体指向于村域的发展,在一定的村镇空间结构体系下,村域系统农业生产发展、经济稳定增长、社会和谐进步、环境不断改善、文化接续传承构筑了村域发展内容(李裕瑞等, 2012)。

在城乡转型发展进程中,乡村聚落地域功能逐渐转向“生活、生产、生态”的多功能(刘彦随, 龙花楼, 2011;李平星等, 2014)。乡村发展转型具有阶段性,对应呈现出不同空间格局,乡村地域产业主导性是乡村发展类型划分重要依据,同时乡村发展决定于影响其发展的各类要素的变化(龙花楼, 刘彦随等, 2009)。村庄用地格局的变化是乡村发展转型的综合表现形式之一(席建超等, 2011),基于此,韩非等(2011)以北京市门头沟区为典型研究案例区,总结出半城市化乡村聚落在发展过程中经历了传统均质化形态、转型初期异质异构的混杂形态、转型后期功能区块布局形态3个阶段。乡村发展转型阶段性,在同一时间断面上,可以采用地理学研究中的样带研究方法,如龙花楼等(2012)以“苏南-陕北”样带为案例区,综合评价乡村转型发展阶段态势,进而综合揭示其样带乡村转型发展的地域空间格局。地理学作为综合性学科,具有独特的方法、综合集成的学科优势,将乡村系统的各种要素综合分析,从“要素—结构—功能”的视角,科学组织各要素之间与各结构之间的联系,加强乡村地域系统转型研究。

2.2 乡村转型发展类型与地域模式研究

区域发展条件与过程的差异,促使各地乡村发展水平呈现显著的空间地带性差异格局(杨忍等, 2011; Long et al, 2012),不同地域要素特点致使形成不同的乡村转型发展主导类型,存在不同的驱动力机制。近年来,乡村转型发展地域类型研究多侧重于对乡村转型发展的某种或多种要素的特征、变动特征或多种要素之间的相互作用关系在空间上的分异现象加以归类与分析(马晓冬等, 2012)。针对乡村空间聚落形态变化及演进机制的研究成果近年较多,普遍关注乡村建设用地空间拓展规律,乡村转型发展中乡村聚落景观格局变化、地域类型、演进机理等;并针对山地丘陵地域、传统农区、大城市郊区作了大量研究工作(海贝贝等, 2013; 马少春等, 2013; 张荣天等, 2013)。但从多尺度转换视角系统开展乡村转型发展研究还不多。乡村发展水平综合评判是乡村发展转型类型划分的基础,乡村主导产业则为乡村转型发类型划分的重要依据(李裕瑞等, 2011)。农村自我发展能力和工业化与城市化外援驱动力的区域差异性的存在,从乡村发展转型动力源上可划分为工业化、城市化外援驱动主导型和农村自我发展主导型的两个一级类型(张富刚等, 2008)。在半城市化地区,基于乡村聚落的特征、形态演变和发展类型,乡村可以通过城镇化整治、迁建和保留发展三种重建路径来实现分化与重组,形成农民集中安置导向下的农民新村、农业专门化生产导向下的农业专业村镇和生态旅游导向下的民俗旅游村等三类发展模式(韩非等, 2011)。乡村发展转型地域类型和模式归纳总结,势必要通过大量典型案例实证分析。结合地域综合禀赋条件,张利庠(2007)通过对比分析不同乡村转型模式,总结出目前关于新农村建设和乡村转型发展的模式主要有产业带动型、山区生态恢复型、集体经济主导型等八种农村发展模式。乡村发展转型过程的多元性和复杂性,地域禀赋条件和转型主导力量差异性,乡村转型与重构呈现出鲜明地域特征,归纳总结出若干地域类型,其地域类型形成的内外机制,以及特色模式等有待从多尺度、多视角进行深化研究。

2.3 乡村系统发展理论及驱动机制研究

乡村发展转型必须有相应乡村发展理论研究为支撑。农村系统发展理论伴随乡村系统的动态演变而不断更新完善,从外生式农村发展理论、内源式农村发展理论到综合式农村发展理论的演进,皆是对乡村系统演绎规律的科学总结。外生式乡村发展理论将农村发展根植于大的区域,通过城市—工业增长极的功能作用,带动区域经济一体化的自上而下的发展,其特点是强调乡村的生产功能,乡村系统发展受外部因素决定,当地的重要性被忽视(Slee, 1994),其中主要的理论包括增长极理论、中心—外围理论、农业区位论、工业区位论、刘易斯二元经济结构理论等。直到20世纪70年代,外生式乡村发展理论仍是解释乡村发展主要的理论(Terluin, 2003)。内源式乡村发展理论强调城乡对立的恶果,主张以乡村为发展重点,采取自下而上的发展范式(涂人猛, 1993)。内生发展基于地方资源与当地的发展冲动,当地的价值受到重视,利用地方资源所创造出来的价值也保留在该地区内(李承嘉,2005)。与此相关的理论还有社区导向的乡村发展理论、Bryden理论、社区发展的创造性破坏模型 (Terluin, 2003)。综合式乡村发展理论是上述两种理论的进一步深化,它重视发展过程中当地要素与外部驱动力的相互作用(Lowe et al, 1995),农村系统成为当地网络与外部网络所构成的综合系统中的一个复杂节点(Terluin, 2003),与此相关的理论包括城乡统筹理论、行动者网络理论、政治经济理论、区域创新与学习理论等(李承嘉, 2005; 陈秧分等, 2012; 杨忍, 2013)。政治地理学等领域的理论也逐渐渗入乡村转型研究中,且具有较好的学理解释力。

乡村转型发展驱动机制历来为乡村发展核心内容。在20世纪90年代,由吴传钧院士领衔的中国农村可持续发展研究团队认为,工业化、城市化快速推进对促进区域经济增长发挥了重要作用,深刻地改变着广大农村地区,促进乡村产业结构、就业结构与农业生产等发生巨大变化(吴传钧, 2001)。乡村工业化对新乡村经济空间、社会空间和地理空间形成和发展有着重要影响,从而产生了乡村工业化与乡村城市转型的区域不平衡性(苗长虹, 1998)。新时期,工业化、城镇化、产业结构升级和制度创新成为乡村转型发展的四大核心驱动力(陈玉福等, 2010),区域农村自我发展能力的强弱,以及区域工业化和城市化外援驱动力的大小直接作用于农村发展系统演进的状态(张富刚等, 2008)。然而,在传统农区普遍存在农村转型发展内生发展能力不足,工业化和城市化是乡村发展格局的主要塑造力(李裕瑞等, 2011)。乡村地域系统在其发展、演化过程中,各要素间相互作用形成的乡村各种功能结构的变化及其对乡村转型发展的作用过程、方式与规律为乡村转型发展驱动机制(Bournaris et al, 2014)。伴随乡村发展转型,传统乡村空间逐渐历经消亡、地域认同感的消失,以及村民发展前景的不确定性、村民自主性的缺失等危机。在村域转型研究层面,乡村转型过程、效应、机制成为其研究的核心逻辑主线(李裕瑞等, 2013)。完善的交通运输是实现合理资源配置、促进分工和专业化协作的必要条件(沈惊宏等, 2012),地域通达性的提高对农民非农收入报酬率增长率有重要贡献(李小建等, 2009),农村居民点及用地变化区域具有一定交通指向性(谭雪兰等, 2014),健全的区域交通网络和高水平的区域内外交通可达性有利于方便农业生产资料及农产品的运输,从而促进农区的农业现代化(于正松等, 2014)。乡村发展转型过程中,乡村地域通达性对水果、蔬菜和花卉等时鲜产品专业村的形成会产生正面影响(李小建等, 2012)。乡村发展转型多尺度多维性的核心驱动力,有待于从地理学要素转变、行为空间变化、制度技术转型等方面,以多层面和多视角进行综合研究;乡村原有的宗族血缘社会和乡村地域村民自治,以及外围制度环境变化和城市文明与乡村文明对接与融合,将成为乡村发展转型动力学的研究内容。

2.4 乡村空间重构研究

张小林(2007)认为,中国城市化的快速推进引发了乡村经济空间、社会空间和聚落空间的巨大变革,当前中国乡村重构的重点应放在乡村空间系统的重构上。全球范围的工业化和城市化导致了村镇结构的消解和功能的衰落,且乡村衰落成为全球普遍现象(乔家君, 2011; 田毅鹏等, 2011)。乡村人口的减少和老龄化削弱了乡村的吸引力以及政府投资农村基础设施建设的动力,乡村的衰落导致村庄正在退出历史舞台,社会学领域的学者将这种现象称之为“村落终结”(周锐波等, 2009; 刘梦琴, 2011; 田毅鹏等, 2011)。乡村衰落,直接引发人、土地和聚落的空心化,致使空心村综合转型发展理论建构日益急迫,农村的空间、组织、产业“三整合”理论成为新时期乡村空间重组核心理论(刘彦随等, 2009; 刘彦随, 刘玉等,2011)。从乡村经济结构和空间结构重构的动力机制出发,探索乡村重构的道路和模式,进而提倡制度创新,为乡村重构提供保障,成为乡村重构理论和实践相结合的典范(冯健, 2012)。林若琪等(2012) 通过乡村发展多功能性和景观功能理论辨析,将乡村多功能性规划作为重塑乡村景观的重要途径。乡村转型发展首先实现了生产空间的转移,伴生人口流动,意味着资金、技术等生产要素在不同部门和城乡之间的再分配,农村外流人口的生活空间和身份属性依然滞留于农村地区,乡村地域空间的人地关系、业地关系、人业关系重组和再配置研究意义重大(龙花楼, 2013; 周华等, 2013)。伴随着部分地区城市化发展进入高水平稳态阶段,部分大都市将迎来逆城市化(counter urbanization)过程,由此刺激了乡村经济的发展,重构了乡村经济的模式(Mitchell, 2004; Isla, 2013; 肖红娟, 2013),推动了乡村社会空间变迁的过程(何深静等, 2012),逆城市化成为乡村空间重构的重要推力之一。乡村地域空间作为中国传统文化重要载体,伴随都市文明繁荣,城市居民对乡村宁静生活的向往与追求,激发了乡村旅游发展。乡村聚落作为发展乡村旅游的最基本空间单元,其空间格局必然受传统乡村“旅游化”的结果影响(席建超等, 2014),旅游资源的可持续发展也要求旅游地进行空间重构(王煜琴等, 2010)。传统乡村功能解构和村庄 “旅游化”过程相伴而生,逐步由单一的村民居住型用地逐步向满足旅游者需求的住宿、购物、餐饮、娱乐等复合型用地转变(席建超等, 2013),旅游地村落土地利用演变模式呈现出“核心—边缘”的特征,距离核心旅游区越近的村落,土地利用集约度程度越高,旅游功能越完善,景观风貌格局变化愈大。乡村旅游及逆城市化(也称绅士化)现象都是城市居民向乡村进行暂时性或长时性转移的过程,以对乡村宁静生活的向往与追求作为共同出发点,同时带来了城市文化对乡村的影响,导致乡村景观的适应性改造甚至是破坏的相近效应(Agarwal,2001; Papatheodorou, 2004)。人口外流引发的乡村空间重构过程和逆城市化引起乡村空间重构等科学问题都应得到关注。

2.5 乡村地域空间塌陷——“农村空心化”的研究

中国城市化水平每提高1个百分点,意味着1000万以上的农村剩余劳动力向城市转移(陈波翀等, 2004)。农村常住人口逐渐减少,农村人地关系发生了巨大变化,其中最突出的问题是“人走房空”的现象,并逐步发展为村域成片废弃和整村闲置,产生了农村聚落大规模的“空心化”景观,并由人口空心化逐渐转变为农村人口、土地、产业和基础设施空心化的农村地域空心化问题(刘彦随等, 2010)。农村空心化是社会经济结构的变化在村庄空间结构的反映(薛力, 2001),其作用机制可以总结为农村观念及生活状态的变化、农村人口流失、规划管理滞后三大原因,相应的整治对策有土地置换、科学规划、加强管理、增强农村吸引力等(王成新等, 2005; 张小林, 2007; 杨忍等, 2013)。刘彦随等(2010)认为,农村空心化演进的生命周期包括出现期、成长期、兴盛期、稳定期、衰退或转型期,各周期都有相应的社会经济空间的变化。龙花楼、李裕瑞等(2009)对不同地域的农村空心化演进机制进行综合分析,认为农村人口、产业、土地空心化3个维度是中国农村空心化区划重要依据(杨忍等, 2012)。城乡发展转型进程中土地利用优化配置是破解空心村转型重构发展的重要途径(杨忍, 2013)。对农村居民点因地制宜开发利用的方式多样,包括退宅还林、山区高档住宅开发、传统村落的旅游开发(周婧等, 2010);城镇化引领型、中心村整合型、村内集约型是平原农区空心村综合整治的三种主要模式等(陈玉福等, 2010)。农户生计特征及其整治意愿是决定农村居民点用地整治适宜性与时序性的核心所在(陈秧分等, 2012),可将其划分为优先整治区、优化调整区、适度挖潜区与限制整治区。龙花楼(2013)就乡村重构与土地整治进行综合论述,认为土地整治可在农村生产力提升、城乡发展空间优化和平台搭建等层面为乡村转型发展与空间重构提供有力支撑。农村空心化过程、形成机理、资源环境效益得到了较多关注,但对空心村的物质空间、社会网络空间、生态空间、生产空间优化重组的理论建构研究还不多见。空心村的空间重构问题是中国快速城镇化过程无法规避的现实,也是中国特色乡村地理学研究的核心问题,必将有力地支撑乡村转型及重构的实践。

3 乡村转型发展及空间重构研究评述

(1) 乡村转型发展及空间优化重组的理论框架和方法体系尚待完善。在经济社会发展转型和新型城镇化战略驱动下,乡村转型发展逐步成为广大乡村地区的主导人文过程,但针对乡村转型发展地域类型、演进机制、空间优化重组、地域模式等研究的理论和方法还有待完善。乡村转型发展是农村传统产业、就业方式、消费结构以及社会结构的综合变化,乡村空间重构必然是多种因素综合作用的结果,需从乡村地域系统的视角出发,以乡村地域系统的各种要素及其组成的结构为依托,综合分析和建构乡村转型发展空间重构研究的理论分析框架,拓展乡村生产、生活、生态、社会等多维空间重构机制及优化调控理论。

(2) 典型人口外流地区不同类型多尺度的乡村空间重构的研究尚待加强。现有关于乡村转型发展的研究多集中于综合性、宏观性的探讨。乡村转型及空间重构研究关注的地域空间上,对经济发达都市外围人口外流地区的不同地域类型区乡村转型发展的演进驱动力机制、空间优化重组研究目前还不多见(如对珠三角外围地区乡村空间重构研究成果较少)。同时,乡村发展转型具有多尺度效应,尤其在村、镇微观尺度上,乡村多维空间重构的中心性、成长性、差异性的地域识别,优化村—镇体系空间结构,以优化空间、产业、组织整合为基础的乡村地域的“生产、生活、生态、社会”空间重构的基础理论和实践的研究尚具有较大的开拓空间。快速城镇化进程中,人口外流地区乡村转型发展面临各种问题亟待科学支撑,破解难题,因此,强化这一类型区域的乡村多维空间重构研究对于解决人口外流地区的乡村可持续发展,有着重要的现实意义。

(3) 乡村空间优化重组的模拟和要素配置研究有待拓展。基于城市建设用地扩展的城市空间形态优化模拟研究工作很多,但是以乡村转型发展为动态背景,着眼于优化乡村生产、生活、生态空间,构建合理村镇体系,优化配置服务设施的乡村空间重组优化模拟不多见。针对不同地域的典型案例区,探测识别村—镇微观尺度上乡村发展转型中心性、成长性、差异性和“点—轴”发展,开发集成优化乡村空间构形的CA算法,研制兼顾适宜性和中心性的乡村建设用地配置方案,发展适应乡村重构的土地利用优化配置的数量结构和空间适宜分布配置模式,将拓展以优化乡村转型空间结构为基础的土地利用优化配置基础理论和方法体系。

4 中国乡村转型及多维空间重构研究核心内容框架体系

在前人研究进展评述基础上,笔者针对中国乡村转型及多维空间重构的研究内容框架和逻辑主线作初步思考和凝练。在乡村地理学研究学科范畴内,未来中国乡村转型及多维空间重构研究应以人地关系地域系统理论为指导,从不同类型区比较和不同空间尺度转换的地理学视角,以乡村转型发展与空间重构主题,以“转型过程→空间行为→机理分析→评价模拟→调控模式”为研究主线,系统地研究不同尺度的乡村发展转型过程、地域类型、空间重构机制、乡村多维空间重构的优化调控原理、途径与对策(图1)。揭示不同地域类型、不同空间尺度乡村转型发展演进规律和地域特征,定量刻画微观尺度空间重构的机制和空间配置模拟,科学识别诊断乡村转型发展的空间重构需求和模式,归纳提炼促进乡村空间重构的优化调控关键点。

图1   乡村转型发展的类型、演进机制及空间优化重组的总体研究方案

Fig. 1   Study of geographical types, spatial evolution mechanism, and optimal spatial reconstruction for rural transformation development in China

中国乡村转型发展的类型、演进机制及空间优化重组研究主要核心内容如下:

(1) 乡村转型发展和空间重组优化的基本理论研究。主要包括:①乡村转型类型、阶段、驱动力交互作用机理理论研究。梳理总结国内外乡村转型发展研究者的研究成果和乡村转型发展基础理论,强化乡村转型多尺度典型案例实证研究,结合理论逻辑演绎分析,解构不同地域多尺度的乡村转型发展阶段演化模型,厘清内外驱动力之间交互作用机理,归纳总结乡村转型发展动力学理论。②乡村空间优化重组理论研究。通过研究县域内乡村转型发展的村镇体系响应变化特征,系统分析村镇层级上的聚落的功能、等级、网络和流的转型演进过程和内外驱动力作用机制。从功能完善度、结构合理度和基础网络通达度3个维度完善县域乡村空间优化重组和调整方向的理论概括。

(2) 典型县、镇、村尺度的乡村转型发展过程与演进机制研究。系统研究不同地域类型典型县、镇、村案例区,分析典型县域、镇、村域的乡村转型发展态势,解析主要驱动力(城镇化、工业化、农业现代化)转变过程及转型形态(人口结构、产业结构、用地结构、消费结构等)的响应机制。细化多主体(包括政府、企业、城镇居民、农户)行为分析,深入解析乡村发展转型中各主体的生产、生活、社会行为,重点揭示微观尺度上主体行为变化转型对生产、生活、生态及社会空间影响的机理研究。

