In recent years, with the advancement of globalization dominated by the Western culture, a series of problems have emerged. Whether the goal of global integration can be achieved has faced continuous enquiring, thus the idea that "every form of beauty has its uniqueness, and all forms of beauty should be blessed with harmony and unity" has been appreciated. In the new era, we need to build up cultural self-confidence, exploring key issues such as how to inherit the local culture of China, and how to study local knowledge from the perspective of spatial governance in globalization and geographical studies. Thus, by inheriting, innovating and developing Chinese culture, we can improve the effectiveness of spatial governance and the blend of local cultures. Therefore, the study of spatial governance in geography should place more emphasis on local community and local culture. This issue aims to discuss cultural inheritance in space governance and the influence of cultural factors (historic, local, rural) on space governance, including multi-scale and multi-field topics such as religious space of local culture, urban space, rural community space, rurality, local culture, the practice of local elites and the practice of body. These articles mainly focused on three aspects of space governance, namely, historical geography, rurality and the local practice. This issue also discusses the future of the research on spatial governance based on cultural confidence and demonstrates that the geographical studies of cultural governance and studies on local culture of spatial governance should gain more importance.
This study explores and classifies the traditional urban space of Beijing, and puts forward the concepts of imperial power space, ritual space, good-neighborliness space and public space. Based on the architectural structures, the performance of imperial power, ritual system and ethics in different types of space are examined, and the governance characteristics of each kind of space are discussed. The study also points out the cultural and ideological background reasons resulting in the deficiency of street public space governance in the dynastic times. In contemporary society, the above-mentioned space has been changed in different degrees and directions. For example, the imperial power space has simply changed into a cultural heritage one, however, the good-neighborliness space has been in dilemma that related to the hard choice between the traditional life style and the modern style. Therefore, it is a challenging issue for Beijing's urban governance to figure out a way to protect and inherit the excellent historical heritage while developing modern urban space properly.
Mount Putuo has a great impact on the society in the lower Yangtze River Delta ever since its rise as the abode of Guanyin in the Five Dynasties. In the Ming-Qing period, making pilgrimages to abodes of Guanyin became the mainstream of pilgrimage activities during the peak season in the lower Yangtze River Delta. Pilgrimage places of different scales obviously formed a complementary structure. Within this structure, Mount Putuo and Mount Tianzhu in Hangzhou belonged to the highest level of pilgrimage sites, since their influences at least covered the entire realm of the lower Yangtze Delta, and even extended to the whole China. The secondary level of pilgrimage sites refers to regional famous mountains, such as Mount Zhixing in Suzhou and Mount Gongde in Yangzhou, whose influences were limited to several prefectures. The third level of pilgrimage sites means some small-scale destinations pertaining to Guanyin. All these Buddhist sacred sites of different spatial scales formed a three-dimensional layered structure.
The geographical sources of pilgrims in the peak season of pilgrimages to Mount Tianzhu can be classified into three types: (1) core areas, including Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou prefectures; (2) subcore areas, including Suzhou and Songjiang prefectures; (3) peripheral areas, including Changzhou, Ningbo, and Shaoxing prefectures.
The spatial features of pilgrimages to Mount Putuo can be described as the places where the pilgrims tended to use waterways and harbors extensively. Before the late Qing Dynasty, while the most important harbor was Hanzhou, other harbors on the two sides of Hangzhou Bay also provided convenience for pilgrimages, including Peijiaxiang in Jingshan and Zhenhai in Ningbo. In modern China, due to the improvement of transportation, Shanghai and Ningbo become the most important harbors to departing for Mount Putuo.
This paper shows that while the spatial influences of pilgrimages to Mount Putuo are mainly restricted by location and transportation, the spatial influences of pilgrimages to Tianzhu are restricted by, but not entirely limited by spatial distances. Specifically, pilgrimages to Tianzhu are more popular in the Taihu Lake area than in Ningbo-Shaoxing Plain. The geographical concepts based on historical and cultural traditions contribute to the regional differences of making pilgrimages to Tianzhu.