(3) 乡村发展转型的空间优化重组模拟研究。重点为:①县域范围内村镇体系空间结构优化模拟。针对不同地域的典型案例区,以高分辨率遥感数据解译的乡村土地利用数据、各村镇常驻人口数据、路网数据、公共服务设施空间数据为基础,分析研究村镇体系转型演进过程,同时运用空间回归模型和地理权重模型分析村镇体系空间内部的相互作用机制。利用GIS空间—配置模型,在合理的可达性标准上,模拟合理的中心村镇体系。结合二维地理空间服务区交易成本原理和分析技术,进行微观层面村镇空间结构优化模拟。②县域范围内适应乡村空间优化重组的乡村用地优化配置模拟。以优化乡村转型空间转型为目标,结合乡村微观尺度变化的空间驱动因子,利用GIS地统计分析功能,探测识别乡村转型发展的地域集聚中心和微观“点—轴”的热点区域。开发集成优化乡村空间构型的CA模拟方法,研制兼顾适宜性和中心性的乡村土地利用优化配置方案和空间模拟技术。

(4) 乡村转型重构的地域模式及调控机制与策略研究。重点为:①乡村转型重构地域模式提炼。基于乡村发展转型动态格局及其多维空间重构过程,以及多尺度多维空间转型重构机理研究基础上,结合典型案例研究,深入剖析典型镇、村发展转型的地域模式,对比国内外典型地区乡村发展转型的研究规律,得出具有启示意义的理论认知。②乡村转型空间优化重构调控研究。研究不同类型区域县、镇、村不同层级尺度乡村多维空间重构优化调控原理和措施,提出差异化演进路径下乡村多维空间重构的地域模式。

5 结语

(1) 快速城镇化致使乡村地域生产要素的外流非农化,乡村空间发展存在着组织核心弱化、结构网络薄弱、要素流动无序、对部分要素的控制能力丧失、基础设施要素分布不平衡等现象。针对人口外流农村地区,为满足乡村地域的“生产、生活、生态、社会”空间亟待转型重塑和要素优化配置的客观需求,建构乡村转型发展的地域类型、演进节律、动力机制以及空间优化重组理论和方法体系,丰富人口外流地区乡村重构理论。

(2) 乡村转型发展是贯穿区域经济和社会发展全过程,是一个多尺度、多层次、多主体协同参与的地域系统演进过程,乡村地域的各要素空间配置形态(即为由生活空间、生产空间、生态空间、社会空间、文化空间等组成的乡村空间),对乡村地域要素配置的乡村多维空间重构理论基础和实践模式等亟待深化研究。伴随快速城市化,乡村地域在多尺度上产生多维转型响应,村镇组织体系和“三生”空间及社会文化空间经历转型重构过程,在人文地理学研究制度和社会文化转向的背景下,在关注乡村地域系统要素变化重组带来物质空间及资源环境响应基础上,应强化外部环境及制度变革影响下的宗族血缘、乡土文化和风俗习惯为纽带的乡村社会结构转型,以及权力与自治自组织转向理论框架,深化乡村多尺度多维空间重构演进规律和内外因子驱动机理研究,对接于乡村生产性向后生产性转型和原真性及现代性等综合研究的理论体系。

(3) 快速城乡发展转型致使城乡地域系统的各种要素流动、交换的强度和方向变化显著,乡村地域系统多维空间结构和功能发生了重要变化。广大农村地域出现了以农村空心化为特征的“乡村病”。人文地理学具有研究人地关系、土地利用与产业布局、优化地域空间的学科优势,乡村地理学作为人文地理学重要分支学科,肩负着重任:通过大量典型多尺度多维度乡村重构案例实证研究,最终建构“乡村病”研究理论和方法体系。在快速城镇化背景下,乡村地域面临生产性向后生产性转型,乡村性与城市化的界面对接、排斥与融合将是乡村地理学当下的学术研究使命,乡村转型客观上需要村镇规划的科学应对,村镇规划将成为乡村地理学崛起的应用支撑,乡村地理学将承担着理论和实践研究并重的使命。同时,解构快速城镇化进程中乡村空间重构的基础核心理论,系统理清乡村人地关系地域系统转型要素、结构、功能、调控的传导作用机制将为乡村地理学当下研究的核心科学问题,也是重塑乡村多维空间格局和土地优化配置研究亟待深化的领域。

(4) 伴随经济高速发展,区域城乡关系、工农关系、产业结构、就业结构、消费结构、要素流动形态等正经历快速转型发展。乡村转型发展面临许多挑战和需求,深入研究不同类型不同尺度的乡村地域系统的要素重组、结构重构、功能优化理论和机制模式,增强乡村地域生产、生活、生态、社会空间重构理论和优化调控等方面研究,将无疑对促进区域乡村有序发展转型具有重要指导意义。总结提炼不同类型区乡村转型发展的典型模式,系统分析其模式的成长机制与区域主导地理要素;比较分析典型模式的演化过程和要素互馈作用机制;探寻推进乡村良性转型发展及空间优化重组的地域模式和科学途径,深化乡村规划技术标准研制,力求在实践中为不同类型区域乡村发展转型空间组织结构优化重组、要素流转与置换的规划决策、政策创新提供科学依据。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.


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The rapid development of urbanization in China started in 1996 with two basic characteristics: the economic globalization and the transformation of economy. In the author's opinion, accumulation and diffusion are the two fundamental dynamic forms of the flow and the essential manifestation of the dynamics of urbanization. The author, by establishing an urbanization policy model of rural surplus labor force under indefinite situations, tries to explain the differences of the speed of urbanization between the period after the adoption of reform and open-up policy and the period of rapid development of urbanization, and comes to the conclusion that the latter period is the natural result of the combined force of the government and the market. Moreover, by making a metrological analysis on the numerical relationship between traditional industrialization and urbanization, the author promotes the opinion that the rapid development of urbanization is mainly stimulated by the tertiary industry. Then the author roughly estimates the industrial output value according to the import and export margin of industrial products and calculates the contribution of international trade to the development of urbanization.

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China has entered the period of rapid urbanization, rural-urban transition has speeded up, and great change and adjustment will happen to rural-urban spatial layout. In the rapid urbanization, rural spatial transition faces structural and spatial problems such as widening rural-urban gap in dual structure, dispersive urbanization caused by rural industrialization, village vacuum tendency, dispersive and disordered village construction, increasingly serious resource and environmental problems. At present, China's rural spatial transition has the following major characters: non-agricultural industry has played a leading role in shaping rural economic space. Rural industrial centralized zones has become main rural industrial layouts. Overall advance of rural urbanization and rural and urban spatial integration is the direction of China's rural spatial transition. Rural spatial restructure is a primary task for and a key to China's new countryside construction, and rural-urban spatial integration is one of most important means of rural spatial restructuring, with its emphasis on planning and construction of three levels of rural urbanization platform for "Center City-Major Contral Towns-New Rural Community" , restructuring village life and production space based on village and town planning, establishment and comprehensive plan of social security system for rural and urban development.
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This paper deconstructs the theoretical relationship of non-agricultural ratio and per rural residential land area,which represent livelihoods transformation and rural land use respectively.Then it quantitatively analyzes the inflection point value of livelihoods transformation and identifies the corresponding suitable rural residential land consolidation regions based on the GIS technique and spatial autocorrelation analysis.The results indicate that there exists an inverted U-shaped relationship between non-agricultural ratio and per rural residential land area.By controlling the main influential factors such as resource endowment,economic development stage,the terrain,the urbanization ratio,the inflection point value of non-agricultural ratio is 38.36%.According to this inflection point value and the standards(150 m2 per capita) prescribed by the State for rural residential land use,four rural residential land consolidation regions with descending suitability are identified,including the prior consolidation region,the optimal consolidation region,the moderate potential region,and the restricted consolidation region.For prior consolidation region which enjoys the highest suitability,its suitable consolidation model is the urbanization leading model,and it is distributed mainly in north,east and central China.Peasants in the optimal consolidation region,mainly in southeast and southwest China,have a relatively low dependence on agriculture production,but rural land use here has been intensive.Rural residential land consolidation here is therefore suggested to integrate with central village construction.In the moderate potential region which is mainly located in the vast northern China,it has the highest per rural residential land area,but its non-agricultural ratio is too low to support massive rural land consolidation,it thus suits for the consolidation model of intra-village intensification.The restricted consolidation region,located mainly in southwest China,should pay more attention to its ecological environment and ecological function rather than land potential.Restricted rural residential land consolidation is suggested to combine with large-scale projects such as ecological immigrant project.

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URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

This paper deconstructs the theoretical relationship of non-agricultural ratio and per rural residential land area,which represent livelihoods transformation and rural land use respectively.Then it quantitatively analyzes the inflection point value of livelihoods transformation and identifies the corresponding suitable rural residential land consolidation regions based on the GIS technique and spatial autocorrelation analysis.The results indicate that there exists an inverted U-shaped relationship between non-agricultural ratio and per rural residential land area.By controlling the main influential factors such as resource endowment,economic development stage,the terrain,the urbanization ratio,the inflection point value of non-agricultural ratio is 38.36%.According to this inflection point value and the standards(150 m2 per capita) prescribed by the State for rural residential land use,four rural residential land consolidation regions with descending suitability are identified,including the prior consolidation region,the optimal consolidation region,the moderate potential region,and the restricted consolidation region.For prior consolidation region which enjoys the highest suitability,its suitable consolidation model is the urbanization leading model,and it is distributed mainly in north,east and central China.Peasants in the optimal consolidation region,mainly in southeast and southwest China,have a relatively low dependence on agriculture production,but rural land use here has been intensive.Rural residential land consolidation here is therefore suggested to integrate with central village construction.In the moderate potential region which is mainly located in the vast northern China,it has the highest per rural residential land area,but its non-agricultural ratio is too low to support massive rural land consolidation,it thus suits for the consolidation model of intra-village intensification.The restricted consolidation region,located mainly in southwest China,should pay more attention to its ecological environment and ecological function rather than land potential.Restricted rural residential land consolidation is suggested to combine with large-scale projects such as ecological immigrant project.
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中国典型农区空心村综合整治模式

[J]. 地理学报, 65(6): 727-735.

URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

空心村是农村经济社会转型发展期出现的一种乡村地域系统退化性演变的结果,造成了农村土地资源的浪费和低效利用,严重阻碍了农村经济社会的可持续发展。深入推进空心村现状调查、潜力评价和整治模式研究,对优化城乡土地资源配置、促进新农村建设具有十分重要的意义。以地处黄淮海平原的山东省禹城市为例,基于48个典型村庄、401份农村空心化与空心村整治意愿的农户问卷调查,重点开展了空心村整治模式的实证研究。结果表明,研究区村庄普遍存在村庄规模小、布局散,宅基地闲置多,村庄建设规划缺乏,公共服务设施短缺等问题;农民对空心村整治的意愿强烈,87.0%的农户对推进空心村整治与中心村建设表示愿意和非常愿意;围绕构建新型城乡关系和推动农村空间重构、资源整合、集约用地的指导思想,将国家战略同农民意愿有机结合,提出了城镇化引领型、中心村整合型和村内集约型等空心村综合整治模式。

[Chen Y F, Sun H, Liu Y S.2010.

Reconstruction models of hollowed villages in key agricultural regions of china

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 65(6): 727-735.]

URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

空心村是农村经济社会转型发展期出现的一种乡村地域系统退化性演变的结果,造成了农村土地资源的浪费和低效利用,严重阻碍了农村经济社会的可持续发展。深入推进空心村现状调查、潜力评价和整治模式研究,对优化城乡土地资源配置、促进新农村建设具有十分重要的意义。以地处黄淮海平原的山东省禹城市为例,基于48个典型村庄、401份农村空心化与空心村整治意愿的农户问卷调查,重点开展了空心村整治模式的实证研究。结果表明,研究区村庄普遍存在村庄规模小、布局散,宅基地闲置多,村庄建设规划缺乏,公共服务设施短缺等问题;农民对空心村整治的意愿强烈,87.0%的农户对推进空心村整治与中心村建设表示愿意和非常愿意;围绕构建新型城乡关系和推动农村空间重构、资源整合、集约用地的指导思想,将国家战略同农民意愿有机结合,提出了城镇化引领型、中心村整合型和村内集约型等空心村综合整治模式。
[7] 冯健. 2012. 乡村重构模式与创新[M]. 北京: 商务印书馆.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Feng J.2012. Xiangcun chonggou moshi yu chuangxin[M]. Beijing, China: The Commercial Press.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[8] 顾朝林. 2009.

转型中的中国人文地理学

[J]. 地理学报, 64(10): 1175-1183.

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.10.003      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Chinese human geography, as a branch of geography, has played an important role in the service of development for the country since the reform and opening up, at the same time, the process of national development has flourished the disciplines of human geography. However, much discussion has taken place on the status of human geography, in particular the debates have been long focused on human geography research methodology. In the context of globalization, the world needs to understand China, and China needs to enter the world system, thus in this process human geography will become even more important than ever. This paper explores the development process of human geography, and highlights the role that human geography has played as a major part of geography. On the one hand, economic, social and political changes in China have promoted the development of human geography, and on the other hand, Chinese human geography can make its due contributions to the development of the country with the enhancement of China's international economic status. Besides, human geography has its own law of development and research methods. We should emancipate the mind, and pay more attention to the law of value in economics, the value of social justice in social science , natural landscape and historical analysis methods, and analysis of quantity. There is a need to deepen and innovate the Chinese human geography research as well as to upgrade its results obtained in previous studies.

[Gu C L.2009.

Chinese human geography in transition

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 64(10): 1175-1183.]

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.10.003      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Chinese human geography, as a branch of geography, has played an important role in the service of development for the country since the reform and opening up, at the same time, the process of national development has flourished the disciplines of human geography. However, much discussion has taken place on the status of human geography, in particular the debates have been long focused on human geography research methodology. In the context of globalization, the world needs to understand China, and China needs to enter the world system, thus in this process human geography will become even more important than ever. This paper explores the development process of human geography, and highlights the role that human geography has played as a major part of geography. On the one hand, economic, social and political changes in China have promoted the development of human geography, and on the other hand, Chinese human geography can make its due contributions to the development of the country with the enhancement of China's international economic status. Besides, human geography has its own law of development and research methods. We should emancipate the mind, and pay more attention to the law of value in economics, the value of social justice in social science , natural landscape and historical analysis methods, and analysis of quantity. There is a need to deepen and innovate the Chinese human geography research as well as to upgrade its results obtained in previous studies.
[9] 郭焕成. 1988.

乡村地理学的性质与任务

[J]. 经济地理, 8(2): 125-129.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<正> 一、乡村与乡村地理学乡村也称农村。由于我国农村产业结构和人口就业结构发生变化,农村不仅从事农业,而且还从事非农业,因此称乡村更合适。乡村是指城市 以外的广大地区,也称非城市化地区。乡村是介于城市之间、构成独立行政单元的地区。从这个概念出发,乡村应是一个特定的空间地域单元。它既包括乡村居民 点、又包括居民点所管辖的周围地区。所以,乡村的完整概念,应是以居民点为中心、与周围地区相联系的区域综合体,也称乡村地域系统。在我国,乡村的范围一 般是指县城以下的广大地区,包括乡镇、村庄及其所

[Guo H C.1988.

Xiangcun dilixue de xingzhi yu rengwu

[J]. Economic Geography, 8(2): 125-129.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

<正> 一、乡村与乡村地理学乡村也称农村。由于我国农村产业结构和人口就业结构发生变化,农村不仅从事农业,而且还从事非农业,因此称乡村更合适。乡村是指城市 以外的广大地区,也称非城市化地区。乡村是介于城市之间、构成独立行政单元的地区。从这个概念出发,乡村应是一个特定的空间地域单元。它既包括乡村居民 点、又包括居民点所管辖的周围地区。所以,乡村的完整概念,应是以居民点为中心、与周围地区相联系的区域综合体,也称乡村地域系统。在我国,乡村的范围一 般是指县城以下的广大地区,包括乡镇、村庄及其所
[10] 郭焕成, 陆翔兴, 卢丽君, . 1990.

黄淮海地区乡村发展研究

[J]. 地理研究, 9(2): 130-137.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

黄淮海地区为我国重要的农业区。农村经济体制改革以来,本区乡村开始向现代化演进。本文分析了本区产业结构的演进过程和现状特征,乡村城镇化特点及前景,指出乡村发展面临的困境和出路。

[Guo H C, Lu X X, Lu L J, et al.1990.

A research on the rural development in Huang-Huai-Hai region

[J]. Geographical Research, 9(2): 130-137.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

黄淮海地区为我国重要的农业区。农村经济体制改革以来,本区乡村开始向现代化演进。本文分析了本区产业结构的演进过程和现状特征,乡村城镇化特点及前景,指出乡村发展面临的困境和出路。
[11] 海贝贝, 李小建, 许家伟. 2013.

巩义市农村居民点空间格局演变及其影响因素

[J]. 地理研究, 32(12): 2257-2269.

https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201312008      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Gongyi is the top county of Henan Province in economic development. By using GIS technology,landscape indices and spatial statistical methods,this paper aims to analyze the evolution of the rural settlements,and their spatial distribution and rank-size distribution of landscape patterns from 1990 to 2010,and to investigate the influence of landform,location,social and economic factors on the development of rural settlements in Gongyi. The landscape indexes used in this paper consist of total area(TA),percentage of landscape(PLAD),number of patches(NP),patch density(PD),largest patch index(LPI),mean patch size(MPS),patch size standard deviation(PSSD),mean shape index(SHAPE_MN),mean fractal dimension index(FRAC_MN) and aggregation index(AI). With these indexes,this paper characterizes the scale and shape of rural settlement patches. Kernel density estimation method is used to show the density distribution of rural settlements. Then,some spatial methods,e.g. average nearest neighbor,Getis-ord General G and Getis-Ord Gi* are used to explore the distribution pattern and size distribution of rural settlements. The effect factors behind rural settlement changes are divided into three types: geomorphology factors,location factors and socio-economic factors,and then we discuss the influences on the spatial pattern evolution of rural settlements. The main findings of this study are drawn as follows.(1) The size of rural settlements in Gongyi expanded significantly and the level of intensive land use was low.(2) The shape of rural settlement patches appeared to be regular,implying that the effect of planning and management was emerging.(3) In spatial distribution,the rural settlement patches were characterized by agglomeration. There was a general negative correlation between the density distribution and the size distribution,indicating that there was a high density distribution of small rural settlements and vice versa.(4) There was little change in the entire spatial pattern of rural settlements in Gongyi during 1990-2010,but a concentration in local areas was observed. This is true not only for plain and hilly areas,but also for the regions with rapid economic development.(5) These spatial patterns were affected by physical conditions,but in a micro-level spatio-temporal context,location factors and socio-economic factors played an even bigger role. The results of this study may provide policy guidance for restructuring spatial patterns of rural settlements.