As an essential attribute, rurality is the key to the survival of the villages. However, in the face of intense internal and external restructuring and differentiation, their rurality has been damaged, neglected or even buried in different degrees. This paper takes 12 traditional villages in Suzhou as the research objects, divides them into four categories according to the development paths, and constructs an index system of traditional villages to evaluate their own rurality. The result shows that the traditional villages in Suzhou have basically maintained a high level in rurality. But the compositions of rurality in different development paths have different characteristics. Rurality of skill-based villages is enhanced and balanced, which is driven by industry. Rurality of tourism development villages is polarized in one-sided activation. Self-exploration of comprehensive development villages maintains balanced rurality. And life service-oriented villages face the danger of rurality decay in urban-rural interaction. It is believed that the protection and development of traditional villages should be guided by the overall balanced improvement of rurality and choose an appropriate development path.
Through narrative research, by taking Furong village as a case, this paper probes into the influence of localities on the practices of spatial governance, the difficulties of the construction of the legitimacy of spatial governance and its possible solutions. The findings of this paper are: (1) From the perspective of political process, an important issue of spatial governance is how to pass on the meaning of policy to the residents in the governed space and other stakeholders. The meaning of policy is constructed by the policymakers on the basis of the overall optimization of the entire space they govern, so a complete understanding of policy implications requires a total viewport. However, it is difficult for ordinary residents who live in a specific space for a long time to understand the overall meaning of the policy, because their vision is often confined to very small living space. The mismatch between the two could trigger a legitimate crisis of administration and policy. (2) Different policy measures have different relations with the construction of legitimacy. Confrontational policy measures inevitably lead to a legitimate crisis; it is difficult for the harmonic policy measures to establish legitimacy effectively; and the effect of co-win policy measures is limited to the external conditions in the construction of legitimacy. Therefore, the construction of legitimacy of spatial governance may be difficult in reality, and all policy measures may be at risk of failure under the influence of local characteristics. (3) But in real politics, it is still possible to establish a good communication mechanism of meaning, so as to realize the local embedding of policy meaning. The correct understanding of the local political interaction mode is the premise; the appropriate call to the confrontational policy measures, the harmonic policy measures and the co-win policy measures in the specific situation is its means; and its ultimate goal is to correctly grasp the conditions between the local construction and dissolution of legitimacy, so that the construction of legitimacy can be sustained for a long time. Based on the discussion of localities and legitimacy construction in spatial governance in China's rural situation, this paper examines Habermas' legitimacy theory and its possible adjustment that needs to make in the application of Chinese countryside. And the analyses of the predicament of legitimacy construction from policy meanings and policy measures refined the research on the legitimation strategy.
Comprehensive management of the Lake Taihu watershed is an important environmental protection task as well as a space governance project. This involves land use changes along the shores of Lake Taihu. Studies have found that some environmental management strategies in the study region had not achieved their goals. One of the possible reasons might be that the governance did not involve local knowledge and only applied scientific knowledge. Such phenomenon also occurred in the space governance of other regions. Based on Geertz's concept of local knowledge, this research argues that outsiders might also be able to understand the local knowledge of insiders at the semantic level. This case study focuses on the issues related to aquaculture pond construction in Dongshan town, Suzhou on the eastern shore of Lake Taihu. Through interviews, text analysis and comparative analysis, we aim to find a semantic prototype that the environmental planners (outsiders) and local aquaculture farmers (insiders) could share. We find that 'length' is the semantic prototype that formed their common understanding of the rational planning of aquaculture ponds. This semantic prototype allows the planners to understand how the aquaculture farmers construct their ponds to adapt to local environment and to integrate their local knowledge into the planning. It also helps the farmers to better understand the ponds designed by the environmental planners. This study concludes that local knowledge is not only created by local people but is also constantly changed through the interaction between insiders and outsiders. The aquaculture farmers' local knowledge which is largely based on their local practice does not think about the sustainable development of the macro region. The global perspective and scientific knowledge from the environmental planners could help local people to broaden their horizon and update their local knowledge. During this process, the staff at the local Agriculture and Forestry Service Center in Dongshan town play the role of quasi-outsiders and serve as intermediaries between the two groups to facilitate their understandings. This research sheds light on the relationship between local knowledge and scientific knowledge. We argue that integrating local knowledge into the planning procedure can greatly enhance the effectiveness of space governance.