[Hai B B, Li X J, Xu J W.2013.

Spatio-temporal evolution of rural settlements in Gongyi

[J]. Geographical Research, 32(12): 2257-2269.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201312008      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Gongyi is the top county of Henan Province in economic development. By using GIS technology,landscape indices and spatial statistical methods,this paper aims to analyze the evolution of the rural settlements,and their spatial distribution and rank-size distribution of landscape patterns from 1990 to 2010,and to investigate the influence of landform,location,social and economic factors on the development of rural settlements in Gongyi. The landscape indexes used in this paper consist of total area(TA),percentage of landscape(PLAD),number of patches(NP),patch density(PD),largest patch index(LPI),mean patch size(MPS),patch size standard deviation(PSSD),mean shape index(SHAPE_MN),mean fractal dimension index(FRAC_MN) and aggregation index(AI). With these indexes,this paper characterizes the scale and shape of rural settlement patches. Kernel density estimation method is used to show the density distribution of rural settlements. Then,some spatial methods,e.g. average nearest neighbor,Getis-ord General G and Getis-Ord Gi* are used to explore the distribution pattern and size distribution of rural settlements. The effect factors behind rural settlement changes are divided into three types: geomorphology factors,location factors and socio-economic factors,and then we discuss the influences on the spatial pattern evolution of rural settlements. The main findings of this study are drawn as follows.(1) The size of rural settlements in Gongyi expanded significantly and the level of intensive land use was low.(2) The shape of rural settlement patches appeared to be regular,implying that the effect of planning and management was emerging.(3) In spatial distribution,the rural settlement patches were characterized by agglomeration. There was a general negative correlation between the density distribution and the size distribution,indicating that there was a high density distribution of small rural settlements and vice versa.(4) There was little change in the entire spatial pattern of rural settlements in Gongyi during 1990-2010,but a concentration in local areas was observed. This is true not only for plain and hilly areas,but also for the regions with rapid economic development.(5) These spatial patterns were affected by physical conditions,but in a micro-level spatio-temporal context,location factors and socio-economic factors played an even bigger role. The results of this study may provide policy guidance for restructuring spatial patterns of rural settlements.
[12] 韩非, 蔡建明. 2011.

我国半城市化地区乡村聚落的形态演变与重建

[J]. 地理研究, 30(7): 1271-1284.

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011070013      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

In the process of rapid urbanization,Chinese rural habitats in peri-urban areas are facing or experiencing unprecedented evolvement and transformation.Therefore,how to inherit,protect and develop rural culture is on the agenda,meanwhile how to make reasonable village planning is becoming a great theme.This paper firstly discusses the basic characteristics,evolution and development types of peri-urban rural habitats.Then,based on these results,it strives to study its development mechanism and reconstruction paths.In conclusion,the paper takes Mentougou District in Beijing as an example.The results showed that peri-urban rural habitats experienced three evolution phases,namely traditional homogeneous morphology,promiscuous morphology in the early period of transformation,and functional zoning in the late period of transformation.They are facing with differentiatation and recombination,which can be realized by three types of reconstruction paths,such as reformed by urbanization,housing removal and reconstruction,and preserving development.Three types of rural development pattern can be summarized,e.g.new rural community dominated by inner-suburban agricultural(rural) multi-functionality,agriculture specialized village dominated by agricultural specialization production and folk-custom village dominated by eco-tourism.

[Han F, Cai J M.2011.

The evolution and reconstruction of peri-urban rural habitat in China

[J]. Geographical Research, 30(7): 1271-1284.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011070013      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

In the process of rapid urbanization,Chinese rural habitats in peri-urban areas are facing or experiencing unprecedented evolvement and transformation.Therefore,how to inherit,protect and develop rural culture is on the agenda,meanwhile how to make reasonable village planning is becoming a great theme.This paper firstly discusses the basic characteristics,evolution and development types of peri-urban rural habitats.Then,based on these results,it strives to study its development mechanism and reconstruction paths.In conclusion,the paper takes Mentougou District in Beijing as an example.The results showed that peri-urban rural habitats experienced three evolution phases,namely traditional homogeneous morphology,promiscuous morphology in the early period of transformation,and functional zoning in the late period of transformation.They are facing with differentiatation and recombination,which can be realized by three types of reconstruction paths,such as reformed by urbanization,housing removal and reconstruction,and preserving development.Three types of rural development pattern can be summarized,e.g.new rural community dominated by inner-suburban agricultural(rural) multi-functionality,agriculture specialized village dominated by agricultural specialization production and folk-custom village dominated by eco-tourism.
[13] 何深静, 钱俊希, 徐雨璇, . 2012.

快速城市化背景下乡村绅士化的时空演变特征

[J]. 地理学报, 67(8): 1044-1056.

https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201208004      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

乡村绅士化是指移民从城市迁入乡村地区,通过对一定的经济资本的利用,来达到对乡村的自然环境与独特的生活方式及文化氛围的体验与消费的过程。乡村绅士化过程造成了乡村地区人口结构的重构以及物质景观的变迁。本文选取广州小洲村作为研究案例,对乡村绅士化的时空特征及其演变过程进行了深入分析。研究发现,小洲村乡村绅士化过程分为艺术先锋绅士化及学生化两个阶段。由于空间需求、付租能力、群体数量等方面的差异,两类绅士化过程对当地的物质环境、文化、社会、经济等方面产生了不同的影响。但两者的发展紧密相连,在时间和空间上经历了延续、重叠、更替等阶段。乡村绅士化的过程,在一定程度上缓解了乡村社区经济发展的困境,也没有造成对本地居民的置换。但是随着社区住房成本的上涨,先期迁入的艺术家群体正在被付租能力更强的学生群体逐渐替换。值得注意的是,本地村民通过积极的寻租行为成为乡村绅士化的重要推动者,而非被置换者。研究发现,乡村绅士化现象的中西方差异主要体现在4个方面:经济和物质层面的影响、与城市化的关系、人口置换的后果、绅士化的推动者。这些差异主要与乡村绅士化发展的社会经济背景、机制和特殊的土地政策等密切相关。这一研究对于探讨转型期中国乡村绅士化现象的特征与机制以及乡村社区发展的模式具有重要的理论与现实意义。

[He S J, Qian J X, Xu Y X, et al.2012.

Spatial-temporal evolution of rural gentrification amidst rapid urbanization: a case study of Xiaozhou Village, Guangzhou

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(8): 1044-1056.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201208004      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

乡村绅士化是指移民从城市迁入乡村地区,通过对一定的经济资本的利用,来达到对乡村的自然环境与独特的生活方式及文化氛围的体验与消费的过程。乡村绅士化过程造成了乡村地区人口结构的重构以及物质景观的变迁。本文选取广州小洲村作为研究案例,对乡村绅士化的时空特征及其演变过程进行了深入分析。研究发现,小洲村乡村绅士化过程分为艺术先锋绅士化及学生化两个阶段。由于空间需求、付租能力、群体数量等方面的差异,两类绅士化过程对当地的物质环境、文化、社会、经济等方面产生了不同的影响。但两者的发展紧密相连,在时间和空间上经历了延续、重叠、更替等阶段。乡村绅士化的过程,在一定程度上缓解了乡村社区经济发展的困境,也没有造成对本地居民的置换。但是随着社区住房成本的上涨,先期迁入的艺术家群体正在被付租能力更强的学生群体逐渐替换。值得注意的是,本地村民通过积极的寻租行为成为乡村绅士化的重要推动者,而非被置换者。研究发现,乡村绅士化现象的中西方差异主要体现在4个方面:经济和物质层面的影响、与城市化的关系、人口置换的后果、绅士化的推动者。这些差异主要与乡村绅士化发展的社会经济背景、机制和特殊的土地政策等密切相关。这一研究对于探讨转型期中国乡村绅士化现象的特征与机制以及乡村社区发展的模式具有重要的理论与现实意义。
[14] 李承嘉. 2005.

行动者网络理论应用于乡村发展之研究: 以九份聚落1895-1945年发展为例

[J]. (台湾)地理学报, 39: 1-30.

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[Li C J.2005.

A study on the application of actor network theory to rural development: a case study on the development of Chiu-Fen settlement from 1895 to 1945

[J]. Journal of Geographical Science (Taiwan), 39: 1-30.]

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[15] 李平星, 陈雯, 孙伟. 2014.

经济发达地区乡村地域多功能空间分异及影响因素: 以江苏省为例

[J]. 地理学报, 69(6): 797-807.

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[Li P X, Chen W, Sun W.2014.

Spatial differentiation and influencing factors of rural territorial multifunctions in developed regions: a case study of Jiangsu Province

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 69(6): 797-807.]

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[16] 李小建, 周雄飞, 乔家君, . 2009.

不同环境下农户自主发展能力对收入增长的影响

[J]. 地理学报, 64(6): 643-653.

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.06.001      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Using the improved method of entropy value of information and the multi-linear regression, we analyze the data for 1251 households of the 11 villages in Henan province. Based on conception of copulas of time and space, we quantitatively analyze the essential relation between farmers' self-developing ability and sustainable income-increasing for various geographical environments. We conclude: (1) Farmers' self-developing ability influences farmers' agricultural income, but the effects of geographical factors, such as the farmland, types of geographic conditions, etc. are more significant. The effect of farmland size is the largest for the mountainous areas, the less for the hilly areas, the smallest for the plain areas. The effect of farmers' self-developing ability is opposite to the effects of farmland size. (2) The farmers' self-developing ability and farmers' inputs of labor have a great influence the non-agricultural income of farmers, while the geographical factors do not have direct effect on farmers' non-agricultural income. The transportation conditions of the location of farms have indirect influence on agricultural income of farming households through influencing farmers' self-developing ability. (3) In different periods of farmers' developing process, the contribution of farmers' self-developing ability's to farmers' non-agricultural income is different. In the beginning stage of non-agricultural development of farmers, non-agricultural development of farmers relys almost completely on the inputs of labor, and the self-developing ability has almost no effect on the non-agricultural development of farmers. In the intermediate stage of non-agricultural development of farmers, the developing ability and input of labor contribute 50% to the non-agricultural development respectively. In the late stage of development, the ability's contribution fall

[Li X J, Zhou X F, Qiao J J, et al.2009.

Self-developing ability of rural households and its impact on growth of the household income: a geographical study

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 64(6): 643-653.]

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.06.001      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Using the improved method of entropy value of information and the multi-linear regression, we analyze the data for 1251 households of the 11 villages in Henan province. Based on conception of copulas of time and space, we quantitatively analyze the essential relation between farmers' self-developing ability and sustainable income-increasing for various geographical environments. We conclude: (1) Farmers' self-developing ability influences farmers' agricultural income, but the effects of geographical factors, such as the farmland, types of geographic conditions, etc. are more significant. The effect of farmland size is the largest for the mountainous areas, the less for the hilly areas, the smallest for the plain areas. The effect of farmers' self-developing ability is opposite to the effects of farmland size. (2) The farmers' self-developing ability and farmers' inputs of labor have a great influence the non-agricultural income of farmers, while the geographical factors do not have direct effect on farmers' non-agricultural income. The transportation conditions of the location of farms have indirect influence on agricultural income of farming households through influencing farmers' self-developing ability. (3) In different periods of farmers' developing process, the contribution of farmers' self-developing ability's to farmers' non-agricultural income is different. In the beginning stage of non-agricultural development of farmers, non-agricultural development of farmers relys almost completely on the inputs of labor, and the self-developing ability has almost no effect on the non-agricultural development of farmers. In the intermediate stage of non-agricultural development of farmers, the developing ability and input of labor contribute 50% to the non-agricultural development respectively. In the late stage of development, the ability's contribution fall
[17] 李小建, 周雄飞, 郑纯辉, . 2012.

欠发达区地理环境对专业村发展的影响研究

[J]. 地理学报, 67(6): 783-792.

https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201206006      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Theoretical framework on formation of specialized villages was proposed by using rational small household,division of labour and specialization and distance decay and neighbourhood affect theories.These theories from economics and geography determined the formation of specialized villages,but the types of the specialization are related to resources endeavor and environmental conditions of the villages.The paper illustrates the change of the economic structure of villages by applying mathematical models,stating that various geographical conditions surrounding a village leads to different marginal production efficiency,therefore forming specified production structure.If a village's environment proves suitable for certain production or service,then a relevant type of specialized village may emerge.Based on theoretical analysis,we use the census data of specialized villages in Henan Province in 2010,applying dummy variables representing 16 types of specialized villages,and selecting environmental variables such as landform,location,arable land area and labour force from a spatial database from government authorities.The regression results from the OLS models indicate a significant impact of village environmental conditions on village specialization:(1)more labour force leads to lower specialization;(2)abundant arable land benefits specialization;(3)the closer location to its county site results in higher probability of specialization on agricultural processing industry;(4)existence of a wholesale market may increase specialization on relevant villages,especially for agricultural processing and animal husbandry industries;(5)the villages located in hilly terrain show less probability on specialization than others,mainly caused by difficulties in transportation and shortage in arable land;while mountainous environment provides resources for the development of specialization.Results from qualitative models indicate diverse environmental impact in different types of specialized villages.Positive impacts of land availability are observed in tea plantation,tree nursery and fruit farm.Labour force assists the formation of labour intensive production such as floristry.Accessibility benefits specialization in fruit,vegetable production and floristry.Results of this study can be applied to policy making for guidance of specialization under various environmental conditions.

[Li X J, Zhou X F, Zheng C H, et al.2012.

Development of specialized villages in various environments of less developed China

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(6): 783-792.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201206006      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Theoretical framework on formation of specialized villages was proposed by using rational small household,division of labour and specialization and distance decay and neighbourhood affect theories.These theories from economics and geography determined the formation of specialized villages,but the types of the specialization are related to resources endeavor and environmental conditions of the villages.The paper illustrates the change of the economic structure of villages by applying mathematical models,stating that various geographical conditions surrounding a village leads to different marginal production efficiency,therefore forming specified production structure.If a village's environment proves suitable for certain production or service,then a relevant type of specialized village may emerge.Based on theoretical analysis,we use the census data of specialized villages in Henan Province in 2010,applying dummy variables representing 16 types of specialized villages,and selecting environmental variables such as landform,location,arable land area and labour force from a spatial database from government authorities.The regression results from the OLS models indicate a significant impact of village environmental conditions on village specialization:(1)more labour force leads to lower specialization;(2)abundant arable land benefits specialization;(3)the closer location to its county site results in higher probability of specialization on agricultural processing industry;(4)existence of a wholesale market may increase specialization on relevant villages,especially for agricultural processing and animal husbandry industries;(5)the villages located in hilly terrain show less probability on specialization than others,mainly caused by difficulties in transportation and shortage in arable land;while mountainous environment provides resources for the development of specialization.Results from qualitative models indicate diverse environmental impact in different types of specialized villages.Positive impacts of land availability are observed in tea plantation,tree nursery and fruit farm.Labour force assists the formation of labour intensive production such as floristry.Accessibility benefits specialization in fruit,vegetable production and floristry.Results of this study can be applied to policy making for guidance of specialization under various environmental conditions.
[18] 李裕瑞, 刘彦随, 龙花楼. 2011.

黄淮海地区乡村发展格局与类型

[J]. 地理研究, 30(9): 1637-1647.

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011090008      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

China's agricultural and rural development has come into a new period of transformation since 2004,and this may provide new chances for rural development in less developed traditional agricultural areas.As such,geographical comprehensive studies on rural development in these areas are urgently needed.The Huang-Huai-Hai region,a representative of China's traditional agricultural areas,is an important hinterland of Bohai Economic Rim and a major base of China's grain and cotton production.The middle-and low-yield farmland improvement and agricultural comprehensive development initiated in the early 1970s had significantly accelerated the agricultural development in this region.Agricultural production function of this region has been further strengthened.However,rural development was still at a low level.This paper established an indicator system for assessing integrated level and spatial pattern of rural development in this region in 2000 and 2008 at county level.Furthermore,rural development types at county level were classified based on five indices including integrated rural development index,per capita output of major agricultural product,the proportion of agricultural labor in total rural labor,scale industrial output value per capita and the proportion of tertiary industry in GDP using self-organizing feature maps(SOFM) network modeling.The results showed:(1) rural development of the Huang-Huai-Hai region in 2008 has been significantly improved compared with 2000,as evidenced by the integrated rural development index showing an annual increase of 7.71%;(2) however,regional differences of integrated rural development index is still large and its spatial pattern showed no significant change during the study period;(3) per capita grain output and per capita output of major agricultural product have significant negative correlation with integrated rural development index and other selected rural development indictors;(4) according to cluster analysis supported by SOFM network,eight rural development types were divided.In urban-rural transformation,governments at all levels should identify limiting factors based on local conditions of various rural development types.Besides,more attention should be paid to the negative correlation between bulk agricultural commodities production and integrated rural development.

[Li Y R, Liu Y S, Long H L.2011.

Study on the pattern and types of rural development in the Huang-Huai-Hai region

[J]. Geographical Research, 30(9): 1637-1647.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2011090008      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

China's agricultural and rural development has come into a new period of transformation since 2004,and this may provide new chances for rural development in less developed traditional agricultural areas.As such,geographical comprehensive studies on rural development in these areas are urgently needed.The Huang-Huai-Hai region,a representative of China's traditional agricultural areas,is an important hinterland of Bohai Economic Rim and a major base of China's grain and cotton production.The middle-and low-yield farmland improvement and agricultural comprehensive development initiated in the early 1970s had significantly accelerated the agricultural development in this region.Agricultural production function of this region has been further strengthened.However,rural development was still at a low level.This paper established an indicator system for assessing integrated level and spatial pattern of rural development in this region in 2000 and 2008 at county level.Furthermore,rural development types at county level were classified based on five indices including integrated rural development index,per capita output of major agricultural product,the proportion of agricultural labor in total rural labor,scale industrial output value per capita and the proportion of tertiary industry in GDP using self-organizing feature maps(SOFM) network modeling.The results showed:(1) rural development of the Huang-Huai-Hai region in 2008 has been significantly improved compared with 2000,as evidenced by the integrated rural development index showing an annual increase of 7.71%;(2) however,regional differences of integrated rural development index is still large and its spatial pattern showed no significant change during the study period;(3) per capita grain output and per capita output of major agricultural product have significant negative correlation with integrated rural development index and other selected rural development indictors;(4) according to cluster analysis supported by SOFM network,eight rural development types were divided.In urban-rural transformation,governments at all levels should identify limiting factors based on local conditions of various rural development types.Besides,more attention should be paid to the negative correlation between bulk agricultural commodities production and integrated rural development.
[19] 李裕瑞, 刘彦随, 龙花楼. 2012.

黄淮海典型地区村域转型发展的特征与机理

[J]. 地理学报, 67(6): 771-782.

https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201206005      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

China's agriculture and rural development have made great achievements since the reform and open-door policy was initiated.However,it can be seen clearly that agricultural foundation of China is still weak,rural development is still lagging behind,and the increase of farmers'incomes is still unstable.Village is definitely the main battlefield of solving problems related to farmers,agriculture and rural areas(so called"San Nong Wen Ti"in Chinese)and building new countryside,so it is of great theoretical and practical value to carry out studies on the evolutionary process and dynamic mechanism of village development.This study aims to explore the evolutionary processes,common features and general mechanism of village development in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,a representative of China's traditional agricultural regions,based on systematic analysis of development history and mechanism of five villages in three counties with different types of rural development. The main contents and results were summed up as follows:(1)Factors that influence village development.Geographical location,economic basis,resource and environment endowments, social capital and human capital are internal influencing factors;macroeconomic environment, institutional arrangement,market demand,professional techniques and government support are external ones;accidental factors from interior or exterior village may catalyze,lubricate or block village development.(2)Common features of village development.Grassroots participation is the core concept and basic principles that should be adhered to during the course of village development;the integration of internal and external motivation is the objective needs of village development and rural elites play an important role during the process,in particular,they are usually the key actors of motivating and integrating the desire of internal and external participants;to seize high value-added part of value chain is the strategic orientation of village industrial development;innovation is one of the most important engines driving village development;strategy,planning and executive force are also vital supports for village development;and overall,village development is a dynamic process of self-organizing and network forming.(3)General mechanism of village development.Local villagers are the main body of village development,and rural elites are the core element. Based on a systematic insight into the local resources endowment,development willingness, market demand,government's policy orientation,external experiences and so on,the rural elites exert themselves to stimulate the internal motivation and integrate the external motivation,and then these actors jointly build the

[ Li Y R, Liu Y S, Long H L.

Characteristics and mechanism of village transformation development in typical regions of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(6): 771-782.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201206005      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

China's agriculture and rural development have made great achievements since the reform and open-door policy was initiated.However,it can be seen clearly that agricultural foundation of China is still weak,rural development is still lagging behind,and the increase of farmers'incomes is still unstable.Village is definitely the main battlefield of solving problems related to farmers,agriculture and rural areas(so called"San Nong Wen Ti"in Chinese)and building new countryside,so it is of great theoretical and practical value to carry out studies on the evolutionary process and dynamic mechanism of village development.This study aims to explore the evolutionary processes,common features and general mechanism of village development in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,a representative of China's traditional agricultural regions,based on systematic analysis of development history and mechanism of five villages in three counties with different types of rural development. The main contents and results were summed up as follows:(1)Factors that influence village development.Geographical location,economic basis,resource and environment endowments, social capital and human capital are internal influencing factors;macroeconomic environment, institutional arrangement,market demand,professional techniques and government support are external ones;accidental factors from interior or exterior village may catalyze,lubricate or block village development.(2)Common features of village development.Grassroots participation is the core concept and basic principles that should be adhered to during the course of village development;the integration of internal and external motivation is the objective needs of village development and rural elites play an important role during the process,in particular,they are usually the key actors of motivating and integrating the desire of internal and external participants;to seize high value-added part of value chain is the strategic orientation of village industrial development;innovation is one of the most important engines driving village development;strategy,planning and executive force are also vital supports for village development;and overall,village development is a dynamic process of self-organizing and network forming.(3)General mechanism of village development.Local villagers are the main body of village development,and rural elites are the core element. Based on a systematic insight into the local resources endowment,development willingness, market demand,government's policy orientation,external experiences and so on,the rural elites exert themselves to stimulate the internal motivation and integrate the external motivation,and then these actors jointly build the
[20] 李裕瑞, 刘彦随, 龙花楼, . 2013.

大城市郊区村域转型发展的资源环境效应与优化调控研究: 以北京市顺义区北村为例

[J]. 地理学报, 68(6): 825-838.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[Li Y R, Liu Y S, Long H L, et al.2013.

Village transformation development, resources and environment effects and their optimal regulation in the metropolitan suburbs: the case of Beicun in Shunyi District, Beijing

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 68(6): 825-838.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[21] 林若琪, 蔡运龙. 2012.

转型期乡村多功能性及景观重塑

[J]. 人文地理, 27(2): 45-49.

URL      摘要

Based on the concept of multifunction and landscape functions,this article reviews rural multifunctional development in the context of globalization.Change in the patterns of urbanization and the revaluing of the rural lifestyle,inversion of demographic flows between urban and rural areas,the increased importance placed on protecting the environment and regions with unique characteristics,and the changes in consumption,food habits,employment,and related activities.At different developmental stages,a region has special strategic objectives and core issues to be resolved as well as various functions that conferred by regional development.Landscape patterns express past policy decisions,and landscape processes shape the possibilities for future policy and economy.An examination of landscape dynamics can therefore graphically demonstrate tensions,conflicts and contradictions within and between different policy paradigms,in particular upon the landscape effects of the radical reforms of agricultural policy that were implemented in china.A number of recent discourses and initiatives are increasingly challenging the current policy system and practices.First,there is a growing argument for a landscape scale approach to biodiversity and natural habitats in the production landscape.Second,the question of a more coherent and proactive public landscape policy for valuable landscapes has been raised.The purpose of shaping rural landscape multifunctionality is to protect and improve rural environment,to maintain the biodiversity for ecological function,to improve the tourism and special culture site of social-economical function and to inherit the history as kind of culture function.For rural transition at the present stage,it is not enough to focus only on eco-environment or cultural landscape,high attention should be paid on reshaping the multifuctionality of rural landscape and its planning and utilization of the rural areas and with increased subsidiarity and localization of rural development policies.In the end,some suggestions are put forward,so that new insights on the sustainable development in rural area can be best.

[Lin R Q, Cai Y L.2012.

Study on rural multifunction and landscape reformulation in the transitional period

[J]. Human Geography, 27(2): 45-49.]

URL      摘要

Based on the concept of multifunction and landscape functions,this article reviews rural multifunctional development in the context of globalization.Change in the patterns of urbanization and the revaluing of the rural lifestyle,inversion of demographic flows between urban and rural areas,the increased importance placed on protecting the environment and regions with unique characteristics,and the changes in consumption,food habits,employment,and related activities.At different developmental stages,a region has special strategic objectives and core issues to be resolved as well as various functions that conferred by regional development.Landscape patterns express past policy decisions,and landscape processes shape the possibilities for future policy and economy.An examination of landscape dynamics can therefore graphically demonstrate tensions,conflicts and contradictions within and between different policy paradigms,in particular upon the landscape effects of the radical reforms of agricultural policy that were implemented in china.A number of recent discourses and initiatives are increasingly challenging the current policy system and practices.First,there is a growing argument for a landscape scale approach to biodiversity and natural habitats in the production landscape.Second,the question of a more coherent and proactive public landscape policy for valuable landscapes has been raised.The purpose of shaping rural landscape multifunctionality is to protect and improve rural environment,to maintain the biodiversity for ecological function,to improve the tourism and special culture site of social-economical function and to inherit the history as kind of culture function.For rural transition at the present stage,it is not enough to focus only on eco-environment or cultural landscape,high attention should be paid on reshaping the multifuctionality of rural landscape and its planning and utilization of the rural areas and with increased subsidiarity and localization of rural development policies.In the end,some suggestions are put forward,so that new insights on the sustainable development in rural area can be best.
[22] 刘传明, 曾菊新. 2011.

县域综合交通可达性测度及其与经济发展水平的关系: 对湖北省79个县域的定量分析

[J]. 地理研究, 30(12): 2209-2221.

URL     

[Liu C M, Zeng J X.2011.

The calculating method about the comprehensive transport accessibility and its correlation with economic development at county level: the statistical analysis of 79 counties in Hubei Province

[J]. Geographical Research, 30(12): 2209-2221.]

URL     

[23] 刘梦琴. 2011.

中国城市化进程中村落终结的路径选择

[J]. 农村经济, (2): 92-96.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

城市化进程中卷入城市化浪潮的村落“终结”为城市,是世界各国的一般规律。然而,改革开放以来,我国城市化进程中的村落终结具有多样性和渐进性的特征,中国村落终结艰难的制度根源是城乡二元的经济和管理制度。村落终结是农村村落伴随着一系列重大事件完成城市化的过程,存在着多种终结形式,农村集体经济组织的终结成为村落终结的重要标志。

[Liu M Q.2011.

Zhongguo chengshihua jincheng zhong cunluo zhongjie de lujing xuanze

[J]. Rural Economy, (2): 92-96.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

城市化进程中卷入城市化浪潮的村落“终结”为城市,是世界各国的一般规律。然而,改革开放以来,我国城市化进程中的村落终结具有多样性和渐进性的特征,中国村落终结艰难的制度根源是城乡二元的经济和管理制度。村落终结是农村村落伴随着一系列重大事件完成城市化的过程,存在着多种终结形式,农村集体经济组织的终结成为村落终结的重要标志。
[24] 刘彦随. 2007.

中国东部沿海地区乡村转型发展与新农村建设

[J]. 地理学报, 62(6): 563-570.

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2007.06.001      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

With the implementation of reform and opening up policies, rapid industrialization and urbanization in the eastern coastal area of China has not only promoted the development of regional economy, enhanced the international competitiveness, but also influenced the vast rural area deeply, bringing great changes to the rural industrial structure, employment structure and agricultural production pattern, and the development of the coastal rural area has come into a new period of transformation and upgrade. The proportion of the primary industry decreased from 23.3% to 7.9% and that of the tertiary industry increased from 19.8% to 40.5%, while the proportion of agricultural labor force decreased from 90.8% to 47.9% during 1978-2005. Analysis shows that proportions of both production value of coastal agriculture in GDP and agricultural labor force in rural labors will continue to decrease to 8.0% and 44.5% by 2010 and to 6.0% and 32.2% by 2020. From 1990 to 2005, the average elasticity coefficient of cultivated land and labor force in the eastern coastal area came to 1.84, which means that the transfer of agricultural labor force is faster than the decrease of cultivated land and the labor productivity is increasing steadily. At the corresponding period, rural population decreased from 306 million to 219 million while rural construction land use per capita increased, indicating that the transfer of rural population failed to be linked to the decrease of rural residential land. The new countryside construction in the eastern coastal area must obey the rules of rural transformation and development, lay stress on scientific plan and regionalization, promote rural productivity and foster interactive and harmonious development between city and countryside by optimizing urban and rural land use and developing modern agriculture and rural characteristic economy.

[Liu Y S.2007.

Rural transformation development and new countryside construction in Eastern Coastal Area of China

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 62(6): 563-570.]

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2007.06.001      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

With the implementation of reform and opening up policies, rapid industrialization and urbanization in the eastern coastal area of China has not only promoted the development of regional economy, enhanced the international competitiveness, but also influenced the vast rural area deeply, bringing great changes to the rural industrial structure, employment structure and agricultural production pattern, and the development of the coastal rural area has come into a new period of transformation and upgrade. The proportion of the primary industry decreased from 23.3% to 7.9% and that of the tertiary industry increased from 19.8% to 40.5%, while the proportion of agricultural labor force decreased from 90.8% to 47.9% during 1978-2005. Analysis shows that proportions of both production value of coastal agriculture in GDP and agricultural labor force in rural labors will continue to decrease to 8.0% and 44.5% by 2010 and to 6.0% and 32.2% by 2020. From 1990 to 2005, the average elasticity coefficient of cultivated land and labor force in the eastern coastal area came to 1.84, which means that the transfer of agricultural labor force is faster than the decrease of cultivated land and the labor productivity is increasing steadily. At the corresponding period, rural population decreased from 306 million to 219 million while rural construction land use per capita increased, indicating that the transfer of rural population failed to be linked to the decrease of rural residential land. The new countryside construction in the eastern coastal area must obey the rules of rural transformation and development, lay stress on scientific plan and regionalization, promote rural productivity and foster interactive and harmonious development between city and countryside by optimizing urban and rural land use and developing modern agriculture and rural characteristic economy.
[25] 刘彦随, 刘玉. 2010.

中国农村空心化问题研究的进展与展望

[J]. 地理研究, 29(1): 35-42.

https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1084.2010.00199      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Rural hollowing is one of the special patterns of rural areal system evolvement in the process of urban-rural transitional development.Recently,the evolvement trend of rural hollowing is quickened by the speedy regional urbanization and non-agricultural population growth,thus to research the lifecycle of rural hollowing evolvement,driving forces of rural hollowing development,rural space reconstructions and rural hollowing regulation thoroughly are the new historical tasks for geographical study in the new epoch.By the comparative study methods,this paper reviews and forecasts the study progress of rural hollowing,points out flaws in the existing studies and predicts the key points in future studies.Results indicate that the existing studies of "hollowed village" mainly focus on the conception,characteristics,space model,different stages and process of rural settlement hollowing,main driving forces,some problems resulted from village hollowing,and countermeasures to control the trend of hollowed village development.The influencing factors of rural hollowing evolvement include four aspects,namely,resource environment,economy and society,mechanism and institution,management and policy.Under the background of ensuring the warning line of cultivated land,guiding new countryside construction,reconstructing optimal rural space and regulating rural hollowing evolvement,the studies should be enhanced in the future on the formation mechanism,regional types and developmental ways;scenario simulation of new countryside construction and potential assessment of "hollowed village" under the condition of urban and rural harmonious development;technical system of "hollowed village" consolidation.

[Liu Y S, Liu Y.2010.

Progress and prospect on the study of rural hollowing in China

[J]. Geographical Research, 29(1): 35-42.]

https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1084.2010.00199      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Rural hollowing is one of the special patterns of rural areal system evolvement in the process of urban-rural transitional development.Recently,the evolvement trend of rural hollowing is quickened by the speedy regional urbanization and non-agricultural population growth,thus to research the lifecycle of rural hollowing evolvement,driving forces of rural hollowing development,rural space reconstructions and rural hollowing regulation thoroughly are the new historical tasks for geographical study in the new epoch.By the comparative study methods,this paper reviews and forecasts the study progress of rural hollowing,points out flaws in the existing studies and predicts the key points in future studies.Results indicate that the existing studies of "hollowed village" mainly focus on the conception,characteristics,space model,different stages and process of rural settlement hollowing,main driving forces,some problems resulted from village hollowing,and countermeasures to control the trend of hollowed village development.The influencing factors of rural hollowing evolvement include four aspects,namely,resource environment,economy and society,mechanism and institution,management and policy.Under the background of ensuring the warning line of cultivated land,guiding new countryside construction,reconstructing optimal rural space and regulating rural hollowing evolvement,the studies should be enhanced in the future on the formation mechanism,regional types and developmental ways;scenario simulation of new countryside construction and potential assessment of "hollowed village" under the condition of urban and rural harmonious development;technical system of "hollowed village" consolidation.
[26] 刘彦随, 刘玉, 陈玉福. 2011.

中国地域多功能性评价及其决策机制

[J]. 地理学报, 66(10): 1379-1389.

https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00415      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Territorial function in various regions has a significant spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability.With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization as well as enhancement of geographic differentiation and diversity of man-earth areal system,territorial functions and regional development orientations has shown an increasingly strong trend towards diversification.Based on the definition of territorial dominant functions at the county level and the building of multi-functionality evaluation index system and index analysis model,this paper evaluates and grades the functions of economic development,food security,social stability,environmental protection and comprehensive function.The results are obtained as follows economy-oriented functional areas are mainly distributed in eastern coastal developed areas and peripheral areas of the metropolitan regions,such as Pearl River Delta,Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Ji region.Grain-oriented functional areas are mainly distributed in the Northeast China Plain,the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,Sichuan Basin,central Hubei,eastern Hunan and other regions covered by a large area of plain.The social security function indexes are gradually weakened from coastal to inland areas and from north to south;Eco-conservation areas are concentrated in the Northeast China and southern Qinling Mountain-Huaihe River Line.Then based on the coupling of each dominant function and the evaluation of composite function at the county level,study areas are divided into two types:areas with strong function and areas with weak function.Finally,this paper explores the innovation mechanisms and favorable policies to enhance the dominant function of each county and optimize the allocation of production factors,including the financial transfer payment,ecological compensation,and government performance assessment,which provide a scientific guidance for regional harmony development and sustainable growth of county competitive power.

[Liu Y S, Liu Y, Chen Y F.2011.

Territorial multi-functionality evaluation and decision-making mechanism at county scale in China

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 66(10): 1379-1389.]

https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00415      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Territorial function in various regions has a significant spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability.With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization as well as enhancement of geographic differentiation and diversity of man-earth areal system,territorial functions and regional development orientations has shown an increasingly strong trend towards diversification.Based on the definition of territorial dominant functions at the county level and the building of multi-functionality evaluation index system and index analysis model,this paper evaluates and grades the functions of economic development,food security,social stability,environmental protection and comprehensive function.The results are obtained as follows economy-oriented functional areas are mainly distributed in eastern coastal developed areas and peripheral areas of the metropolitan regions,such as Pearl River Delta,Yangtze River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Ji region.Grain-oriented functional areas are mainly distributed in the Northeast China Plain,the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain,Sichuan Basin,central Hubei,eastern Hunan and other regions covered by a large area of plain.The social security function indexes are gradually weakened from coastal to inland areas and from north to south;Eco-conservation areas are concentrated in the Northeast China and southern Qinling Mountain-Huaihe River Line.Then based on the coupling of each dominant function and the evaluation of composite function at the county level,study areas are divided into two types:areas with strong function and areas with weak function.Finally,this paper explores the innovation mechanisms and favorable policies to enhance the dominant function of each county and optimize the allocation of production factors,including the financial transfer payment,ecological compensation,and government performance assessment,which provide a scientific guidance for regional harmony development and sustainable growth of county competitive power.
[27] 刘彦随, 刘玉, 翟荣新. 2009.