With the development of interdisciplinary research paradigms and methods, human geography focused on the issue of "local" cultural protection from a more microscopic view of daily life. The daily life geography has thus become a research direction. Adopting a qualitative research method and based on the research team's multiple field surveys, the article focuses on the daily practice of local elites in the protection and inheritance of local culture, and tries to explore how the local elites shape and highlight their subjectivity in the intertwined interaction between national governance and daily life of residents. Here are the research findings of the article. First of all, in the practice of the protection and inheritance of local culture, the local elites' "cultural identity" is reflected by two main vertical paths, which are the connection of the top-down government governance system or the practice of sinking to the local people's daily life. Local elites also construct the dominant position in the heritage of local cultural through commercial practice with a horizontal path combined with market; Secondly, the difference between the elite individuals is an important reason for the formation the practice of local cultural diversity because the local cultural elites have certain group representation; Finally, the local cultural elites combined locality, culture, spatiality and subjectivity through the condensation of various elements. We should focus more on them in various strategies to build cultural confidence.
According to the previous non-representational researches on embodied practice, the movement and sensation are the two basic characteristics of body. It is argued that less-than-fully conscious practice could be as important as conscious, because it involves an emphasis on the nature of immediacy and dynamics in life. These arguments also arise interests in the analysis of what is 'taking place' in space and time, which is often related to capacities of body: the capacity to affect and be affected, the capacity for movement with particular speed, and the capacity for particular intensities and sensations, specifically rhythm and encounter in this running case. This paper analyzes what role the body plays in the process of cognition of place coming into being through the survey on the embodied running practices of Nanjing Marathon runners. The findings of this research indicate that: firstly, the changing of Marathon courses gives rise to the changing of movement rhythm of runners, thus causes the encounter of rich sensations along the route. The cognition of place under the embodied practice is the outcome of movement and sensation, which comes along with the cognition of self. And these two kinds of cognitions behave like the fluid process, enfolding and unfolding, overlapping and separating with each other, which means the cognition of place generated from embodied practice becomes an important way for individuals to identify their own values and grasp the meaning of everyday life, while the realization and cognition of self also reinforce the significance of the place to the individual. Secondly, the affect in every moment caused by embodied practice has influences on the body ceaselessly, thus causing emotional fluctuation and further leading to expansion and shrinkage of cognitive ability. In addition, both the instant affect and previous physical experience have influences on the individual's cognition of place: previous physical experience could trigger instant affect and initiate the cognition of place; however the instant affect acts on the continuity of embodied practice and cognition in the future as well. The meaning of place therefore can be kept open and potential in the continuity. This research can be read as a response to the discipline's gaze towards embodied practice and affect, as well as a contribution to the knowledge of body and place in human geography.
It is essential to promote efforts on land use transition to carry out definition, theories and approaches for land use transition potential estimation. This paper made a systematic review on land use, land use and cover change (LUCC), land use transition and their interactions. Discussion mainly focused on the definition, and connotation and creation mechanisms of land use transition potential was then claimed based on the expanded land use capacity. Further, this work developed a theoretical framework for estimating land use transition potential by land use transition modelling with land use benefits as driving forces, and resource and environment carrying capacity as restricting factors. It is declared that, (1) land use transition, as the outcome of land use, obtained the characteristic, namely changing and controlling land use morphology, provided primaries materials for promoting land use transition potential. (2) Land use transition potential refers to the differences between the current land use morphology and optimal one derived in special land use transition adjusted by certain policies and techniques following the regional development goals from a long-term perspective. Obviously, land use transition potential is virtually an expansion and further definition of land use capacity. (3) Land use transition potential could be made by adjusting the land use morphology using policies and techniques that are usually efficient and competent dealing with this issue. And it can also be promoted by the initiatives concerning guidance for land use transition. They compose the framework for land use transition potential estimation. (4) Moreover, it can make full use of the mechanisms of land use transition to model land use transition and thus determine the land use potential from a dynamic perspective. In the study, the framework was developed based on land use transition modelling taking into account driving mechanisms by land use transition benefits and restrictions by resources and environmental carrying capacity. Though issues especially including approaches for optimizing land use transition patterns, reconstruction and models for land use transition mechanisms under different management scenarios remain a challenge for use, results and conclusions derived from this study may promote researches on land use transition theory and its applications in land-use management decisions.
As a cultural heritage of activation, traditional villages contain a large amount of historical memory, which is a focus for the study of genetic recognition and model construction of regional cultural landscapes. Taking 71 national traditional villages in Shaanxi province as an example, this paper establishes a traditional village landscape genetic recognition system based on landscape gene theory, and identifies the genetic characteristics of traditional village landscapes in Shaanxi province. Using the typology principle and the N-level coding theory to encode the landscape genes, we construct the genetic information chain of the traditional village landscape in the province and generate the gene lineage. Drawing on the "cell-chain-form" DNA base sequence model, this study extracts four common genes of environmental genes, build genes, farm culture genes and clan culture genes as landscape gene elements (cells). The village road system is used as a gene chain to construct a traditional village landscape genetic DNA model and an automatic recognition model to automatically identify the location, landscape type, characteristics and cultural genes of traditional villages, which provides a theoretical reference for the effective transmission and storage of traditional village landscape genetic information and the dynamic development of rural construction.
Current research mainly focuses on large scale and ignores individual effect or background effect in the exploration of poverty contributing factors. Based on the perspective of spatial poverty, this paper, taking the Wumeng Mountain Area as an example and poor villages as the research object, uses spatial point pattern method to explore the spatial distribution characteristics of the poor villages and designs multi-level linear regression models to comprehensively and quantitatively analyze the poverty contributing factors at both village and county levels. The results were concluded as follows. (1) The spatial clustering characteristics of the poor villages in the study area were obvious. The overall distribution showed a spatial pattern of both large scatters and small concentrations, and scatter points - polar core - axis-cluster coexisted. (2) The poverty degree of poor villages was significantly affected by multilevel factors. The village-level factors were: population density, road access ratio, labor force ratio, frequency of suffered natural disasters, and safe drinking water ratio. The county-level factors were: per capita GDP, second gross enrollment ratio, and vegetation coverage. (3) The rural poverty in the study area came from the dual role of poor villages and counties. Hence, the government and relevant departments can take targeted measures according to different scales in the poverty alleviation, and allocate funds reasonably for poverty relief.