中国农村空心化的地理学研究与整治实践

[J]. 地理学报, 64(10): 1193-1202.

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.10.005      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Rural hollowing is a widespread phenomenon all over China, especially in traditional agricultural areas. From the dynamic viewpoint, rural hollowing is a special evolution form of rural areal system during the process of urban-rural transformation development. In terms of its natural function and task, rural geography has unique advantages to research rural hollowing. From the comprehensive, dynamic and regional perspectives, these advantages of rural geography are mainly the phenomenon description and spatial models establishment of rural hollowing, formation mechanism and dynamic force simulation, response mechanism and comprehensive effect, as well as potential types and its optimal regulation This paper puts forward a series of propositions which should be studied based on theoretical disciplinary system of rural geography. Therefore this paper refines and develops the theoretical foundation of rural geography for rural hollowing research. The theoretical system includes the lifecycles of rural hollowing evolvement, spatial pattern of generation development, mechanics theory of rural hollowing and "Three Integration" model. Then based on the theory research of rural space reconstructions and rural hollowing regulation, integrating with analysis of influencing factors on spatial pattern and evolvement of rural settlement, this paper develops a framework for the succession, evaluation and regulation of rural hollowing. Finally, taking Yucheng city in Shandong province as a typical case, this paper constructs the basic criterion, development concept and planning schemes for the regulation of hollowed villages in Yucheng city, which is the theoretical practice of rural geography. In order to guide new countryside construction, ensure warning line of cultivated land and co-ordinate land use allocation between urban and rural areas in China, it is necessary to conduct a through investigation on the mechanism, policy and mode innovation involved "trinity" by implementing village renovation demonstration project.

[Liu Y S, Liu Y, Zhai R X.2009.

Geographical research and optimizing practice of rural hollowing in China

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 64(10): 1193-1202.]

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.10.005      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Rural hollowing is a widespread phenomenon all over China, especially in traditional agricultural areas. From the dynamic viewpoint, rural hollowing is a special evolution form of rural areal system during the process of urban-rural transformation development. In terms of its natural function and task, rural geography has unique advantages to research rural hollowing. From the comprehensive, dynamic and regional perspectives, these advantages of rural geography are mainly the phenomenon description and spatial models establishment of rural hollowing, formation mechanism and dynamic force simulation, response mechanism and comprehensive effect, as well as potential types and its optimal regulation This paper puts forward a series of propositions which should be studied based on theoretical disciplinary system of rural geography. Therefore this paper refines and develops the theoretical foundation of rural geography for rural hollowing research. The theoretical system includes the lifecycles of rural hollowing evolvement, spatial pattern of generation development, mechanics theory of rural hollowing and "Three Integration" model. Then based on the theory research of rural space reconstructions and rural hollowing regulation, integrating with analysis of influencing factors on spatial pattern and evolvement of rural settlement, this paper develops a framework for the succession, evaluation and regulation of rural hollowing. Finally, taking Yucheng city in Shandong province as a typical case, this paper constructs the basic criterion, development concept and planning schemes for the regulation of hollowed villages in Yucheng city, which is the theoretical practice of rural geography. In order to guide new countryside construction, ensure warning line of cultivated land and co-ordinate land use allocation between urban and rural areas in China, it is necessary to conduct a through investigation on the mechanism, policy and mode innovation involved "trinity" by implementing village renovation demonstration project.
[28] 刘彦随, 龙花楼. 2011.

中国农业地理与乡村发展研究进展及展望: 建所70周年农业与乡村地理研究回顾与前瞻

[J]. 地理科学进展, 30(4): 409-416.

https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00415      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper reviews the development course of the disciplines of agricultural geography and rural de-velopment in China,analyzes the related research progress,major achievements and their social impacts,and prospects for the new innovative research tasks and scientific propositions in the fields of agricultural geography and rural development to meet the needs of national strategies.In the future,there will be an obvious trend of re-gionalized and base-oriented agricultural production,and also an increasing trend of urbanization and industrial-ization in the rural development in China.As such,there is an urgent need for the innovative researches on agri-cultural geography and rural development to provide strong support to realize the coordinated and balanced ru-ral-urban development,and the balance between agricultural economy and social issues,and to appropriately deal with the relationship between rural development and environmental protection.In order to keep up with the pace of the national economic development,agricultural and rural geographers should continue the tenet of geog-raphy research serving for the development of agriculture and rural areas,and solving new problems under new situations to make more contributions to meeting the needs of national strategies.

[Liu Y S, Long H L.2010.

Agricultural geography and rural development in China: research progress and prospect

[J]. Progress in Geography, 30(4): 409-416.]

https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1011.2011.00415      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper reviews the development course of the disciplines of agricultural geography and rural de-velopment in China,analyzes the related research progress,major achievements and their social impacts,and prospects for the new innovative research tasks and scientific propositions in the fields of agricultural geography and rural development to meet the needs of national strategies.In the future,there will be an obvious trend of re-gionalized and base-oriented agricultural production,and also an increasing trend of urbanization and industrial-ization in the rural development in China.As such,there is an urgent need for the innovative researches on agri-cultural geography and rural development to provide strong support to realize the coordinated and balanced ru-ral-urban development,and the balance between agricultural economy and social issues,and to appropriately deal with the relationship between rural development and environmental protection.In order to keep up with the pace of the national economic development,agricultural and rural geographers should continue the tenet of geog-raphy research serving for the development of agriculture and rural areas,and solving new problems under new situations to make more contributions to meeting the needs of national strategies.
[29] 刘彦随, 杨忍. 2012.

中国县域城镇化的空间特征与形成机理

[J]. 地理学报, 67(8): 1011-1020.

https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201208001      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

The spatial and temporal characteristics and the formation mechanism of the county urbanization in China since 1990 were analyzed systematically,using the methods including regional differences,transect and geography detectors. Results show that the temporal and spatial differences of the county urbanization were significant. The "herringbone" shape region pattern of high county urbanization was gradually highlighted,which were made by the counties along the north border and in eastern coastal areas. The county urbanization process of some regions were accelerated and enhanced,including Wuhan metropolitan region,Chengdu-Chongqing region and Guanzhong-Tianshui region. The low county urbanization level was maintained in Southwest China and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau regions. The differences of urbanization and the change rate of county urbanization were converged in China after 2000,but the rate has slowed down since 2000. The county urbanization trend of transects were significantly different,including Lianyungang-Lanzhou railway and Lanzhou-Urumqi railway transects,the Yangtze River transect,the border of north China transect,106 National Road transect,and the eastern coastal transect. There are many factors affecting county urbanization,mainly including economic development stage,the level of secondary and tertiary industries,rural net income per capita,population density,leading position of grain production,demographic statistics and special arrangements for counties. The high county urbanization in northern border regions was a typical type of statistical unrealistically high urbanization. In the future county urbanization development should follow the geographical differences,highlight its leading function,and adopt multiple urbanization development models such as promoting urbanization intensively in key urban economic development areas,separating urbanization in cropland and grain producing areas,migrating urbanization in ecological and water resource protection areas,suburban areas and urban-based urbanization and other leading county urbanization patterns.

[Liu Y S, Yang R.2012.

The spatial characteristics and formation mechanism of the county urbanization in China

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(8): 1011-1020.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/xb201208001      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

The spatial and temporal characteristics and the formation mechanism of the county urbanization in China since 1990 were analyzed systematically,using the methods including regional differences,transect and geography detectors. Results show that the temporal and spatial differences of the county urbanization were significant. The "herringbone" shape region pattern of high county urbanization was gradually highlighted,which were made by the counties along the north border and in eastern coastal areas. The county urbanization process of some regions were accelerated and enhanced,including Wuhan metropolitan region,Chengdu-Chongqing region and Guanzhong-Tianshui region. The low county urbanization level was maintained in Southwest China and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau regions. The differences of urbanization and the change rate of county urbanization were converged in China after 2000,but the rate has slowed down since 2000. The county urbanization trend of transects were significantly different,including Lianyungang-Lanzhou railway and Lanzhou-Urumqi railway transects,the Yangtze River transect,the border of north China transect,106 National Road transect,and the eastern coastal transect. There are many factors affecting county urbanization,mainly including economic development stage,the level of secondary and tertiary industries,rural net income per capita,population density,leading position of grain production,demographic statistics and special arrangements for counties. The high county urbanization in northern border regions was a typical type of statistical unrealistically high urbanization. In the future county urbanization development should follow the geographical differences,highlight its leading function,and adopt multiple urbanization development models such as promoting urbanization intensively in key urban economic development areas,separating urbanization in cropland and grain producing areas,migrating urbanization in ecological and water resource protection areas,suburban areas and urban-based urbanization and other leading county urbanization patterns.
[30] 刘彦随, 杨忍. 2015.

中国环渤海地区城乡发展转型格局测度

[J]. 地理学报, 70(2): 248-256.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[Liu Y S, Yang R.2015.

The spatial pattern measure of urban-rural development transformation in the Bohai Rim region in China

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 70(2): 248-256.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[31] 龙花楼. 2012.

论土地利用转型与乡村转型发展

[J]. 地理科学进展, 31(2): 131-138.

URL     

[Long H L.Land use transition and rural transformation development[J]. Progress in Geography, 31(2): 131-138.]

URL     

[32] 龙花楼. 2013.

论土地整治与乡村空间重构

[J]. 地理学报, 68(8): 1019-1028.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[Long H L.2013.

Land consolidation and rural spatial restructuring

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 68(8): 1019-1028.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[33] 龙花楼, 李裕瑞, 刘彦随. 2009.

中国空心化村庄演化特征及其动力机制

[J]. 地理学报, 64(10): 1203-1213.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-8651(10)60080-4      URL      摘要

With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, there is a phenomenon of hollowing villages resulting from the vacancy and idleness of rural housing in the core of villages in the vast rural areas of China. It is a unique spatial morphology of China's rural settlements shaped by a "dual track" structure of rural-urban socio-economic development. The formation and evolution of hollowing villages is closely interrelated with the spatial organization of the activities of the rural population and the migration flows between town and country and between rural areas. Based on the characteristics of rural housing land-use, an evolutive model of the development stages of hollowing villages was constructed. Usually, there are four evolutive stages in a normal development process of hollowing villages at the urban-rural fringe, i.e., solidization, subhollowing, hollowing and resolidization, which corresponds with the temporal characteristics of China's socio-economic development. However, China has a vast territory with obvious regional differentiation in the level of socio-economic development, which contributes to coexisting different evolutive stages of hollowing villages in the same period, in provincial even larger scale. The influencing factors of hollowing village formation and evolution include four aspects such as economic factors concerning economic growth and technological level, socio-cultural factors embracing population change, social and land-use main body behaviors, institutional and managerial factors including land property right, price and policy, and bio-physical factors. Accordingly, the evolutive types of hollowing villages were classified, and using high-resolution remote sensing data and household investigations, the evolutive characteristics and its driving mechanism of the evolution of hollowing village types in plain agricultural region were studied.

[Long H L, Li Y R, Liu Y S.2009.

Analysis of evolutive characteristics and their driving mechanism of hollowing villages in China

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 64(10): 1203-1213.]

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1874-8651(10)60080-4      URL      摘要

With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, there is a phenomenon of hollowing villages resulting from the vacancy and idleness of rural housing in the core of villages in the vast rural areas of China. It is a unique spatial morphology of China's rural settlements shaped by a "dual track" structure of rural-urban socio-economic development. The formation and evolution of hollowing villages is closely interrelated with the spatial organization of the activities of the rural population and the migration flows between town and country and between rural areas. Based on the characteristics of rural housing land-use, an evolutive model of the development stages of hollowing villages was constructed. Usually, there are four evolutive stages in a normal development process of hollowing villages at the urban-rural fringe, i.e., solidization, subhollowing, hollowing and resolidization, which corresponds with the temporal characteristics of China's socio-economic development. However, China has a vast territory with obvious regional differentiation in the level of socio-economic development, which contributes to coexisting different evolutive stages of hollowing villages in the same period, in provincial even larger scale. The influencing factors of hollowing village formation and evolution include four aspects such as economic factors concerning economic growth and technological level, socio-cultural factors embracing population change, social and land-use main body behaviors, institutional and managerial factors including land property right, price and policy, and bio-physical factors. Accordingly, the evolutive types of hollowing villages were classified, and using high-resolution remote sensing data and household investigations, the evolutive characteristics and its driving mechanism of the evolution of hollowing village types in plain agricultural region were studied.
[34] 龙花楼, 刘彦随, 邹健. 2009.

中国东部沿海地区乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价

[J]. 地理学报, 64(4): 426-434.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9623-5_5      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Currently,both rural development and urban development in China are experiencing a transition period.the transformation of a traditional agricultural society into a modern industrial and urban society,and the economy is changing from a traditional planned economy to a modern market system.As a result,regional development factors reintegration and followed industrial restructuring have changed the rural areas in eastern coastal China deeply.Different rural development types were shaped basing on a carrier,which is composed of different industries.Accordingly,this paper defines four rural development types,i.e.agriculture-dominated rural development type,industry-dominated rural development type,balanced rural development type,and rural development type focusing on business,tourism and providing services,and classifies the rural development types in eastern coastal China.Then,an indicator system was established to assess the rurality index(RI) of different rural development types in eastern coastal China.The results showed:(1) Relying on the advantages of location and national lean policies,57.6% of the total territory of eastern coastal China belongs to balanced rural development type,and 18.64%,11.99% and 11.75% of the total area is shared by agriculture-dominated rural development type,industry-dominated rural development type,and rural development type focusing on business,tourism and providing services,respectively;(2) 59.1% of the agriculture-dominated rural development type shows a strong rurality(RI 0.5);(3) In the industry-dominated rural development type,the area with a weak rurality(RI 0.4) and a moderate rurality(0.4 RI 0.5) takes up 33.4% and 42.8%,respectively;(4) In the rural development type focusing on business,tourism and providing services,the area with weak,strong and moderate rurality shares 42.7%,27.3% and 30.0% of the total,respectively;(5) Almost half(45.8%) of the balanced rural development type with a moderate rurality,17.2% of this type with a weak rurality,and 37% with a strong rurality.In some cases,the big difference of rurality index value among the same development types is due to the development of multi-functionality of current countryside and place-based rural development mode under globalization and socio-economic restructuring.Rural development depends on the change of its influencing factors.So,the rural development types classified in this paper can not always keep the same situation,at least the quantitative change occurs momently.

[Long H L, Liu Y S, Zou J.2009.

Assessment of rural development types and their rurality in eastern coastal China

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 64(4): 426-434.]

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9623-5_5      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Currently,both rural development and urban development in China are experiencing a transition period.the transformation of a traditional agricultural society into a modern industrial and urban society,and the economy is changing from a traditional planned economy to a modern market system.As a result,regional development factors reintegration and followed industrial restructuring have changed the rural areas in eastern coastal China deeply.Different rural development types were shaped basing on a carrier,which is composed of different industries.Accordingly,this paper defines four rural development types,i.e.agriculture-dominated rural development type,industry-dominated rural development type,balanced rural development type,and rural development type focusing on business,tourism and providing services,and classifies the rural development types in eastern coastal China.Then,an indicator system was established to assess the rurality index(RI) of different rural development types in eastern coastal China.The results showed:(1) Relying on the advantages of location and national lean policies,57.6% of the total territory of eastern coastal China belongs to balanced rural development type,and 18.64%,11.99% and 11.75% of the total area is shared by agriculture-dominated rural development type,industry-dominated rural development type,and rural development type focusing on business,tourism and providing services,respectively;(2) 59.1% of the agriculture-dominated rural development type shows a strong rurality(RI 0.5);(3) In the industry-dominated rural development type,the area with a weak rurality(RI 0.4) and a moderate rurality(0.4 RI 0.5) takes up 33.4% and 42.8%,respectively;(4) In the rural development type focusing on business,tourism and providing services,the area with weak,strong and moderate rurality shares 42.7%,27.3% and 30.0% of the total,respectively;(5) Almost half(45.8%) of the balanced rural development type with a moderate rurality,17.2% of this type with a weak rurality,and 37% with a strong rurality.In some cases,the big difference of rurality index value among the same development types is due to the development of multi-functionality of current countryside and place-based rural development mode under globalization and socio-economic restructuring.Rural development depends on the change of its influencing factors.So,the rural development types classified in this paper can not always keep the same situation,at least the quantitative change occurs momently.
[35] 龙花楼, 邹健, 李婷婷, . 2012.

乡村转型发展特征评价及地域类型划分: 以"苏南—陕北"样带为例

[J]. 地理研究, 31(3): 495-506.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[Long H L, Zou J, Li T T, et al.2012.

Study on the characteristics and territorial types of rural transformation development: the case of "Southern Jiangsu-Northern Shaanxi" transect

[J]. Geographical Research, 31(3): 495-506.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[36] 马少春, 付磊, 李灿松, . 2013.

乡村非农化对乡村聚落景观变迁的影响研究: 以云南环洱海地区为例

[J]. 云南师范大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 45(4): 42-50.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Rural non-agricultural development has now become a major trend of the rural development in China and has exerted some far-reaching influence on the evolution of rural clusters.This research based on RS and GIS as the platform is a case study of 80 typical villages from 1990 to 2009 in the Erhai Lake area and uses Fragstats3.3 software for analyzing the landscape features and changes of 8 village clusters in the past 20 years.It concludes that non-agricultural development has resulted in dramatic changes in the landscape features of these villages while the degree of such changes is in proportion to the degree of non-agricultural development.

[Ma S C, Fu L, Li C S, et al.2013.

Influence of rural non-agricultural development on the village landscapes: a study of Erhai Lake area in Yunnan Province

[J]. Journal of Yunnan Normal University: Humanities and Social Sciences, 45(4): 42-50.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Rural non-agricultural development has now become a major trend of the rural development in China and has exerted some far-reaching influence on the evolution of rural clusters.This research based on RS and GIS as the platform is a case study of 80 typical villages from 1990 to 2009 in the Erhai Lake area and uses Fragstats3.3 software for analyzing the landscape features and changes of 8 village clusters in the past 20 years.It concludes that non-agricultural development has resulted in dramatic changes in the landscape features of these villages while the degree of such changes is in proportion to the degree of non-agricultural development.
[37] 马晓冬, 李全林, 沈一. 2012.