Development and construction of gentle hillside land is regarded as an important way to coordinate urbanization and ecological protection. Taking Liangjiang New Area located in Chongqing as a case study, we defined the evaluation range of gentle hillside land in this study, which covers an area of 531.66 km2. Then, with ecological protection as the basic goal, ten indicators were selected from three perspectives of natural endowment, social condition and ecological environment, and the ecological suitability model was applied to build a spatial pattern for ecological suitability grade of gentle hillside land in the study area. The results were shown as follows: (1) The single-factor ecological suitability grade of development and construction for gentle hillside land differs greatly, among which the natural suitability and eco-environment ecological suitability grade were mainly middle-high grade and the location condition ecological suitability grade were mainly medium grade. (2) The comprehensive eco-suitability of the study area was medium grade, with Fusheng, Shijie, Yuzui and Longxing towns as centers for suitable development and construction. (3) Based on comprehensive ecological suitability grade and the land use planning data in Liangjiang New Area by ArcGIS, the study area was divided into four construction areas. The priority development zone covered an area of 80.43 km2, which was concentrated in the vicinity of 1000 meters on both sides of the western river, and the eastern trough area. Moderate development zone covered an area of 157.26 km2, mainly in the western rivers at an altitude of 250 to 350 m and on both sides of the groove Valley Tongluoshan. The area of the limited development zone was 201.74 km2, and gathered in the central platform area at an altitude of 400-450 m. The area of the prohibited development zone was 92.22 km2, with the "four mountains" as a concentrated area. Therefore, our results can provide a scientific basis for the "win-win" strategy of economic development and ecological protection and the reasonable development and construction of gentle hillside land．
At present, the development of China's housing sales market and housing rental market are unbalanced. The study on the spatial differentiation and relationship between housing prices and housing rents is of important reference value for the establishment of the "renting and purchasing" housing system. Using the data of housing prices and rental prices of residential units in 2016, and the 2006-2016 monthly housing sales price index and rental price index in Beijing, the paper explores the spatial differentiation and relationship between housing prices and rents from space-time scales, as well as the difference mechanism. The results show that: (1) The housing prices and rents both diminish from the multi-center to the outside. There are great differences in the distribution of housing prices and rents between the northern and southern parts of Beijing. Compared with the housing prices, rents show weaker spatial differentiation. (2) Housing prices have a moderate spatial correlation, which is mainly caused by uncertain factors (such as policy factors, and human factors), while rents have a strong spatial correlation, which is mainly caused by certain factors (such as location, and public facilities). (3) The profiles of housing prices and rents are different, since housing prices are sensitive to the school districts and urban large parks, but rents are more sensitive to the employment center and building age. The price-to-rent ratio is relatively homogeneous across the region, and the higher the housing price, the higher the price-to-rent ratio. (4) Beijing's housing sales market and housing rental market is in mutually independent development, in line with the characteristics of the dual market theory. The main reason for the above differences is that the market characteristics, the oriented population as well as the market development of the housing sales market and housing rental market are different.
With the continuous tourism development and the urbanization acceleration, tourism city land investment and development is increasingly strong. Taking Huangshan city, a typical tourist city, as an example, and based on the data of 1870 urban land transfers, this paper analyzed the spatial characteristics and influencing factors of land transfer location selection by using the methods of mathematical statistics and GIS spatial analysis. The results show that: (1) Commercial service, residential, industrial land and total land transfer are all in a cohesive spatial distribution, and the degree of distribution equilibrium is low. (2) The hotspots of land transfer are concentrated in the southeast and the central parts of districts/counties, while the cold spots are in the periphery of cities. The hotspots of residential land are mainly distributed in the suburbs and major tourist areas. The hotspots of industrial land are mainly concentrated in development zones, industrial parks and important traffic routes. The hotspots of commercial service land are mainly concentrated in commercial business district, large-scale public facilities and tourist attractions and important transportation facilities. (3) The location selection of land transfer is characterized by point agglomeration and linear network, which is characterized by "higher density in the southeast and lower density in the northwest", "central urban area is dense, peripheral areas are sparse, county towns are dense, and general towns are sparse", "traffic-oriented agglomeration and distribution along the traffic". (4) Based on the spatial location characteristics of land transfer, the location choice of land transfer can be identified into four modes: Urbanization-driven urban endogenous mode, resource-based mode with beautiful natural environment, traffic-oriented mode with high accessibility, development zone centralized mode with agglomeration economy. (5) The location choice of land transfer is the result of the comprehensive effects of natural conditions, the level of population and economic development, policy system, urbanization level, transportation facilities, tourism development and other factors. It is also the result of the interaction and game between different stakeholders such as government, enterprises and residents. The terrain has obvious spatial constraints and directivity on land transfer location selection. The population size and economic development are highly matched with spatial distribution of land transfer. Land policy and urban planning affect the scale and direction of land transfer. The rapid development of transportation and tourism has a significant impact on urban land transfer.
As socialism with Chinese characteristics enters into a new era, the security and improvement of people's livelihood have become the focal point of social development, which makes the research on residents' living standard a heated topic in the field of the regional disparities. It is widely acknowledged that the income and commodity price are the two important factors that affect the residents' living standard. Usually, the nominal indices are adopted to study the regional disparities. In that case, the residents' living standard might be overestimated or underestimated due to the difference of price levels in different regions. Regional price index (or regional PPP) is consequently used as a spatial index that represents the comprehensive price level from a basket of the same products or services of different regions, which can be used to compare different price levels among different regions. It can eliminate the impacts of the price disparity and enable the nominal income to reflect the real living standard just as the real income does. This study constructs a framework to measure the different regional price levels in China, which includes a basket of products and a set of calculation methods. Derived from the theory of Purchasing Power Parity, the methods have been applied to estimate the price level among 100 typical cities.
The major results include: (1) Regional PPP is an index that compares the comprehensive prices of different regions, showing that the city with a high regional PPP would have relatively high price of commodities and low purchasing power. (2) The regional PPP of the whole 100 cities differs strongly from each other and ranges from 0.85 to 1.66, with the highest regional price level 1.95 times of the lowest. Specifically, the regional house price differs the most, followed by education and medical treatment. These are also the most critical factors affecting the civil livelihood. (3) The spatial distribution of regional PPP presents spatial agglomeration characteristics. The prices of food, water-electricity-fuel, and transportation are much more aggregated. Moreover, the cities with higher price level aggregate in the southeast coastal area, while cities with lower price level aggregate over the Yellow River basin in the central region.
This study gives an overview of the regional PPP over China, which might be useful for narrowing the gap of real income between different regions and achieving a relatively balanced society. Only by promoting the reasonability of the price level, improving the real purchase power of residents, and lowering the real income gap between regions, can we achieve a balanced livelihood and coordinated development.
Residential area is the most basic unit of residential daily life, and the impact of its built environment on daily travel carbon emissions is a major concern within academic field. We accounted all kinds of carbon emissions from residential daily travel based on a large number of sample questionnaire data, identified the built environment characteristics of 248 residential areas in the main urban area of Kaifeng city by POI capture, network analysis, spatial syntax and other methods, and analyzed the spatial distribution and the differentiation mechanism of carbon emissions of various types of residents in residential areas by means of nuclear density and GWR. The results show that: (1) There is a significant spatial difference in urban residents' travel carbon emissions, and there is a great difference in the fairness of public service supply in residential areas. (2) The study in residential area scale can better reveal the impact of built environment on travel carbon emissions. Location, accessibility, road network design, building density and land use mix degree, etc. have significant impacts on the residential daily travel carbon emissions. However, for different travel purposes, the impacts of these factors are quite different. What's more, there is a spatial asymptotic difference in the impact intensity in different directions. (3) According to the carbon emission grade combination of various purposes and corresponding built environment indexes, it can be identified that the carbon emission level of outer high-density under-accessible low-mixed residential areas is of high emissions, and that of inner low-density high-accessible high-mixed residential areas is of low emissions. The results can provide a scientific basis for the spatial reconstruction of residential areas and the zoning planning and governance of urban carbon emissions.