江苏省乡村聚落的形态分异及地域类型

[J]. 地理学报, 67(4): 516-525.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Based on the SPOT satellite images of Jiangsu Province in 2007/2008,using models such as exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial metrics,the paper conducts a quantitative analysis of the space differentiation of rural settlements in Jiangsu Province,and further identifies the regional types.The results are shown as follows.In spatial distribution,the rural settlements in Jiangsu are characterized by obvious concentration with evident spatial variability,which is shown in the ladder-like sparse distribution towards the north and south in areas along the Yangtze River with high correlation in the overall distribution and geomorphic types.In the scale,the rural settlements in Jiangsu are generally in small scale with small difference in the scale of small villages and large gap in the scale of large villages which account for a small proportion.The rural settlements in Jiangsu are characterized by low concentration in size distribution,and is obviously presented in the"dumbbell"structure,namely,the rural settlements in northern and southern Jiangsu are in a large scale,and those in the central part are in a relatively small scale.In the spatial change of form and pattern,through the measurement of the pattern indices of the five transects in the northern,central and southern Jiangsu,the coastal area and areas along the Grand Canal,it was found that the form of the rural settlements in central Jiangsu is more complex than that in the northern and southern parts of the province,and the form of coastal area is more complex than that in areas along the canal.The rural settlements in southern Jiangsu and areas along the canal are characterized by good connectivity.The rural settlements in the five transects are significantly differentiated in distribution.Finally,through establishing the morphological measurement index system of the rural settlements,by adopting the method of hierarchical cluster,the rural settlements in Jiangsu are divided into eight types:Xulian hillock(low-density large-mass type),Suhuai plain(medium-density broad-band type),coastal reclamation area(high-density stripe type),polder area in central Suzhou(medium-density arc-belt type),plain south of the Yangtze River(medium-density small-mass type),lake mound land(low-density point-scattered type),Ningyi hilly region(cluster-like dispersal type),and Lixiahe area(low-density cluster-like type).

[Ma X D, Li Q L, Shen Y.2012.

Morphological difference and regional types of rural settlements in Jiangsu Province

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 67(4): 516-525.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Based on the SPOT satellite images of Jiangsu Province in 2007/2008,using models such as exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial metrics,the paper conducts a quantitative analysis of the space differentiation of rural settlements in Jiangsu Province,and further identifies the regional types.The results are shown as follows.In spatial distribution,the rural settlements in Jiangsu are characterized by obvious concentration with evident spatial variability,which is shown in the ladder-like sparse distribution towards the north and south in areas along the Yangtze River with high correlation in the overall distribution and geomorphic types.In the scale,the rural settlements in Jiangsu are generally in small scale with small difference in the scale of small villages and large gap in the scale of large villages which account for a small proportion.The rural settlements in Jiangsu are characterized by low concentration in size distribution,and is obviously presented in the"dumbbell"structure,namely,the rural settlements in northern and southern Jiangsu are in a large scale,and those in the central part are in a relatively small scale.In the spatial change of form and pattern,through the measurement of the pattern indices of the five transects in the northern,central and southern Jiangsu,the coastal area and areas along the Grand Canal,it was found that the form of the rural settlements in central Jiangsu is more complex than that in the northern and southern parts of the province,and the form of coastal area is more complex than that in areas along the canal.The rural settlements in southern Jiangsu and areas along the canal are characterized by good connectivity.The rural settlements in the five transects are significantly differentiated in distribution.Finally,through establishing the morphological measurement index system of the rural settlements,by adopting the method of hierarchical cluster,the rural settlements in Jiangsu are divided into eight types:Xulian hillock(low-density large-mass type),Suhuai plain(medium-density broad-band type),coastal reclamation area(high-density stripe type),polder area in central Suzhou(medium-density arc-belt type),plain south of the Yangtze River(medium-density small-mass type),lake mound land(low-density point-scattered type),Ningyi hilly region(cluster-like dispersal type),and Lixiahe area(low-density cluster-like type).
[38] 苗长虹. 1998.

乡村工业化对中国乡村城市转型的影响

[J]. 地理科学, 18(5): 409-417.

https://doi.org/10.2190/K5DG-LENJ-AMDR-591P      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

Since the 1980s, rural-urban transition has been becoming one of the most important aspects in China’s fast transformation from traditional to modern modes. From the perspective of change of rural space, this paper examines the impact of rural industrialization on the rural-urban transition. After an introduction to the issue of rural-urban transition in rural-urban continuum, a historical overview of the transformations of China’s rural space in economic, social and geographical structure is presented. This is followed by an analysis of regional uneven development among provinces in rural industrialization and rural-urban transition. It is concluded that the fast industrialization of rural area has brought on many radical transformations of rural space in China, especially on the formation of new rural economic, social and geographical spaces and the uneven development of rural-urban transition among the eastern, central and western areas.

[Miao C H.1998.

New rural spaces: the impact of rural industrialization on rural-urban transition in China

[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 18(5): 409-417.]

https://doi.org/10.2190/K5DG-LENJ-AMDR-591P      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

Since the 1980s, rural-urban transition has been becoming one of the most important aspects in China’s fast transformation from traditional to modern modes. From the perspective of change of rural space, this paper examines the impact of rural industrialization on the rural-urban transition. After an introduction to the issue of rural-urban transition in rural-urban continuum, a historical overview of the transformations of China’s rural space in economic, social and geographical structure is presented. This is followed by an analysis of regional uneven development among provinces in rural industrialization and rural-urban transition. It is concluded that the fast industrialization of rural area has brought on many radical transformations of rural space in China, especially on the formation of new rural economic, social and geographical spaces and the uneven development of rural-urban transition among the eastern, central and western areas.
[39] 乔家君. 2011. 中国乡村社区空间论[M]. 北京: 科学出版社.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Qiao J J.2011. China's rural community space of China[M]. Beijing, China: Scientific Press.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[40] 沈惊宏, 陆玉麒, 兰小机. 2012.

基于分形理论的公路交通网络与区域经济发展关系的研究

[J]. 地理科学, 32(6): 658-665.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Road traffic networks in 17 cities of Anhui Province are taken as the study object in the article.It investigates that development of road construction in Anhui is from evenness and complexity,and the fractal dimensions of various road networks were calculated with the Hausdorff Fractal Dimension and the Dendrite Fractal Dimension of the fractal technology.And then the authors construct the weight dimension model measured the integrated road network.The various causes lead to the uneven development of traffic network,and there are obvious differences among these regions in Anhui.The result is that area size of the road network influences the fractal dimension of the road network.The authors divide 17 cities into three parts based on their area,and performs the correlation analysis between the weight dimensions,the fractal dimensions of the main road lines and the general economy indexes.The result shows that the fractal dimensions of the road network in various cities and the composite economic indexes are correlative.It can be explained that the evener is coverage degree of the road network,the more complex is the transport network and the better is regional economic development.To further seek coordination relations between highway construction and the economic development in various cities,the authors calculate the fractal dimensions of 17 cities introducing the fractal model of road construction scale-economic output.We discover that economic development exceeds the road scale in 6 cities,basically consistent in 4 cities,and economy development lags in highway construction scale in 7 cities.At the same time,if economic development dropped behind highway construction scale it would not necessarily mean that economic development was clear laggard;contrarily,if economic development was in advance to highway construction scale it would not necessarily mean that economic development must be good.It has relative relation between economic development and highway construction scale.

[Shen J H, Lu Y Q, Lan X J.2012.

Relationship between the road network and regional economic development based on the fractal theory

[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 32(6): 658-665.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Road traffic networks in 17 cities of Anhui Province are taken as the study object in the article.It investigates that development of road construction in Anhui is from evenness and complexity,and the fractal dimensions of various road networks were calculated with the Hausdorff Fractal Dimension and the Dendrite Fractal Dimension of the fractal technology.And then the authors construct the weight dimension model measured the integrated road network.The various causes lead to the uneven development of traffic network,and there are obvious differences among these regions in Anhui.The result is that area size of the road network influences the fractal dimension of the road network.The authors divide 17 cities into three parts based on their area,and performs the correlation analysis between the weight dimensions,the fractal dimensions of the main road lines and the general economy indexes.The result shows that the fractal dimensions of the road network in various cities and the composite economic indexes are correlative.It can be explained that the evener is coverage degree of the road network,the more complex is the transport network and the better is regional economic development.To further seek coordination relations between highway construction and the economic development in various cities,the authors calculate the fractal dimensions of 17 cities introducing the fractal model of road construction scale-economic output.We discover that economic development exceeds the road scale in 6 cities,basically consistent in 4 cities,and economy development lags in highway construction scale in 7 cities.At the same time,if economic development dropped behind highway construction scale it would not necessarily mean that economic development was clear laggard;contrarily,if economic development was in advance to highway construction scale it would not necessarily mean that economic development must be good.It has relative relation between economic development and highway construction scale.
[41] 石忆邵. 1992.

乡村地理学发展的回顾与展望

[J]. 地理学报, 47(1): 80-88.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

In view of the dynamic nature of urban-rural relationship, the feature of rural environment being open and the tendency of rural economic development, the paper proposes a revised definition of rural geography, i.e. rural geography is concerned with the law of the areal differentiation of rural social and economic activities and the law of urban-rural interaction. Then the main features and achievements of development of rural geography are summarized: 1) Rural geographiers' current research interests show a shift away from the study on agricultural geography to the integrated development study on primary, rural industrial and tertiary activities of rural areas; 2) Rural settlement geography has gradually lost its central position, rural geographers are increasingly orienting their attentions towards the comprehensive study on rural spatial system including rural landscape, rural economy and society and human organizations; 3) Besides taking into account rural enviroment, consideration has been given to the linkages and interactions between rural areas and urban areas; 4) Geography of rural development has been combined with rural development planning and policies; 5) In the investigation of rural development, both "top-down" approach and "bottom-up" approach are applied parallelly. At the same time, the weak points in rural geography are pointed out. Finally, the research priorities of rural geography in China in 1990s are suggested: (1) The study on rural economic types and rural economic regionalization. (2) Agricultural development and land use. (3) The systematic study on rural spatial organizations. (4) The dynamic geographical research on rural development. (5) The rising, deepening and systematization of sub-disciplines of rural geography. (6) The integrated development planning of rural economy and society.

[Shi Y S.1992.

Development of rural geography: retrospect and prospect

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 47(1): 80-88.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

In view of the dynamic nature of urban-rural relationship, the feature of rural environment being open and the tendency of rural economic development, the paper proposes a revised definition of rural geography, i.e. rural geography is concerned with the law of the areal differentiation of rural social and economic activities and the law of urban-rural interaction. Then the main features and achievements of development of rural geography are summarized: 1) Rural geographiers' current research interests show a shift away from the study on agricultural geography to the integrated development study on primary, rural industrial and tertiary activities of rural areas; 2) Rural settlement geography has gradually lost its central position, rural geographers are increasingly orienting their attentions towards the comprehensive study on rural spatial system including rural landscape, rural economy and society and human organizations; 3) Besides taking into account rural enviroment, consideration has been given to the linkages and interactions between rural areas and urban areas; 4) Geography of rural development has been combined with rural development planning and policies; 5) In the investigation of rural development, both "top-down" approach and "bottom-up" approach are applied parallelly. At the same time, the weak points in rural geography are pointed out. Finally, the research priorities of rural geography in China in 1990s are suggested: (1) The study on rural economic types and rural economic regionalization. (2) Agricultural development and land use. (3) The systematic study on rural spatial organizations. (4) The dynamic geographical research on rural development. (5) The rising, deepening and systematization of sub-disciplines of rural geography. (6) The integrated development planning of rural economy and society.
[42] 谭雪兰, 钟艳英, 段建南, . 2014.

快速城市化进程中农村居民点用地变化及驱动力研究: 以长株潭城市群为例

[J]. 地理科学, 34(3): 309-315.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[Tan X L, Zhong Y Y, Duan J N, et al.2014.

The change and driving forces of rural residential area under the background of rapid urbanization: a case study of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration

[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 34(3): 309-315.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[43] 田毅鹏, 韩丹. 2011.

城市化与"村落终结"

[J]. 吉林大学社会科学学报, 51(2): 11-17.

URL      [本文引用: 2]     

[Tian Y P, Han D.2011.

Chengshihua yu cunluo zhongjie

[J]. Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition, (2): 11-17.]

URL      [本文引用: 2]     

[44] 涂人猛. 1993.

内源式乡村发展理论的渊源及发展

[J]. 经济评论, (4): 21-25.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

正 在西方区域经济发展理论中,存在有二种范型,一是通过城市——工业增长极的功能作用,带动区域经济一体化的自上而下的发展范型;另一种是强调城乡对立的恶果,主张以农村为发展重点,采取自下而上的内

[Tu R M.1993.

Neiyuanshi xiangcun fazhan lilun de yuanyuan ji fazhan

[J]. Economic Review, (4): 21-25.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

正 在西方区域经济发展理论中,存在有二种范型,一是通过城市——工业增长极的功能作用,带动区域经济一体化的自上而下的发展范型;另一种是强调城乡对立的恶果,主张以农村为发展重点,采取自下而上的内
[45] 王成新, 姚士谋, 陈彩虹. 2005.

中国农村聚落空心化问题实证研究

[J]. 地理科学, 25(3): 257-262.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Cities and countryside are the main inhabitation communities for human being. There is showing "village-hollowing", which is one of the problems in the countryside and becoming more and more serious because of the rapid development of urbanization in China. This article takes Beigong village as an example and summarizes the three phrases of "village-hollowing" based on deeply research and analysis. It expounds that the mechanism of "village-hollowing" lies in the three contradictions, unbalance between centripetal and centrifugal forces in village, unbalance between rapid economic development and behindhand ideology, speedup of house building and weakness of administration. Some countermeasures are given against the disadvantageous impacts caused by "village-hollowing", such as strengthening administration, making planning scientifically, improving infrastructure aod etc.

[Wang C X, Yao S M, Chen C H.2005.

Empirical study on "village-hollowing" in China

[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 25(3): 257-262.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Cities and countryside are the main inhabitation communities for human being. There is showing "village-hollowing", which is one of the problems in the countryside and becoming more and more serious because of the rapid development of urbanization in China. This article takes Beigong village as an example and summarizes the three phrases of "village-hollowing" based on deeply research and analysis. It expounds that the mechanism of "village-hollowing" lies in the three contradictions, unbalance between centripetal and centrifugal forces in village, unbalance between rapid economic development and behindhand ideology, speedup of house building and weakness of administration. Some countermeasures are given against the disadvantageous impacts caused by "village-hollowing", such as strengthening administration, making planning scientifically, improving infrastructure aod etc.
[46] 王煜琴, 王霖琳, 李晓静, . 2010.

废弃矿区生态旅游开发与空间重构研究

[J]. 地理科学进展, 29(7): 811-817.

https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.07.006      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

Eco-environment damage has becoming one key point that restrict the development in resource-exhausted areas. And at the same time, tourism industry may become one new suitable industry type to these areas. So this paper based on existing research, advanced the idea and strategy of spatial redistribution of ecological tourism development in abandoned coal mine areas. And taking Wangping town in Mentougou District, Beijing as a case study, this paper analyzed the entire distribution and restoration engineering projects for the study area under the guidance from the idea and strategy which this paper offered.

[Wang Y Q, Wang L L, Li X J, et al.2010.

Strategy of spatial redistribution of ecological tourism development in abandoned mine land

[J]. Progress in Geography, 29(7): 811-817.]

https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2010.07.006      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

Eco-environment damage has becoming one key point that restrict the development in resource-exhausted areas. And at the same time, tourism industry may become one new suitable industry type to these areas. So this paper based on existing research, advanced the idea and strategy of spatial redistribution of ecological tourism development in abandoned coal mine areas. And taking Wangping town in Mentougou District, Beijing as a case study, this paper analyzed the entire distribution and restoration engineering projects for the study area under the guidance from the idea and strategy which this paper offered.
[47] 吴传钧. 2001. 中国农业与农村经济可持续发展问题: 不同类型地区实证研究[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社.

[本文引用: 1]     

[Wu C J.2001. Problems of the sustainable development of agriculture and rural economy in China[M]. Beijing, China: China Environmental Science Press.]

[本文引用: 1]     

[48] 席建超, 王新歌, 孔钦钦, . 2014.

旅游地乡村聚落演变与土地利用模式: 野三坡旅游区三个旅游村落案例研究

[J]. 地理学报, 69(4): 531-540.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[Xi J C, Wang X G, Kong Q Q, et al.2014.

Spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism: a comparative study of three villages in Yesanpo tourism area, China

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 69(4): 531-540.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[49] 席建超, 赵美风, 葛全胜. 2011.

旅游地乡村聚落用地格局演变的微尺度分析: 河北野三坡旅游区苟各庄村的案例实证

[J]. 地理学报, 66(12): 1707-1717.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-011-2067-x      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

Gouge Village is located in Yesanpo scenic area in Hebei Province,and only 100 km away from Beijing city.It has become a typical tourism-based village with the development of Yesanpo scenic area.In this study,the land use pattern change of Gouge Village was analyzed by using the participatory rural appraisal methods(PRA),combined with GIS technology and remote sensing image.The results are shown as follows.(1)There were three stages on the land use pattern evaluation during the past 25 years including slow initial phase,rapid expansion phase,and smooth development phase.The stages presented a dual expansion process from the core to the periphery,as well as from the plane to space. During this process,the intensive degree of land use increased greatly.(2)The evolution of land use pattern of tourism-oriented village caused the deconstruction of traditional village function.The function was changed from villagers'living to the tourists'needs,including the accommodation,shopping,catering and entertainment.(3)Main factors,including the village's natural geographical environment,the tourism market demand,the government's progressive regulation,the household rational choices,have contributed to this changes in different stages.In addition,the results showed that the current land use patterns are not sustainable.We suggest that the rural land use pattern should be a major concern associated to the needs of tourists.In addition,we should strengthen rural land use planning and institutional system to promote the transformation and upgrading of Gouge Village.

[Xi J C, Zhao M F, Ge Q S.2011.

The micro-scale analysis of rural settlement land use pattern: a case study of gouge village of Yesanpo Scenic area in Hebei Province

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 66(12): 1707-1717.]