Home care is still the most important mode of old-age care for the elderly in China. The community environment has become an important factor affecting the health of the elderly. At the same time, the external factors and the internal factors that affect the health of the elderly do not exist separately, and also there are differences between the psychological needs of the elderly at different ages. The discussion of the health of the elderly requires comprehensive multidisciplinary and multi-dimensional research. Comprehensive studies on the multi-disciplinary and multi-dimensional aspects of internal and external factors of health among the elderly at different ages are still insufficient. Based on the 2014 "Community Elderly Healthy Neighborhood Survey" data of Fudan University, this paper used the structural equation model (SEM) analysis method to explore the relationship between community environment, walking behavior and the health level of the elderly, and revealed the difference of the elderly at different ages. The study found that from the overall characteristics of the elderly, the community physical environment, community communication environment and walking have a significant impact on the health of the elderly. The community physical environment affects the health of the elderly through the community communication environment and walking. The paths of "community environment-walking-the elderly health" for the elderly in different age stages are consistent and different: the consistency reflects that the physical environment of the community has a significant effect on the health of the elderly at different ages, and the difference is reflected in the impact of the community communication environment walking on the health of the elderly, which is that the characteristics of shifting from individual walking behavior to community interpersonal needs are presented as the degree of aging increases. As the level of aging increases, the level of health gradually deteriorates and the walking intensity decreases. Older people's evaluation of community communication environment is tremendously lower than that of younger and middle-aged people. For middle-aged older people, lower walking intensity reduces health levels to a certain extent; while older seniors further reduce health levels under the repressive effect of lower community communication environment. Therefore, attaching importance to the optimization of the community's material environment and communication space, and increasing the organization of community interaction activities will play an extremely important role in improving the health of the elderly in China.
In this study, an evaluation index system is proposed to describe the development level of the undertakings for the elderly under the theoretical framework of active aging in China, which consists of three components of health, participation, and security. Taking 31 provinces in the mainland of China as the research objects, this paper quantitatively analyzes the temporal changes, spatial pattern, spatial mismatch, and factors affecting the development of undertakings for the elderly from 2004 to 2016, with the methods of traditional mathematical statistics, gravity coupling models, spatial mismatch method, and econometric model. The results showed that: (1) The aging undertakings have rapidly developed. Although regional differences have gradually been narrowed, regional imbalances cannot be ignored. The overall level of aging undertakings in eastern China is higher than that of central, western, and northeastern China. This phenomenon is prominently accompanied with an increase in the western region and a decline in the central and northeastern regions of China, as well as polarization of the eastern region in aging undertakings; (2) The development of China's aging undertakings was basically at a low-level. The spatial distribution has shifted from a southwest-northeast radiative diminishing pattern to a significant "central collapse" pattern. There is a low-value agglomeration from north to south, running across the central region of China, which is closely related with the regional economic development; (3) Forward dislocation regions are mainly concentrated in the coastal regions and areas north of the Great Wall. In addition, negative dislocation areas are mainly distributed in the upper and middle reaches of both the Yellow and the Yangtze rivers. Several significant regional differences were observed, particularly in China's western region; (4) The variations of development levels in aging undertakings result from multifactor interactions. The level of economic development, the government policy, the administrative guidance, and spatio-temporal differentiation of the market mechanism have positive influences on the evolution of the patterns of aging undertakings. The expansion of market economy and the aging of population have not yet played a role in promoting the development of undertakings for the aged, which is not in line with theoretical expectations. The reverse effect of household size miniaturization is not significant.
Based on the integrity of air transportation process, this paper suggests that regional services capacity of civil airports should depend on the connectivity between airport and its hinterland through road transportation system, and the one between different airports through airline network. Based on this, the evaluation methods of airport landside, airside and comprehensive service capability were constructed. The empirical study shows that airport service capacities of landside, airside and comprehensive service are significantly different. The degree of difference in the airside is significantly higher than that of the landside, and the comprehensive service capacity is the lowest. The airport differences among the Yangtze River Delta, middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, along with airport differences within these regions are two main reasons accounting for overall landside service capacity differences of the Yangtze Economic Belt. However, differences among airports within the regions stand as the main contributors to the overall difference in airside service capacity and comprehensive service capacity. According to the natural interval of the index, the airport service capacity can be divided into five grades: high, relatively high, medium, relatively low, low, and the structure characteristic of landside, airside and comprehensive service capacity presents a pyramid type. In terms of spatial pattern, affected by the development of highway network, regional economy and population density, the service capability of landside is descending from the Yangtze River Delta to the upper reaches. Affected by the economic and social characteristics, integrated transportation development and competition, airside service capacity of the Yangtze River Delta and the upper reaches is higher than that of the middle reaches, presenting a "saddle shaped" pattern. Comprehensive service capacity in urban areas connected by Shanghai-Chengdu and Shanghai-Kunming axes is relatively higher than that of their hinterlands. There is an obvious core-periphery pattern in the three main regions, but the overall level is descending from the Yangtze River Delta to the upper reaches.
Human disturbance frequently and strongly works on landscape, which causes sharp change of landscape spatial heterogeneity, and then seriously influences ecosystem services. Currently, research on the correlation between landscape spatial heterogeneity and ecosystem services is still weak. Issues such as how landscape spatial heterogeneity affects ecosystem services, and what contributions it makes to sustain ecosystem services have to be solved urgently. This article chooses the Yihe River basin as a study area, and surface water quality service as the object. Concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus are selected and calculated to represent surface water quality, and the spatial distribution of surface water quality was analyzed. Buffer zones with 5 different lengths of radius were built around each of the 20 sampling sites to analyze the characteristics of landscape spatial heterogeneity at different scales. Correlation analysis was carried out to discuss the influencing rules and responding mechanisms between landscape spatial heterogeneity and surface water quality service. Results show that: (1) Surface water quality in the Yihe River basin is generally good, but in the southwest and northeast parts around urban areas, surface water quality is relatively poor. (2) Different landscape composition types affect surface water quality differently. From the aspect of landscape composition, it can be seen that if the area proportion or patch number of forest is increasing, surface water quality would improve simultaneously. (3) At the class level, there is a significant correlation between landscape configuration of forest and the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (P<0.05) within 200 m radius buffer zones, while the landscape configuration of urban areas would influence surface water more significantly within 2000 m radius buffer zones. (4) At the landscape level, the concentration of total phosphorus is strongly influenced by landscape configuration change (P<0.05), when landscape configurational heterogeneity is lower, the concentration of total phosphorus would be higher. (5) Increasing landscape spatial heterogeneity appropriately can effectively reduce the concentration of surface water pollutant and ensure the sustainability of surface water quality service. This study provides a scientific foundation for the spatial development and policy making for aquatic environmental protection in the Yihe River basin.
This paper aims to explore the heterogeneous pattern, evolving characteristics, and driving mechanism of provincial water transfer from agriculture to non-agriculture from 2003 to 2015 in China, by methods of spatio-temporal cluster, the shifting gravity center and its decomposition and panel quantile regression. The results show that: (1) The spatial divergence of water transfer from agriculture to non-agriculture is obvious, which is gradually decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland, and the divergence in northern provinces are lower than that in southern regions. (2) The shifting gravity center of water transfer from agriculture to non-agriculture has changed greatly. the gravity center of water transfer from agriculture to non-agriculture moves southwestward between 2003 and 2008, which is propelled by the engines of Chongqing, Qinghai and Yunnan; While the gravity center of water transfer from agriculture to non-agriculture shifts to the northeast from 2008 to 2015, which is resulted from both the falling speed of water transfer from agriculture to non-agriculture in the western provinces and the joint promotion of water transfer from agriculture to non-agriculture in Liaoning, Jilin and Beijing. (3) The change of regional industrial structure, the improvement of marketization level, per capita water resources and the improvement of ecological environment are the main driving factors of water transfer from agriculture to non-agriculture. The improvement of the comparative benefit of water resources utilization, the level of economic development and population size are the main constraints of the trsnsfer, while the urbanization level and the effective rate of agricultural irrigation exert reverse impacts on different levels of water transfer from agriculture to non-agriculture in different periods of time.