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-011-2067-x      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

Gouge Village is located in Yesanpo scenic area in Hebei Province,and only 100 km away from Beijing city.It has become a typical tourism-based village with the development of Yesanpo scenic area.In this study,the land use pattern change of Gouge Village was analyzed by using the participatory rural appraisal methods(PRA),combined with GIS technology and remote sensing image.The results are shown as follows.(1)There were three stages on the land use pattern evaluation during the past 25 years including slow initial phase,rapid expansion phase,and smooth development phase.The stages presented a dual expansion process from the core to the periphery,as well as from the plane to space. During this process,the intensive degree of land use increased greatly.(2)The evolution of land use pattern of tourism-oriented village caused the deconstruction of traditional village function.The function was changed from villagers'living to the tourists'needs,including the accommodation,shopping,catering and entertainment.(3)Main factors,including the village's natural geographical environment,the tourism market demand,the government's progressive regulation,the household rational choices,have contributed to this changes in different stages.In addition,the results showed that the current land use patterns are not sustainable.We suggest that the rural land use pattern should be a major concern associated to the needs of tourists.In addition,we should strengthen rural land use planning and institutional system to promote the transformation and upgrading of Gouge Village.
[50] 席建超, 赵美风, 王凯, . 2013.

1986-2010年成长型旅游小镇用地演变格局: 河北省野三坡旅游区三坡镇的案例实证

[J]. 地理研究, 32(1): 11-19.

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2013010002      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Tourism town is a hot issue in the process of tourism industrial development as well as one of the main directions of rural urbanization in recent years.By combining methods of PRA(Participatory Rural Assessment),GIS and high-definition remote sensing images,this study examines the evolution of land use pattern in Sanpo town in recent 25 years.The results are shown as follows.Firstly,centrifugal diffusion and centripetal agglomeration alternate in the spatial layouts of land use patterns.Meanwhile,land-use intensive degree increases constantly.Secondly,the expansion of construction land has gone through three periods: slow growth stage(1986-1995),rapid expansion stage(1995-2005) and stable development stage(2005-2010).Thirdly,from the function shift aspect,the function of construction land changes from the single function of traditional town to the multiple tourism function of tourism-town.Furthermore,centralization in the expansion of tourism land-use,such as tourist accommodation,catering,shopping and entertainment,spatial agglomeration of tourism enterprises has become the main development type of tourism-town.Finally,from the driving mechanism aspect,based on the natural geographical features,demand of external tourism market,rational choice of the market subjects,government intervention and regulation have become the main driving force in the evolution of land use in tourism town.

[Xi J C, Zhao M F, Wang K, et al.2013.

Land use evolution of growth tourism-town from 1986 to 2010: a case study of Sanpo town in Yesanpo tourism attraction in Hebei province

[J]. Geographical Research, 32(1): 11-19.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2013010002      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Tourism town is a hot issue in the process of tourism industrial development as well as one of the main directions of rural urbanization in recent years.By combining methods of PRA(Participatory Rural Assessment),GIS and high-definition remote sensing images,this study examines the evolution of land use pattern in Sanpo town in recent 25 years.The results are shown as follows.Firstly,centrifugal diffusion and centripetal agglomeration alternate in the spatial layouts of land use patterns.Meanwhile,land-use intensive degree increases constantly.Secondly,the expansion of construction land has gone through three periods: slow growth stage(1986-1995),rapid expansion stage(1995-2005) and stable development stage(2005-2010).Thirdly,from the function shift aspect,the function of construction land changes from the single function of traditional town to the multiple tourism function of tourism-town.Furthermore,centralization in the expansion of tourism land-use,such as tourist accommodation,catering,shopping and entertainment,spatial agglomeration of tourism enterprises has become the main development type of tourism-town.Finally,from the driving mechanism aspect,based on the natural geographical features,demand of external tourism market,rational choice of the market subjects,government intervention and regulation have become the main driving force in the evolution of land use in tourism town.
[51] 肖红娟. 2013.

珠江三角洲地区乡村转型及规划策略研究

[J]. 现代城市研究,(6): 41-45, 50.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2013.06.008      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper briefly looks back to the urbanization in the pearl delta area since the reform and opening-up,summarizes the characteristics of duality and inefficiency in rural area,studies the trend of rural transition and a series of crises experienced in traditional rural areas,such as the decrease of rural space,a diminishing sense of identity,risks of development prospects and lack of autonomy.The response of urban and rural planning to these problems includes:delimiting the control line of rural development area,compiling rural development planning,stablishing a four-layered structure constituted by central city,newly urbanized areas,central village and basal village,guiding the development of diversified industry and tertiary-industry in rural area,constructing rural cultural greenway to integrate rural into regional leisure network,integrating the public transport network and public accommodation in urban and rural areas,and building interacitive rural planning and construction systems.

[Xiao H J.2013.

The study on rural transition and planning tactics in the Pearl Delta Area

[J]. Modern Urban Research,(6): 41-45, 50.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-6000.2013.06.008      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper briefly looks back to the urbanization in the pearl delta area since the reform and opening-up,summarizes the characteristics of duality and inefficiency in rural area,studies the trend of rural transition and a series of crises experienced in traditional rural areas,such as the decrease of rural space,a diminishing sense of identity,risks of development prospects and lack of autonomy.The response of urban and rural planning to these problems includes:delimiting the control line of rural development area,compiling rural development planning,stablishing a four-layered structure constituted by central city,newly urbanized areas,central village and basal village,guiding the development of diversified industry and tertiary-industry in rural area,constructing rural cultural greenway to integrate rural into regional leisure network,integrating the public transport network and public accommodation in urban and rural areas,and building interacitive rural planning and construction systems.
[52] 薛力. 2001.

城市化背景下的"空心村"现象及其对策探讨: 以江苏省为例

[J]. 城市规划, 25(6): 8-13.

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[Xue L.2001.

Study on the inner-decaying village and the countermeasures with Jiangsu Province as the case

[J]. City Planning Review, 25(6): 8-13.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]     

[53] 杨忍, 2013.

城乡发展转型中土地利用优化配置研究: 以环渤海地区为例[D]

. 北京: 中国科学院大学.

[本文引用: 3]     

[Yang R.2013.

Optimal allocation of land use under rural-urban development transformation: case study of the area in the Bohai Rim in China[D].

Beijing, China: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.]

[本文引用: 3]     

[54] 杨忍, 刘彦随, 陈秧分. 2012.

中国农村空心化综合测度与地域分区

[J]. 地理研究, 31(9): 1697-1706.

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012090015      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

In order to offer a scientific and reasonable recommendation for rural hollowing consolidation,the regional differences of rural hollowing should be researched in China.In this paper,the index system for evaluating rural hollowing degree was constructed with the data related to land use,socio-economic factors,natural elements in each county.The regional differences of rural hollowing and were examined by sub-systems analysis and system-level evaluation methods.The results were shown as follows.There are three dominant factors affecting rural hollowing,i.e.,the extensive degree of the rural residential land use,the effective transferring degree of population,and the economic development degree.The regional difference of rural hollowing was significant.High-value regions of rural hollowing were mainly found near northern borders and in eastern coastal counties of China.Meanwhile,the rural hollowing was more prominent in the area of Hunan and Hubei and traditional agricultural regions in Central China.Low rural hollowing is mainly found in south Xinjiang,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and mountainous regions of Southwest China,showing a pattern of spatial agglomeration.The rural hollowing areas are divided into 10 big regions and 47 sub-regions,including Xinjiang Region with low rural hollowing at stable economic development level,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Region with low rural hollowing at economic backward level,Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Region with moderate rural hollowing at stable economic development level.In the future,the rural hollowing counties will be renovated based on the theories on restructuring of industry,space and organization.

[Yang R, Liu Y S, Chen Y F.2012.

Comprehensive measure and partition of rural hollowing in China

[J]. Geographical Research, 31(9): 1697-1706.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/yj2012090015      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

In order to offer a scientific and reasonable recommendation for rural hollowing consolidation,the regional differences of rural hollowing should be researched in China.In this paper,the index system for evaluating rural hollowing degree was constructed with the data related to land use,socio-economic factors,natural elements in each county.The regional differences of rural hollowing and were examined by sub-systems analysis and system-level evaluation methods.The results were shown as follows.There are three dominant factors affecting rural hollowing,i.e.,the extensive degree of the rural residential land use,the effective transferring degree of population,and the economic development degree.The regional difference of rural hollowing was significant.High-value regions of rural hollowing were mainly found near northern borders and in eastern coastal counties of China.Meanwhile,the rural hollowing was more prominent in the area of Hunan and Hubei and traditional agricultural regions in Central China.Low rural hollowing is mainly found in south Xinjiang,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and mountainous regions of Southwest China,showing a pattern of spatial agglomeration.The rural hollowing areas are divided into 10 big regions and 47 sub-regions,including Xinjiang Region with low rural hollowing at stable economic development level,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Region with low rural hollowing at economic backward level,Huang-Huai-Hai Plain Region with moderate rural hollowing at stable economic development level.In the future,the rural hollowing counties will be renovated based on the theories on restructuring of industry,space and organization.
[55] 杨忍, 刘彦随, 郭丽英, . 2013.

环渤海地区农村空心化程度与耕地利用集约度的时空变化及其耦合关系

[J]. 地理科学进展, 32(2): 181-190.

https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1033.2013.00181      URL      摘要

The rural hollowing degree and cultivated land use intensive degree were calculated by the neural network method using social-economic and land use data.Meanwhile,taking Shandong Province as a case,the relationship between rural hollowing and cultivated land use intensive degree was analyzed.The results showed:(1) The regional differences of rural hollowing were significant in the Circum-Bohai Sea region in China.The high hollowing and stable areas mainly were located in the "C" shape coastal areas.The rural hollowing was in the growing and prosperous period,while the low rural hollowing was mainly located in the backward mountainous areas.At the same time,the spatial differences of the intensive degree for cultivated land use were obvious.The high degree regions were located in the major grain producing areas,including the Liaohe River Plain in Liaoning Province,Haihe River Plain in Hebei Province and southwest of Shandong Province.On the contrary,the low degree regions were mainly concentrated in backward and mountainous areas including Taihang in Liaoning Province and Yimeng Mountainous areas in Shangdong Province,Bashang Plateau in Hebei Province.The cultivated land use intensive degree was felled in the southwest of Shandong Province,the north of Hebei Province and the central region of Liaohe Plain.(2) The coupling relationship existed between rural hollowing and cultivated land use intensive degree.The rural labor elements were converged to cities and towns in the appear and growing period of rural hollowing development with the surplus rural labor force solved,so that the cultivated land use intensive degree was increased.With the rural hollowing prosperous,the old weakening problems got serious,so the cultivated land use intensive degree was declined.At the rural hollowing stable period,the cultivated land use intensive degree was rebounded,ultimately to be stable fluctuations with the land circulation mechanism and modern agricultural sustainable development.In the new period,urbanization,new rural construction and rural hollowing consolation are an organical integrity,filled development elements in the rural region,to realize agricultural modernization,and improve the cultivated land intensive use degree.

[Yang R, Liu Y S, Guo L Y, et al.2013.

Spatial-temporal characteristics for rural hollowing and cultivated land use intensive degree: taking the Circum-Bohai Sea region in China as an example

[J]. Progress in Geography, 32(2): 181-190.]

https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1033.2013.00181      URL      摘要

The rural hollowing degree and cultivated land use intensive degree were calculated by the neural network method using social-economic and land use data.Meanwhile,taking Shandong Province as a case,the relationship between rural hollowing and cultivated land use intensive degree was analyzed.The results showed:(1) The regional differences of rural hollowing were significant in the Circum-Bohai Sea region in China.The high hollowing and stable areas mainly were located in the "C" shape coastal areas.The rural hollowing was in the growing and prosperous period,while the low rural hollowing was mainly located in the backward mountainous areas.At the same time,the spatial differences of the intensive degree for cultivated land use were obvious.The high degree regions were located in the major grain producing areas,including the Liaohe River Plain in Liaoning Province,Haihe River Plain in Hebei Province and southwest of Shandong Province.On the contrary,the low degree regions were mainly concentrated in backward and mountainous areas including Taihang in Liaoning Province and Yimeng Mountainous areas in Shangdong Province,Bashang Plateau in Hebei Province.The cultivated land use intensive degree was felled in the southwest of Shandong Province,the north of Hebei Province and the central region of Liaohe Plain.(2) The coupling relationship existed between rural hollowing and cultivated land use intensive degree.The rural labor elements were converged to cities and towns in the appear and growing period of rural hollowing development with the surplus rural labor force solved,so that the cultivated land use intensive degree was increased.With the rural hollowing prosperous,the old weakening problems got serious,so the cultivated land use intensive degree was declined.At the rural hollowing stable period,the cultivated land use intensive degree was rebounded,ultimately to be stable fluctuations with the land circulation mechanism and modern agricultural sustainable development.In the new period,urbanization,new rural construction and rural hollowing consolation are an organical integrity,filled development elements in the rural region,to realize agricultural modernization,and improve the cultivated land intensive use degree.
[56] 杨忍, 刘彦随, 刘玉. 2011.

新时期中国农村发展动态与区域差异格局

[J]. 地理科学进展, 30(10): 1247-1254.

https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.10.007      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

In this paper,based on China's 31 provincial panel data of rural development indicators in 2000,2004 and 2008,and the method of the exploratory factor analysis,the regional differences of new rural development were comprehensively analysed.The eastern,central and western regions had obvious geographical differences in rural development,and the rural development pattern did not change significantly.The pattern of eastern Central Northeast Western remained unchanged,and the level of development in rural areas was the same as the regional economic development.The basic reason for the regional rural differences is the difference in the natural resources and level of economic development.The difference in regional development stage and the main features of rural development are the main reasons for the regional differences.Biased government policies and global factors are important driving forces to strengthen regional differences.The difference in industrial re-structuring process in rural areas can increase regional differences.The difference degrees of the development in rural China were 0.356,0.413 and 0.386,respectively in 2000,2004 and 2008,which showed that since 2000 the regional differences were expanded.The moving trajectory of rural development in China can be seen during the period 2000-2008.The centre of gravity rural development is located in Anhui Province of China,and the differences in rural development are significant.The "center of gravity" of rural development shifted to the north from 2000 to 2004,and the rural development was quicker in the northern areas.China's strategic plan of build-ing a new socialist countryside and the western development strategy made progress steadily in rural develop-ment.The level of rural development differences was reduced from 2004 to 2008.

[Yang R, Liu Y S, Liu Y.2011.

Regional difference and patterns of China's rural development in the new era

[J]. Progress in Geography, 30(10): 1247-1254.]

https://doi.org/10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.10.007      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

In this paper,based on China's 31 provincial panel data of rural development indicators in 2000,2004 and 2008,and the method of the exploratory factor analysis,the regional differences of new rural development were comprehensively analysed.The eastern,central and western regions had obvious geographical differences in rural development,and the rural development pattern did not change significantly.The pattern of eastern Central Northeast Western remained unchanged,and the level of development in rural areas was the same as the regional economic development.The basic reason for the regional rural differences is the difference in the natural resources and level of economic development.The difference in regional development stage and the main features of rural development are the main reasons for the regional differences.Biased government policies and global factors are important driving forces to strengthen regional differences.The difference in industrial re-structuring process in rural areas can increase regional differences.The difference degrees of the development in rural China were 0.356,0.413 and 0.386,respectively in 2000,2004 and 2008,which showed that since 2000 the regional differences were expanded.The moving trajectory of rural development in China can be seen during the period 2000-2008.The centre of gravity rural development is located in Anhui Province of China,and the differences in rural development are significant.The "center of gravity" of rural development shifted to the north from 2000 to 2004,and the rural development was quicker in the northern areas.China's strategic plan of build-ing a new socialist countryside and the western development strategy made progress steadily in rural develop-ment.The level of rural development differences was reduced from 2004 to 2008.
[57] 杨忍, 刘彦随, 龙花楼. 2015.

中国环渤海地区人口—土地—产业非农化转型协同演化特征

[J]. 地理研究, 34(3): 475-486.

https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201503007      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

The article aims to reveal the coupling co-evolution rule of non-agricultural transformation among population, land and industry target during rural-urban transformation developing process. In this paper, the non-agricultural transformation indicators have been built for population, land and industry, simultaneously, based on the coupling coordination model and referring data, the spatial-temporal pattern and the rule of coupling co-evolution of non-agricultural transformation about population, land and industry were examined comprehensively in county scale around the Bohai Rim in China. Main results for this study are as follows: (1) there is a significant spatial difference in the coupling and coordination degree for non-agricultural transformation among population, land and industry in county scale around the Bohai Rim in China. The level of the coupling and coordination degree for non-agricultural transformation among population, land and industry are higher in developed region than in others, which have consistent changes in sensitivity among population urbanization, land urbanization and industrial structure. In less developed areas, the coupling and coordination degree for non-agricultural transformation among population, land and industry is low. (2) It is common that the coupling and coordination degree for non-agricultural transformation between population and land lags behind that between land and industry in county scale around the Bohai Rim in China. (3) The evolution rules have emerged gradually on the coupling and coordination degree for non-agricultural transformation among population, land and industry, so that the relationship of the organization and coordination process changes as the rules from low to high level. (4) Innovating the mechanism of land use optimal allocation, building reasonable and order hierarchy multi-level systems of economic development and intensive land use in rural and urban areas, which are the integration of basic land systems to improve the basic mechanism of land supply, the planning and decision-making mechanism, market allocation mechanism and income distribution mechanism. This will be the main ways to solve disordered relation of non-agricultural transformation on population, land, industry and employment during rural-urban transformation process. In future, research should be strengthened on the mechanism and non-agricultural transformation theory among the population, land, industry and employment, as well as on about the core theory of rural-urban land use optimal allocation and regulation, which will be the core issues on the rural-urban transformation geography and land management science.

[Yang R, Liu Y S, Long H L.2015.

The study on non-agricultural transformation co-evolution characteristics of "population-land-industry": case study of the Bohai Rim in China

[J]. Geographical Research, 34(3): 475-486.]

https://doi.org/10.11821/dlyj201503007      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

The article aims to reveal the coupling co-evolution rule of non-agricultural transformation among population, land and industry target during rural-urban transformation developing process. In this paper, the non-agricultural transformation indicators have been built for population, land and industry, simultaneously, based on the coupling coordination model and referring data, the spatial-temporal pattern and the rule of coupling co-evolution of non-agricultural transformation about population, land and industry were examined comprehensively in county scale around the Bohai Rim in China. Main results for this study are as follows: (1) there is a significant spatial difference in the coupling and coordination degree for non-agricultural transformation among population, land and industry in county scale around the Bohai Rim in China. The level of the coupling and coordination degree for non-agricultural transformation among population, land and industry are higher in developed region than in others, which have consistent changes in sensitivity among population urbanization, land urbanization and industrial structure. In less developed areas, the coupling and coordination degree for non-agricultural transformation among population, land and industry is low. (2) It is common that the coupling and coordination degree for non-agricultural transformation between population and land lags behind that between land and industry in county scale around the Bohai Rim in China. (3) The evolution rules have emerged gradually on the coupling and coordination degree for non-agricultural transformation among population, land and industry, so that the relationship of the organization and coordination process changes as the rules from low to high level. (4) Innovating the mechanism of land use optimal allocation, building reasonable and order hierarchy multi-level systems of economic development and intensive land use in rural and urban areas, which are the integration of basic land systems to improve the basic mechanism of land supply, the planning and decision-making mechanism, market allocation mechanism and income distribution mechanism. This will be the main ways to solve disordered relation of non-agricultural transformation on population, land, industry and employment during rural-urban transformation process. In future, research should be strengthened on the mechanism and non-agricultural transformation theory among the population, land, industry and employment, as well as on about the core theory of rural-urban land use optimal allocation and regulation, which will be the core issues on the rural-urban transformation geography and land management science.
[58] 于正松, 李同昇, 龙冬平, . 2014.

陕、甘、宁三省(区)农业现代化水平格局演变及其动因分析

[J]. 地理科学, 34(4): 411-419.

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

农业现代化是"四化"同步发展 的基础,其时-空分析有助于把握区域农业现代化发展的动因。基于1996~2010年陕甘宁三省(区)农业现代化相关数据计算综合得分,采用相对发展率、 区位变异系数及面板数据回归等方法刻画其空间演变特征并揭示原因。结果表明:①15 a间三省(区)农业现代化水平呈交替上升态势,2005~2010年农业现代化发展速度明显高于1996~2000年和2000~2005年,且日趋均 衡。②2005~2010年28市(区)的格局演变较前2个时期更加显著,陕西省各市排序上升明显。③影响农业现代化格局演变的除系统内部要素外,财政支 农力度、农业贷款、区域交通网络以及农村人力资本和农业技术的应用等因素也越来越显著。

[Yu Z S, Li T S, Long D P, et al.2014.

The pattern evolution and it's reasons about the agricultural modernization in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region

[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 34(4): 411-419.]

URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

农业现代化是"四化"同步发展 的基础,其时-空分析有助于把握区域农业现代化发展的动因。基于1996~2010年陕甘宁三省(区)农业现代化相关数据计算综合得分,采用相对发展率、 区位变异系数及面板数据回归等方法刻画其空间演变特征并揭示原因。结果表明:①15 a间三省(区)农业现代化水平呈交替上升态势,2005~2010年农业现代化发展速度明显高于1996~2000年和2000~2005年,且日趋均 衡。②2005~2010年28市(区)的格局演变较前2个时期更加显著,陕西省各市排序上升明显。③影响农业现代化格局演变的除系统内部要素外,财政支 农力度、农业贷款、区域交通网络以及农村人力资本和农业技术的应用等因素也越来越显著。
[59] 张富刚, 刘彦随. 2008.

中国区域农村发展动力机制及其发展模式

[J]. 地理学报, 63(2): 115-122.

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2008.02.001      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

The agriculture, rural and farmer development are the principal and radical problems in the recent economic and social process in China. Nowadays, aiming at building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and modernizing the country, the project of new socialist countryside construction was advanced at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Party, which means advanced production, improved livelihood, a civilized social atmosphere, clean and tidy villages and efficient management. Though many researches have been conducted on the new socialist countryside construction and given some suggestions, there have been relatively few studies on the research of rural development theory. It is an original approach to the analysis of the elements and configuration of the whole rural development system to provide theoretical basis for choosing rural development models based on the view of system theory. The results are as the follows: (1) The regional system is a urban-rural integration, so it is very necessary to study rural development problem in the general framework of the whole regional system. (2) Regional rural development system is a complicated synthesis, including regional rural development core system and regional rural development exterior system. The former is composed of rural natural system, rural economic system, rural social system and rural ecological system, and the latter consists of regional development policies, international trade circumstance, etc. The essence of rural development is the process of mutual coupling and coordination of the two sub-systems. (3) The regional rural comprehensive ability lies on two aspects including the rural development inner ability and the exterior drive of urbanization and industrialization. The interaction mechanism obeys parallelogram principle in physics. The evolvement characteristics of rural development system are different in the different combinations of the inner and exterior driving forces. (4) According to the difference of rural development driving forces, rural development models are classified into two types, namely the dominant type of rural self-development and the dominant type of the exterior drive of industrialization and urbanization, and six sub-types at the second level, which are industry driving, villages and towns construction driving, labor force transfer driving, characteristic industry driving, eco-tourism development and specialized market organization driving. In conclusion, it is a scientific approach to the exploration of regional rural sustainable development models, based on the analysis of elements, construction, and function of regional rural development system and characteristics.

[Zhang F G, Liu Y S.2008.

Dynamic mechanism and models of regional rural development in China

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 63(2): 115-122.]

https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2008.02.001      URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

The agriculture, rural and farmer development are the principal and radical problems in the recent economic and social process in China. Nowadays, aiming at building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and modernizing the country, the project of new socialist countryside construction was advanced at the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Party, which means advanced production, improved livelihood, a civilized social atmosphere, clean and tidy villages and efficient management. Though many researches have been conducted on the new socialist countryside construction and given some suggestions, there have been relatively few studies on the research of rural development theory. It is an original approach to the analysis of the elements and configuration of the whole rural development system to provide theoretical basis for choosing rural development models based on the view of system theory. The results are as the follows: (1) The regional system is a urban-rural integration, so it is very necessary to study rural development problem in the general framework of the whole regional system. (2) Regional rural development system is a complicated synthesis, including regional rural development core system and regional rural development exterior system. The former is composed of rural natural system, rural economic system, rural social system and rural ecological system, and the latter consists of regional development policies, international trade circumstance, etc. The essence of rural development is the process of mutual coupling and coordination of the two sub-systems. (3) The regional rural comprehensive ability lies on two aspects including the rural development inner ability and the exterior drive of urbanization and industrialization. The interaction mechanism obeys parallelogram principle in physics. The evolvement characteristics of rural development system are different in the different combinations of the inner and exterior driving forces. (4) According to the difference of rural development driving forces, rural development models are classified into two types, namely the dominant type of rural self-development and the dominant type of the exterior drive of industrialization and urbanization, and six sub-types at the second level, which are industry driving, villages and towns construction driving, labor force transfer driving, characteristic industry driving, eco-tourism development and specialized market organization driving. In conclusion, it is a scientific approach to the exploration of regional rural sustainable development models, based on the analysis of elements, construction, and function of regional rural development system and characteristics.
[60] 张利庠. 2007.

可资借鉴的八种新农村发展模式

[J]. 中国乡镇企业, (3): 62-63.

URL     

[Zhang L X.2007.

Kezi jiejian de bazhong xinnongcun fazhan moshi

[J]. China's Township and Village Enterprises, (3): 62-63.]

URL     

[61] 张荣天, 张小林, 李传武. 2013.

镇江市丘陵区乡村聚落空间格局特征及其影响因素分析

[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 22(3): 272-278.

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-1070.2014.08.004      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Rural settlements are the places of habitation,production and the living for people.In this paper,through landscape pattern analysis and GIS spatial analysis methods,the spatial pattern characteristics and influencing factors of rural settlements in Zhenjiang of Jiangsu Province were analyzed.Some conclusions are drawn as follows.Spatial pattern of rural settlements in Zhenjiang showed an east-west differentiation.In the east region of Zhenjiang,rural settlements pattern presented the characteristic of small scale,dense distribution and regular morphology.Meanwhile,in the west region of Zhenjiang,rural settlements pattern presented the characteristic of large scale,sparse distribution and broken morphology.Influencing factors of rural settlements spatial pattern included terrain,economic,traffic,water system,and the distance of cultivated land.Through the analysis,settlement distribution had low altitude location orientation.Rural settlements plaques area of economic developed region was small,plaques density was large,but in the undeveloped region,rural settlements plaques area was great,plaques density was small.Rural settlements spatial distribution was most densely populated in the area away road at a distance of 500 meters and away water system at a distance of 1 000 meters.Rural settlements and cultivated lands spatial distribution had significant convergence.Currently,rural geography was a weak branch of human geography,especially with regard to theoretical development and the empirical research.This paper took Zhenjiang for example,analyzed spatial pattern and influencing factors of rural settlements,which not only could enrich rural settlement geography theory research,but also could provide the reference of rural settlements planning in Zhenjiang hilly area.

[Zhang R T, Zhang X L, Li C W.2013.

Spatial pattern and influencing factors of rural settlements in Zhenjiang hilly area

[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 22(3): 272-278.]

https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-1070.2014.08.004      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Rural settlements are the places of habitation,production and the living for people.In this paper,through landscape pattern analysis and GIS spatial analysis methods,the spatial pattern characteristics and influencing factors of rural settlements in Zhenjiang of Jiangsu Province were analyzed.Some conclusions are drawn as follows.Spatial pattern of rural settlements in Zhenjiang showed an east-west differentiation.In the east region of Zhenjiang,rural settlements pattern presented the characteristic of small scale,dense distribution and regular morphology.Meanwhile,in the west region of Zhenjiang,rural settlements pattern presented the characteristic of large scale,sparse distribution and broken morphology.Influencing factors of rural settlements spatial pattern included terrain,economic,traffic,water system,and the distance of cultivated land.Through the analysis,settlement distribution had low altitude location orientation.Rural settlements plaques area of economic developed region was small,plaques density was large,but in the undeveloped region,rural settlements plaques area was great,plaques density was small.Rural settlements spatial distribution was most densely populated in the area away road at a distance of 500 meters and away water system at a distance of 1 000 meters.Rural settlements and cultivated lands spatial distribution had significant convergence.Currently,rural geography was a weak branch of human geography,especially with regard to theoretical development and the empirical research.This paper took Zhenjiang for example,analyzed spatial pattern and influencing factors of rural settlements,which not only could enrich rural settlement geography theory research,but also could provide the reference of rural settlements planning in Zhenjiang hilly area.
[62] 张小林. 1998.

乡村概念辨析

[J]. 地理学报, 53(4): 365-371.

URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

Rural Geography is a weak branch of Human Geography in China, especially with regard to its theoretical development and some basic concepts. First of all, this paper analyses rural definitions systematically from a multi dimention point of view (occupational, ecological,

[Zhang X L.1998.

On discrimination of rural definitions

[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 53(4): 365-371.]

URL      [本文引用: 2]      摘要

Rural Geography is a weak branch of Human Geography in China, especially with regard to its theoretical development and some basic concepts. First of all, this paper analyses rural definitions systematically from a multi dimention point of view (occupational, ecological,
[63] 张小林. 2007.

快速城市化背景下乡村重构的若干思考: 以江苏省苏南地区为例[C]//中国地理学会2007年学术年会论文摘要集

. 南京: 中国地理学会: 15.

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[Zhang X L.2007.

Some ideas about rural reconstruction in the rapid urbanization in southern Jiangsu Province[C]//China Geographical Association academic conference paper abstract sets in 2007.

Nanjing: China Geographical Association: 15.]

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[64] 周华, 王炳君. 2013.

江苏省乡村性及乡村转型发展耦合关系研究

[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境, 23(9): 48-55.

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[Zhou H, Wang B J.2013.

Analysis of the coupling rurality index and rural transformation development of Jiangsu Province in China in the early 21st Century

[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 23(9): 48-55.]

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[65] 周婧, 杨庆媛, 信桂新, . 2010.

贫困山区农户兼业行为及其居民点用地形态: 基于重庆市云阳县568户农户调查

[J]. 地理研究, 29(10): 1767-1779.

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[Zhou J, Yang Q Y, Xin G X, et al.2010.

The impact of rural households' concurrent business behaviors response on the housing land-use pattern in poor mountain area: based on a survey of 568 households in Yunyang County, Chongqing

[J]. Geographical Research, 29(10): 1767-1779.]

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[66] 周锐波, 闫小培. 2009.

集体经济: 村落终结前的再组织纽带: 以深圳 "城中村" 为例

[J]. 经济地理, 29(4): 628-634.

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[Zhou R B, Yan X P.2009.

The reframing ligament at the end of villages: collective economy: a case study on the urban-villages in Shenzhen

[J]. Economic Geography, 29(4): 628-634.]

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[67] Agarwal S.2001.

Restructuring sea-side tourism: the resort lifecycle

[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1): 25-55.

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[68] Bournaris T, Moulogianni C, Manos B.2014.

A multicriteria model for the assessment of rural development plans in Greece

[J]. Land Use Policy, 38: 1-8.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.10.008      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

In the last decades rural communities face the problems of ageing of population, high share of elder farmers and imbalanced distribution of farmers across age classes. The Rural Development Plans (RDPs) of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in European Union (EU) are the policy instruments that affect agriculture and the people living in rural areas. The RDP measure “Setting up Young Farmers” aims to fight the demographic problems of these areas. This study is an attempt to highlight the role and the impacts of RDPs and especially of the “Setting up Young Farmers” measure in the prefecture of Thessaloniki in Greece. To this end, a multicriteria mathematical programming model was implemented. This methodology was chosen using the Knowledge Brokerage Approach in the context of the LIAISE project, which proposes a set of support modules that are linked to the impact assessment process with a final goal to support future policies and design. The results showed that the “Setting up young farmers” measure achieved its goals to transfer land to young, trained farmers, to offset the set-up costs faced by young people when establishing themselves in farming.
[69] Fink M, Lang R, Harms R.2013.

Local responses to global technological change: contrasting restructuring practices in two rural communities in Austria

[J]. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 80(2): 243-252.

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[70] Isla F I.2013.

From touristic villages to coastal cities: the costs of the big step in Buenos Aires

[J]. Ocean & Coastal Management, 77: 59-65.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.02.005      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Coastal villages have grown due the increasing touristic demand of “sun and beach” resorts. This implies more services, more areas for bathing and shadows for tourists. The awkward assessment of touristic beaches and the shortages induced by natural erosion provoked the deterioration of bathing zones. The coastal defence policy and the management of the rain excesses can not reverse this deterioration trend. Storm-water discharges in many places are constructed towards the bathing zones by combined sewer overflows (CSO) systems that increase pollution problems. The decrease of the width of the beach demand interventions. Hard structures (seawalls, groynes) have probed to imply worse impacts; beach nourishment does not solve the problem but permits to rebuilt or modify some beaches under critic stages. The pavements of seaside avenues have been very controversial in some cities subject to storms. Sewage networks were originally oriented to sanitary ponds but odours and pollution of the water table led to reconsider some master plans. At the same time, groundwater is shortening towards the end of the season and new water reserves should be planned. However, federal governments do not envisage the magnitude of future problems, neither the impacts of climatic changes. In this sense, it is necessary to propose alternative coastal-defence policies, to avoid pluvial discharges to bathing areas, to promote aquifer recharges and to reverse the sewage network towards submarine outfalls.Las villas turísticas han crecido debido al aumento de la demanda de “sol y playa”. Esto significa más servicios, mayor necesidad de superficie de playa, y mayor demanda de sombra para turistas. La torpe administración de las playas, sumado a la erosión natural inducida por tormentas provenientes del sur, han provocado el deterioro de algunas zonas de ba09o. La política de defensa costera y de manejo de los excesos hídricos no ha revertido esta tendencia. Los desagües pluviales no sólo aumentan la erosión de la playa, sino que en algunos sectores acarrean desechos domiciliarios a zonas de ba09o. La disminución de la superficie de playa estádemandando playas artificiales, que se han logrado por obras duras (espigones, muros, pedraplenes) muy contraproducentes, y más recientemente por alimentación artificial. La pavimentación de avenidas costaneras ha sido muy controversial en sectores donde impactan tormentas episódicamente. El dise09o de la red cloacal se orientó hacia lagunas de inundación, pero esta alternativa está originando sectores de sacrificio ambiental debido a olores y contaminación de niveles freáticos. Al mismo tiempo, los volúmenes de agua subterránea son cada vez más escasos y están obligando a planificar reservas hidrogeológicas. El gobierno federal no llega a encuadrar la magnitud de estos problemas, menos aún los impactos inducidos por cambios climáticos. En este sentido, se han propuesto alternativas de defensa costera, de evitar desagües pluviales en áreas de ba09o, de fomentar la recarga de acuíferos y de reorientar la red cloacal hacia emisarios submarinos.
[71] Liu Y S, Lu S S, Chen Y F.2013.

Spatio-temporal change of urban-rural equalized development patterns in China and its driving factors

[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 32: 320-330.

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[72] Long H L, Li Y R, Liu Y S, et al.2012.

Accelerated restructuring in rural China fueled by 'increasing vs. decreasing balance' land-use policy for dealing with hollowed villages

[J]. Land Use Policy, 29(1): 11-22.

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Making sense of counterurbanization

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https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(03)00031-7      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

Non-metropolitan population growth has received extensive consideration since it was first observed in the United States nearly 30 years ago. The emergence, weakening and selective reappearance of this phenomenon across much of the developed world has spawned a large body of applied and academic literature. Many terms and phrases have been coined to describe this redistribution of population within the settlement system. The word ''counterurbanization'' is one that has received on-going attention in the literature. Although its verification, explanation and interpretation have occupied many research agendas, lack of consistency in definition hinders comparability. In this paper, I argue that the word counterurbanization is too broad to cover its depth of meaning. In its place, I propose adoption of three concepts to describe the changing spatial redistribution of population: counterurban, counterurbanizing, and counterurbanization. A framework integrating these concepts is offered,
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2003.10.004      URL      [本文引用: 1]      摘要

This paper examines evolutionary patterns in tourism from an economic geography perspective. It proposes a new theoretical model where endogenous changes to the tourism circuit lead to a dualism in market and spatial structures: powerful conglomerates share the markets with a competitive fringe and core resorts share tourism spaces with peripheral destinations. The model illustrates graphically...
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Differences in economic development in rural regions of advanced countries: an overview and critical analysis of theories

[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 19(3): 327-344.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00071-2      URL      [本文引用: 3]      摘要

This article provides an overview and critical analysis of theories on economic development in rural regions in advanced countries. For this purpose, we have consulted literature in regional economics and the multidisciplinary field of rural studies. In order to analyse to which extent these theories are supported by empirical evidence, we have applied the method of pattern-matching to 18 case studies in leading and lagging rural regions in the EU. The matching results show that the mixed exogenous/endogenous development approach, the community-led development theory and the first hypothesis of Bryden's theory on the exploitation of social and cultural capital are widely supported by empirical evidence from the case studies. Broadly speaking, these theories relate economic development—given the availability of labour and capital—to a high capacity of local actors and strong internal and external networks.
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